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The document provides an overview of Linux system basics, covering the booting process, shell functionality, system resource utilization, swap memory, file systems, mounting, file permissions, networking commands, virtualization, and observability tools. It includes common commands, explanations of concepts, and potential troubleshooting questions. Key topics include the Linux file permission model, KVM virtualization, DNS resolution, and Active Directory management.

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sagar.bhagchandani
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4 views

Network Material

The document provides an overview of Linux system basics, covering the booting process, shell functionality, system resource utilization, swap memory, file systems, mounting, file permissions, networking commands, virtualization, and observability tools. It includes common commands, explanations of concepts, and potential troubleshooting questions. Key topics include the Linux file permission model, KVM virtualization, DNS resolution, and Active Directory management.

Uploaded by

sagar.bhagchandani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linux System Basics

1. Booting Process

Q: Explain the Linux booting process step by step.​


A: The Linux boot process consists of the following steps:

1.​ BIOS/UEFI – Initializes hardware and loads the bootloader.


2.​ Bootloader (GRUB/LILO) – Loads the kernel into memory.
3.​ Kernel Initialization – Loads necessary drivers and mounts the root filesystem.
4.​ Init/Systemd Process – Starts system services and daemons.
5.​ User Login – The system is now ready for user interaction.

Counter Q: What happens if the bootloader gets corrupted?​


Counter Q: How would you recover a failed Linux boot process?

2. What is Shell?

Q: What is a shell in Linux?​


A: The shell is a command-line interpreter that allows users to interact with the operating
system. Examples include Bash, Zsh, and Fish.

Counter Q: How is Bash different from other shells like Zsh?​


Counter Q: What are shell scripts, and why are they useful?

3. How to Check System Resource Utilization?

Q: How do you check CPU, memory, and disk usage in Linux?​


A: Common commands:

●​ CPU Usage: top, htop, mpstat


●​ Memory Usage: free -m, vmstat
●​ Disk Usage: df -h, du -sh

Counter Q: What is the difference between df and du?​


Counter Q: How do you check system logs for performance issues?

4. What is Swap Memory?


Q: What is swap memory, and how does it work?​
A: Swap memory is a reserved space on the disk used when RAM is full. It helps prevent
crashes by temporarily holding inactive pages.

Counter Q: How do you add more swap space?​


Counter Q: What is the difference between swap and RAM?

5. Define free -g Command

Q: What does the free -g command do?​


A: It shows memory usage in gigabytes (-g flag converts the output to GB).

Counter Q: How do you get real-time memory usage?​


Counter Q: How does Linux handle memory caching?

6. How to Find Process ID (PID)?

Q: How can you find the PID of a running process?​


A: Using:

●​ ps aux | grep <process_name>


●​ pgrep <process_name>
●​ pidof <process_name>

Counter Q: How do you kill a process using its PID?​


Counter Q: What is the difference between kill, pkill, and killall?

Linux File System and Mounting

1. Linux File System Types

Q: What are different file system types in Linux?​


A: Common types:

●​ Ext4 – Default for most Linux distros


●​ XFS – High-performance file system
●​ Btrfs – Supports snapshots and RAID
●​ NTFS/exFAT – Windows-compatible
Counter Q: What is journaling in a filesystem?​
Counter Q: How does XFS compare to Ext4?

2. Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

Q: What is LVM and why is it used?​


A: LVM is a method of managing disk storage that allows dynamic resizing of partitions without
downtime.

Counter Q: How do you extend a logical volume?​


Counter Q: What is the difference between LVM and RAID?

3. Mounting File Systems

Q: How do you mount a file system in Linux?​


A: Using:

●​ mount /dev/sdX /mnt


●​ umount /mnt (to unmount)

Counter Q: What is the difference between temporary and persistent mounts?​


Counter Q: How do you troubleshoot mount issues?

4. fstab Usage

Q: What is /etc/fstab, and why is it used?​


A: It is a configuration file that contains static filesystem information for automatic mounting at
boot.

Counter Q: What happens if /etc/fstab has an incorrect entry?​


Counter Q: How do you prevent an unresponsive mount from delaying boot?

File Permissions and Networking Commands

1. File Permissions (chmod, chown)

Q: Explain the Linux file permission model.​


A: Files have read (r), write (w), execute (x) permissions for owner, group, and others.
Counter Q: How do you change file ownership recursively?​
Counter Q: What is the difference between symbolic and numeric mode in chmod?

2. route Command Usage

Q: How do you display the system’s routing table?​


A: Using route -n or ip route show.

Counter Q: How do you add a static route?​


Counter Q: What is the difference between ip route and route commands?

Virtualization and Network Services

1. KVM Virtualization

Q: What is KVM, and how does it work?​


A: KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) turns Linux into a hypervisor to run virtual machines.

Counter Q: How is KVM different from VMware?​


Counter Q: What tools are used to manage KVM?

2. DNS/DHCP/FTP/SSH

Q: How does DNS resolve a domain name?​


A: DNS translates domain names into IP addresses using recursive and authoritative lookups.

Counter Q: What is the difference between recursive and iterative DNS queries?​
Counter Q: How does DHCP assign IP addresses dynamically?

Utilities & Protocols

●​ Networking Tools: ping, netstat, dig, nslookup, tracert, curl, mtr


●​ Protocols: TCP vs UDP, L2 vs L3 switches, VLANs, STP, Port Channel

Counter Q: How does tcpdump capture network packets?​


Counter Q: What is the difference between nslookup and dig?
Observability Tools

Q: What monitoring tools have you used?​


A: Common tools:

●​ Grafana – Dashboard visualization


●​ Zabbix – Monitoring solution
●​ SolarWinds – Network performance monitoring

Counter Q: How do you set up an alert in Zabbix?​


Counter Q: How do you integrate Grafana with a time-series database?

Windows Active Directory & Routing

Q: How does Active Directory manage user authentication?​


A: It uses LDAP and Kerberos for authentication.

Counter Q: How do you troubleshoot AD login issues?​


Counter Q: What are FSMO roles in Active Directory?

Networking Topics

●​ Static vs Dynamic Routing


●​ Routing Protocols: OSPF, BGP
●​ VLAN & SVI
●​ VTP (Versions & Modes)
●​ STP for Loop Prevention
●​ Star Topology vs Mesh
●​ Port Channel (LACP, PAGP)

Counter Q: How do you configure OSPF on a Cisco router?​


Counter Q: What is the difference between RSTP and PVST?

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