M.

Kondalu et al Int J Engg Techsci Vol 2(4) 2011,314-319

Analysis and Calculation of Very Fast

Transient over Voltages in 220kv Gas
Insulated Substation
M. Kondalu1, Sreekanth Reddy Gillella2 and P.S. Subramanyam3
1
Senior faculty and Head of EEE department at Joginpally B. R. Engineering College (JBREC), Hyderabad &
Senior Research Fellow on Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) at JNT University Hyderabad.
2
Assistant Prof. of EEE department at Joginpally B. R. Engineering College (JBREC), Hyderabad &
Interested areas are Gas Insulated Substation(GIS) and Economic Dispatch in Power System.
3
Prof. and Head of the department, EEE at Vignan Bharathi Institute of Technology(VBIT), Hyderabad &
Senior Research Fellow on Gas Insulated Substation and Power System Analysis at the JNT University Hyderabad

Abstract
The SF6 gas insulated switchgear has increasingly been used for high voltage and extra high voltage systems. The
transient electromagnetic field generated in a gas insulated substation during the switching operation has become
very important in high voltage systems. These paper deals, design of suitable simulation diagram for obtaining
switching over voltages and prediction of ground faults premature convergence in a substation. The suitable
simulation equivalent circuit designed for two cases i) 5mts length of GIS system ii) 10 mts length of GIS system.
EMTP is used to develop equivalent circuits for estimate of transient over voltages in GIS system for 5mts and 10 mts
length and compared these two system cases. Due to travelling nature of the transient the of GIS makes use of
electrical equivalent circuit composed by lumped elements and especially by distributed parameter lines, Surge
impedances and travelling times. The proposed system successfully implemented in the platform of MATLAB
Package. The so formed model has been experimentally verified, indicating the models acceptable accuracy and
feasibility of the simulation.

Keywords: Gas Insulated Substation (GIS), Transient over voltages, switching operations, line faults and Control circuitry.

INTRODUCTION

With the deregulation of electricity, the market price of substation equipment is going down rapidly. Also, as the
number of substations installed in urban areas is increasing, downsizing of equipment is required more than ever.
Since IT (information technology) has been integrated into the substation equipment, reliability of equipment is
becoming more important. 30 years have passed since the GIS came to be a major piece of substation equipment.
Over that period, GIS[1] has been improved by technological advancements; increasing the interrupting capacity
of CB, decreasing the number of breaks per single CB, and not using an air condenser. The configuration of the
GIS comes in several arrangements, such as the single bus, double bus, and ring-bus types. Because the
arrangement is determined by a user’s specifications, we must create a different design each time.
It is difficult to compete in the global market with the current design manners considering the above conditions.
There is an urgent need to establish an effective production method to provide compact and reliable equipment.
Therefore, besides reducing the size and weight of the GIS, Hitachi has standardized the GIS and serialized the
standardized GIS. Here, the series of the standard GIS is introduced.
The Very fast transients (VFT) are generated during switching operation of circuit breaker and dis-connector with
in GIS[3][8][9]. VFT has different phenomenon from transients generated during switching operation in
conventional switch gear.
These transient have a very short raise time in the range of 4 to 100ns. VFT divided into internal and external. An
internal transient creates over voltage between conductor and enclose which can cause stress on internal insulation
of the GIS. External VFT is travelling waves and propagation outside GIS.
The parameters that characterize the VFT Currents are of more relevance for the protection of GIS controllers and


are as follows[4].


Amplitude of VFT Currents


Decreasing the amplitude of VFT currents with various factors.


Dominant frequency components of the VFT currents
Variation in the frequency content of VFT currents with different factors.
This paper analyze and Calculates the transient over voltages in 220kv GIS system for 5 mts and 10 mts length
during switching operation of circuit breakers and enclosers.

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MODELING OF GIS COMPONENT

For accurate analysis of transient its is essential to find the VFTO’s (Very Fast Transient over voltage’s) and
circuit parameters. Due to traveling nature of the transient the of GIS makes use of electrical equivalent circuit
composed by lumped elements and especially by distributed parameter lines, Surge impedances and traveling
times. The simulation depends on the quality of the model of each individual GIS component [2]. In order to
achieve reasonable results in GIS structures highly accurate models for each internal equipment and also for
component connected to the GIS are necessary.
The dis-connector spark itself has to be taken into account by transient resistance according to the Toepler’s
equation and subsequent arc resistance of a few ohms. The wave shape of the over voltage surge due to dis-
connector switch is effected by all GIS elements. Accordingly, the simulation of transients in GIS assumes an
establishment of models for the Bus, Bushings, Elbow, Transformer, Surge Arresters, Breakers, Spacers , Dis-
connectors and Enclosers
Modeling Concept
A GIS system comprising of an input cables, Spacers, Dis-connector Switch, Bus Bar of 10 mts length and load
has been considered for the modeling in to electrical network and analysis.
The fast transient over voltage waveform generated during closing and opening operation of dis-connector switch
and line to enclosure faults has been considered for calculations. Spacers are simulated by lumped capacitance.
The inductance of the bus duct is calculated from the diameters of conductor and enclosure.
Capacitances are calculated on the basis of actual diameters of inner and outer cylinders of central conductor and
outer enclosure.Cone insulator used for supporting inner conductor against outer enclosure is assumed to the disc
type for approximate calculation of spacer capacitance.
The bus duct can be modeled as a series of Pi- Network or as sequence parameters. How ever in this model it is
considered as distributed Pi-Network. The Schematic diagram of a GAS insulated System is shown in fig
1[5][6][7].

Fig. 1 Modeling diagram of 220kv GIS System

CALCULATION PARAMETER

Calculation of Inductance
The inductance of the bus duct can be calculated by using the formula [8] given below, where r1, r2, r3, r4, are the
radii of the conductors in the order of decreasing magnitude and ‘l’ is the length of the section[7][9].

Calculation of Capacitance
The Capacitance is calculated with the assumption that the conductors are Cylindrical. Capacitance is calculated

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by using the standard formulae given below[7][9].

Where

b = Outer cylinder radius

a = Inner cylinder radius
l = Length of the section

Spacer’s capacitance
The spacer existed with finite thickness and develops some amount of capacitance in addition with existed
capacitance. Spacers are used for supporting the inner conductor with reference to the outer enclosure. They are
made with Alumina filled epoxy material whose relative permittivity (εr) is 4. The thickness of the spacer is
assumed to be the length of the capacitance for calculation [7][9].

Calculation of Variable Arc Resistance

The toepler’s spark law is valid for calculation of variance arc resistance the variable arc resistance due to toepler’s
formula [7][9].

Where
KT = toepler’s constant
= 0.005 volt.sec/mt for SF6 under uniform field conditions
L = spark length in meters
Q0 = Initial charge or charge at the instant of breakdown
T = spark collapse time in sec
The value of time variance spark resistance is calculated until it reaches the value of 1 to 3 ohms. The integral in
denominator sums of the absolute value of the current ‘i’ through the resistance over the time beginning at break
down inception. Thus, it corresponds to the charge conductor through the spark channel up to time t.

Equivalent Circuit for 10mts Length

During the switching operation of the circuit the transient are developed. The equivalent circuits are constructed
using MATLAB software. By using the circuits the transients are calculated for different lengths of Gas Insulated
Substation[10][11].
The transients are also calculated during the faults with and with out load at different distances.
A model is developed for the prediction of the VFTO phenomenon in the circuit of voltage and current
transformers in GIS. The main advantages of such model are to enable the transient analysis of GIS. A Spark
collapse time was correctly simulated by the variable resistor. By the spark collapse time, resistance of the VFTO
is extended and the component caused by short surge impedance discontinuous such as spacers, dis-connectors
and short bus branches were damped

Fig. 2 single phase equivalent circuit for 10 mts length GIS

A GIS system comprising of spacers, bus bars, dis-connectors has been considered for modeling into electrical
network. The inductance of the bus bar is calculated from diameter of conductors and enclosures using standard
formula.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The transient over voltages has been estimated for different distances (5mts and 10mts length of GIS). The
proposed method implemented on MATLAB 7.6. the voltage before and after circuit breaker is taken to be 1.0 pu
and -1.0pu as the most enormous condition but depending on the time of closing of circuit breaker the magnitude
of the voltage on the load side changes. The circuit is divided in to three sections of 1m, 4m, 5m respectively from
load side. The equivalent circuit of 10 mts length GIS as shown in fig 2.To introduce current chopping, the circuit
breaker opened. The transients are obtained during opening operation in the Fig.3. From the graph the maximum
voltage obtained is 1.24 pu. At the raise time of 65ns. and the transient voltage waveform during closing operation
of Circuit Breaker for 10 mts GIS as shown in fig 4.
Assuming a second re-strike transients are calculated by closing another switch at the time maximum voltage
difference occurs across the circuit breaker. The transients obtained due to second re-strike is shown in fig.5from
the graph maximum voltage obtained is 2.51pu at the raise time of 127ns. Assumed that there is a second re-strike
another switch is connected in parallel to the circuit breaker for simulation in matlab modeling. Transients are
calculated by closing this switch when voltage difference across the contacts of the circuit breaker reaches
maximum value.
Comparison is made between the transients that are obtained due to switching operations for 10mts length fixed
and variable arc resistance and switching operation for 10mts length fixed and variable arc resistance [7]
[8].During closed operation, the current through the resistance of the circuit breaker is shown in fig.6 and fig.7.
From the graph it was found the maximum voltage obtained is 2.51pu at a rise time of 127ns.

Fig. 3. Transient voltage waveform during opening of CB for 10mts GIS

Fig. 4. Transient voltage waveform during closing of CB for 10mts GIS

Fig.5. Transient voltage waveform during second re-strikes for 10mts GIS

The transient voltages and raising time during switching operation of circuit breaker comparison made between
5mts length and 10 mts length of GIS.

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Table: I Transients due to switching operations for 10mts lengths GIS

Magnitude of Rise time
Mode of operation
voltage(p.u) (nano sec)
During closing operation 2.45 71
During opening operation 1.24 65
During second re-strike 2.51 127

Table: II Transients due to switching operations for 5mts lengths GIS

Magnitude of Rise time
Mode of operation
voltage(p.u) (nano sec)
During closing operation 3.02 30
During opening operation 2.01 18
During second re-strike 2.22 16

Table: III Comparison of transients due to faults for 10mts length GIS with fixed arc resistance, with load and without load
Distance Without Load With load
from Voltage Rise time Voltage Rise time
load end(mts) (p.u) (p.u) (p.u) (p.u)
0.0 0 0 0 0
1.0 1.95 82 1.42 112
5.0 2.08 84 1.29 124
10.0 2.64 122 1.36 172

Table: IV Comparison of transients due to faults for 10mts length GIS with variable arc resistance, with load and without load
Distance Without Load With load
from Voltage Rise time Voltage Rise time
load end(mts) (p.u) (p.u) (p.u) (p.u)
0.0 0 0 0 0
1.0 1.83 91 1.40 113
5.0 2.45 133 1.29 124
10.0 2.83 132 1.42 170

CONCLUSION
The fast transients over voltages are obtained due to switching operations and short circuit faults are studied. The
transients are calculated for fixed arc resistance and variable arc resistance.
The variable arc resistance is calculated by using toepler’s formula. Transients along with load and without load
are also estimated. Transients due to short circuit are obtained by creating faults at different lengths of GIS from
load side.
At the end, these transients over voltages are reduced by connecting suitable resistor during switching operation.
Following observations are made by analyzing and comparing the transient voltages during switching operation
between 5 mts and 10 mts length GIS.
1) It was observed that the transients obtained due to switching operations and faults in 5 mts length GIS will
effect the system more than the that obtained in 10 mts length GIS.
2) It was also found that during the fault analysis, as the distance increases, the magnitude of the transients also
increases. However, when load is connected these don’t follow a definite pattern.
3) When load is connected at the open end of GIS, the peak voltages and raise times that are obtained due to
short circuit don’t follow a particular pattern. These may be due to variation in damping due to combined
effect of the circuit and load parameters.
4) For any length of GIS it was found that transients due to variable arc resistance give lower value of peak
voltages than that obtained with fixed arc resistance.
5) In case 5mts and 10mts length GIS, the transients obtained due to short circuit are more severe than the
switching operation.
6) The transients obtained during the opening operation of the circuit breaker with fixed and variable arc
resistance are calculated and found that the difference between peak values in both the cases these significant
and that higher peaks are obtained when fixed arc resistance is used. Transients obtained during closing
operation of the circuit breaker, have no significant change in magnitude of voltages.
7) These fast transients over voltages can be reduced by about 17% with the use of resistor in parallel to the
circuit breaker.

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