LESSON 1 NARRATION SENSORY LANGUAGES

-​ The kind of words we used to describe

-​ The term narrate comes from the Latin how your subject looks, sounds, feels,
smells or even
narratus, meaning "to tell." Narration
recounts events in time order, whether DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH WRITING
fictional or true. GENRES:
-​ literary analysis
-​ descriptive essays
-​ A narrative tells a story. recounting events -​ business plans
that lead to a conclusion, stating what -​ laboratory reports
happened, where, and when -​ research papers

The paragraph describes a tarsier’s unique

-​ A narrative text has a plot that guides the features, appearance, lifestyle, and movements
story, with sequence playing a key role in using specific details.
narration.
TWO TYPES OF DESCRIPTION
1.​ OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
Signal words help to create unified thought and 2.​ SUBJECTION DESCRIPTION
to show the transition of events to the next. This
Objective description presents an unbiased,
leads us to focus on the use of the action words factual picture of a subject, excluding personal
in the story. It also helps to move the story and impressions, like in a class experiment.
makes the story interesting.
Subjective description includes personal
impressions of what is observed, often used in
The chronological ordering of events helps to fiction. It reflects personal experiences, like
show the reader how the story moves. describing a summer vacation.

LESSON 3 DEFINITION

DEFINITION PARAGRAPH
-​ tells the reader what term or concept is
being defined.
EXAMPLE OF NARRATIVE TEXT -​ may be formal or informal in giving
definition of a term or concepts.
History articles Character sketches
Anecdotes Biographies
Autobiographies Travelogues IT CONSISTS OF THREE PARANGRAPHS
Adventure stories
Short stories (1)​ the term, concept, or subject to be
defined;
(2)​ the general class where it belongs, and
LESSON 2 DESCRIPTION
(3)​ the characteristics that differentiate it from
the other members of its class.
A description provides details about a person,
object, place, or situation. It appeals to the THREE TYPES OF DEFINITION
senses, helping the reader see, hear, taste, smell, 1.​ Informal Definition
or feel the subject. 2.​ Formal Definition
3.​ Extended or Expanded definiton
-​ Detailed observations help create a strong
descriptive paragraph using adjectives
and adverbs.
INFORMAL DEFINITION DEFINITION PARAGRAPH
Common signal words:
-​ The writer uses known words or examples
to explain an unknown term. These - is defined as -to define
definitions may be synonyms or antonyms - as defined as -to illustrate​
introduced by or, in other words, or like. - means
- refers to
Denotation
-​ Refers to literal dictionary meaning of the LESSON 4 EXEMPLICATION &
word. CLASSIFICATION

Connotation -​ Exemplification (or illustration) is the most

-​ Refers to the emotional, cultural or implied common and effective pattern to explain
meaning associated with a word an idea or point. In this pattern of
-​ is the secondary meaning of a word and is development, the writer explains the main
not necessarily included in the dictionary. idea, by giving an extended example or a
series of detailed examples.
Example: “Rose”
Denotation: A type of flower with petal -​ Presents a general statement followed by
Connotation: Love, romance, beauty, or passion specific and concrete examples to explain
the main idea.
-​ Denotation is the exact meaning of a
word, while connotation includes the
ideas, feelings, or associations it evokes.
Spider map graphic
organizer
FORMAL DEFINITION
consists of three principal parts: the species is useful for this
(WORD) + Genus (CLASS) + Differentiate pattern

-​ The term (word or phrase) to be defined

-​ The class of object or concept to which the
term belongs.
-​ The differentiating characteristics that
distinguish it from all others of its class.

Example: Skimming (species) is a reading Here are some transitional expressions in writing
technique (class) of allowing the eyes to travel effective exemplification paragraphs:
over a page very quickly, stopping only here and
there to gain an idea (characters differentiating).
- for instance​ ​ - for example
Example: Emotional intelligence (term) refers to
the abilities (class) involving emotional discipline - namely, ​ ​ - in short
and control (characteristics differentiating).
- to specify​ ​ - as an example

EXTENDED/EXPANDED DEFINITION - to clarify​ ​ - to illustrate

-​ The meaning of an idea or word that has
components of both informal and formal - in other words - in particular,
definitions, but is presented in a longer,
- after all - stated differently
paragraph format.

-​ For the extended or expanded definition,

common paragraph development methods
are used to clarify the term.
CLASSIFICATION PATTERN: Contrasting​
​ Common signal words:
Classification is used when a writer needs to - although - conversely
sort out or arrange subjects (e.g., persons, - even though
places, things, ideas) into groups or categories - and yet - counter to
based on their common and shared - in contrast - as - despite
characteristics. - in spite of - opposed to
- even so - in the meantime
Here are some transitional expressions in
writing effective classification paragraphs: LESSON 6 CAUSE AND EFFECT

Classification Pattern can be applied in is a text development pattern that explains why
various disciplines something happens. It also states what It usually
gives a statement results in a particular event
-​ Classifying current events by date produces. It emphasizing the cause and another
-​ popular TV shows by genre emphasizing the effect
-​ viruses by mode of transmission
-​ food products based on manufacturer, and Focuses on the cause, reason, and the result or
animals based on diet are some examples consequences of a certain phenomenon.
of topics in different disciplines.
Cause: Why something happens?
LESSON 5 COMPARISON & CONTRAST Effect: What happens?

-​ Is where the similarities and differences of The following guide questions can be used for
two or more things are explored. cause-effect development:

Comparison and Contrast Pattern Why did it happen?

-​ Comparison in writing discusses What caused of it?
elements that are “similar” What does it cause?
-​ Contrast in writing discusses element or
ideas that are “different” Use signal words to show cause and effect:

●​ Cause: as a consequence of, as a result

ORGANIZATIONAL METHOD
of, because, because of, now that, since
●​ Effect: accordingly, consequently, hence,
There are two common ways to organize
so, therefore, this resulted in
comparison/contrast paragraph or essay.
Cause: He did not study for the exam.
The Block Method compares two subjects Effect: He failed the test.
separately, while Point-by-Point compares them
side by side. Cause: People lacked of discipline in proper
waste disposal.
Comparing​ Effect: Drainage systems became clogged,
Common signal words: causing floods.
-also - in a similar
- like - as
- likewise - similarly
- both​ - in comparison
-equally – in the same way
- to compare
 LESSON 7 PROBLEM-SOLUTION -​ To develop a persuasive text, first state
the issue as background information, then
present a clear, strong, and specific
Problem-Solution organizes ideas by identifying argument.
a problem and proposing solutions.
Evidence can be factual, logical, statistical, or
●​ Problem Section: Covers what, who, anecdotal and may address counter-arguments
when, where, why, and how. to provide a broader perspective. The conclusion
●​ Solution Section: Presents effects, should restate the main argument.
possible solutions, and steps for
implementation 1.Presenting strong evidence
Evidence in the form of facts and statistics,
A problem/solution essay presents a problem, statements of expert authorities, and research
usually discussing several aspects of the findings establish credibility.
problem, then concludes by discussing solutions
to the problem. 2.Concrete, relevant, and reasonable
examples
These enhance the writer’s idea or opinion, using
observations or personal experiences as
The problem-solution
support.
pattern presents a
problem clearly and
3.Accurate, current, and balanced information
provides a possible solution.
Acknowledging opposing evidence strengthens
credibility in persuasive writing, making the
writer’s argument more balanced and sound.
Problem-Cause-Solution
identifies a problem,
analyzes its cause, and
then presents a solution.

Problem-Process-Solution
explains the process in detail,
addressing the problem and
guiding readers toward the ORGANIZATION AS A PROPERTIES OF WELL
solution. WRITTEN TEXT

ORGANIZATION - Also known as arrangement,

it ensures ideas, incidents, evidence, or details
Variations of the Problem-Solution pattern:
are logically and accurately organized in a
●​ Problem-Solution: Identifies a problem paragraph, essay, or speech.
and provides a solution.
●​ Problem-Cause-Solution: Analyzes the PARAGRAPGH - A paragraph is a section of
cause before presenting a solution. writing focused on a single topic. It starts with an
●​ Problem-Process-Solution: Explains the indented sentence, uses capital letters at the
process leading to the solution. beginning, and ends with proper punctuation.
Applying the properties of a well-written
LESSON 8 PERSUASIVE paragraph makes it effective.

-​ Presents the issue, arguments (position), PARTS OF PARAGRAPH

supporting evidence Introduction - is the first section of a paragraph.
Body - follows the introduction.
Conclusion - is the final section
TYPES OF SENTENCE IN A PARAGRAPH Informal/ Personal – these are the slang words,
1.​ Topic Sentences local expressions, text messaging
2.​ Supporting Sentences
3.​ Concluding Sentences Formal/Standard- it is used in academic and
official text. These are the accepted words that
TOPIC SENTENCE - states the main idea and usually appear in books and magazines.
controlling point of a paragraph. It should be
clear, precise, and neither too broad nor too Business/ Technical – these are scientific terms
narrow. or jargons

SUPPORTING SENTENCES - develop the topic Jargons- refers to specialized terms or phrases
sentence using details from research, used by people within a particular profession,
experiences, and analysis. A mix of different filed, or group.
supports strengthens the paragraph.
MECHANICS
CONCLUDING SENTENCES - signals the end
-​ refers to the rules in writing
and highlights key points but is sometimes -​ focuses on the technicalities of the
unnecessary. structure

COHERENCE AND COHESION Avoid contractions and exclamation points (unless

part of a direct quotation)
COHERENCE - is the quality of being logical and Mention the full name before the abbreviation.
well organized.
Numbers from 0-10 must be spelled out.
COHESION - refers to the unity of ideas in a
paragraph. Every supporting detail in a paragraph POORLY WRITTEN
supports the main idea.
-​ The department of education (deped)
ensures that there is continous learning
It refers to how ideas, sentences, and paragraphs even in the time of pendemic.
are connected. Using transitional and cohesive
devices ensures coherence. For example, in IMPROVED TEXT
addition and moreover signal additional
-​ The Department of Education (DepEd)
information, while however and on the other hand
ensures that there is continuous learning
show contrast. even in the time of pandemic.

UNITY - Unity is achieved when a composition CLAIMS

focuses on one idea. All supporting details must
be relevant to the main thought; otherwise, the -​ Claims state the point or position of an
text may become confusing. author regarding a certain topic.
-​ The claim statement is further proven by
supporting details from various resources
APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE USE
and reliable evidence.

-​ Language use refers to the appropriate Tiongson (2016) gave the following
style of language for a specific context. characteristics of good claims:
Business writing is formal, concise, and •A claim should be argumentative and debatable.
courteous, while literary works can be
more creative and less formal. • A claim should be specific and focused.
•A claim should be interesting and engaging.
LEVELS OF LANGUAGE USE
a.​ Informal/ Personal • A claim should be logical.
b.​ Formal/Standard
c.​ Business/ Technical
 EXAMPLE OF COP
-​ People should be extra careful when they
go out of the house to protect themselves
from COVID 19.
-​ To attract more students, private schools
must lessen the tuition fee for this school
year.

Asserts that something is true or false based on

verifiable evidence.

-​ It also asserts that a condition has existed,

is existing, or will exist and are based on
facts or data.
-​ Claims of fact are often qualified by such
terms as generally, probably, or as a rule.

EXAMPLE OF COF

CORONA VIRUS has greatly affected the

Philippine education system.

Inter-Agency Task Force has implemented

specific rules for proper health precautionary
measures against COVID 19.

CLAIMS OF VALUE (COV)

-​ Involves judgments and evaluations. It
judges whether something is good/bad,
right/wrong, just/unjust, ethical/non-ethical,
etc.

EXAMPLE OF COV
-​ The right thing to do is to support
this year's school fundraiser.
-​ Providing students with devices that they
can use in their classes is better than
allowing them to use their cell phones in
class.
CLAIMS OF POLICY (COP)
Advocates a specific course of action. It asserts
that specific policies should be instituted as
solutions to problems.
Claims of policy argue that certain conditions
should exist. Almost always "should" or "ought to"
or "must" are included in this claim.
 HYPERTEXT AND INTERTEXUALITY

HYPERTEXT - is a non-linear method of Example of Intertextuality:

presenting information through links, shaping text
A. ​ “Love Story” by Taylor Swift was described
beyond traditional formats. It is a form of
as one of the modern versions due to its lyrics of
electronic literature that utilizes hypertext links,
Romeo and Juliet.
allowing readers to access related content
instantly on a computer or other electronic B. ​ “Clueless” was the basis of Iggy Azela’s
devices. music video “Fancy”.

HYPERLINKS - is a link from a hypertext file or C. ​ “Harry Potter” was originally written by J.
document to another location or file, typically K. Rowling
activated by clicking on a highlighted word or
image on the screen. D. ​ James Joyce used the modern context of
“The Odyssey” in his very famous novel “Ulysses”

Hypermedia

· Today, links are not just limited to text or

documents but may also incorporate other forms
of multimedia such as pictures, sounds and
videos that stimulate more senses. This is called
hypermedia.

Intertext (Intertextuality)

· is one method of text development

development where an author creates a new text
based on an existing one. This occurs when
elements of the original text are incorporated into
the new work. It often happens because the
second writer is influenced by the first, resulting in
a blend of imitation and creation.

· It allows the writer to reshape a text to be in a

better form

Types/Method Intertext

Retelling- It is the restatement of a story or

re-expression of a narrative

Quotation- It is the method of directly lifting the

exact statements or set of words from a text
another author has made.

Allusion- In this method, a writer or speaker

explicitly or implicitly pertains to an idea or
passage found in another text without the use of
quotation.

Pastiche- It is a text developed in a way that it

copies the style or other properties of another text
without making fun of it unlike in a parody.