1. Explain OSI Reference Model with a neat diagram.

(10 Marks)

 OSI or Open System Interconnection model was developed by International Standards Organization (ISO).
 The purpose of the OSI model is to show how to facilitate communication between different systems without
requiring changes to the logic of the underlying hardware and software.
 It has seven interconnected layers.
 The seven layers of the OSI Model are a physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer,
session layer, presentation layer, and application layer, as shown in the following diagram –

The main functions of each of the layers are as follows −

1. Physical Layer
 Its function is to transmit individual bits from one node to another over a physical medium.
 It also defines the procedures and functions that physical devices and interfaces have to perform for
transmission to occur.
 The responsibilities of physical layer are - Representation of bits, Data rate, Synchronization of bits,
Line configuration, Physical topology.

2. Data Link Layer

  It is responsible for the reliable transfer of data frames from one node to another connected by the
physical layer.
 The datalink layer transfers the error-free data from one node to another node.
 The responsibilities of datalink layer are – Framing, Physical Addressing, Flow control, Error control
and Access control.

3. Network Layer
 It manages the delivery of individual data packets from source to destination through intermediate
nodes.
 The network layer ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination.
 The responsibilities of network layer are – Logical Addressing and Routing.

4. Transport Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire message.
 It creates smaller units called segments out of the data received from the application layer. It adds source
and destination port addresses in the header.
 The responsibilities of transport layer are – Segmentation and reassembling, Error Control and Flow
Control.

5. Session Layer –
 The main responsibility of the session layer is to establish, maintain and synchronize the communication
among devices to avoid data loss.
 It allows communication either in half-duplex or full-duplex.
 The other responsibilities of session layer are – Dialog Control and Synchronization.

6. Presentation Layer –
 The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged
between two systems.
 The presentation layer is responsible for Translation, Compression, and Encryption.

7. Application Layer
 This is the closest layer to the end-user. It interacts directly with the software application.
 It provides high-level APIs (application program interface) to the users.
 The responsibilities of application layer are – Mail Services, Directory Services and File Transfer and
access Management.
2. Explain TCP/ IP Model with a neat diagram. (10 Marks)

 TCP/IP Reference Model is a four-layered suite of communication protocols.

 It was developed by the DoD (Department of Defence) in the 1960s. It is named after the two main protocols
that are used in the model, namely, TCP and IP.
 TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and IP stands for Internet Protocol.

The four layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite are −

1. Physical Layer −It is the lowest layer that is concerned with the physical transmission of data. TCP/IP
does not specifically define any protocol here but supports all the standard protocols.

2. Network Layer −It defines the protocols for logical transmission of data over the network. The main
protocol in this layer is Internet Protocol (IP) and it is supported by the protocols ICMP, IGMP, RARP,
and ARP.
 IP – Internet Protocol is responsible for delivering packets from the source host to the destination
host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers .
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) - It is a mechanism used by hosts and gateways to
send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. ICMP sends query and error reporting
messages.
3. Transport Layer − It is responsible for error-free end-to-end delivery of packet from one physical
device to another. The protocols defined here are TCP and UDP.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – It provides full transport-layer services to applications.
It is a reliable and connection-oriented protocol and provides error-free communication between
end systems. It performs sequencing and segmentation of data.
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - UDP is a connectionless protocol. It is an unreliable protocol
as it discovers the errors but not specify the error.

4. Application Layer − This is the topmost layer and defines the interface of host programs with the
transport layer services. It is used to develop network-based applications. This layer includes all high-
level protocols like Telnet, DNS, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc.
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - This protocol allows us to access the data over the world
wide web. It defines data in the form of plain text, audio, video is formatted and transmitted.
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - FTP is a standard internet protocol used for transmitting the files
from one computer to another computer.