Here’s the complete solution for all questions from all

papers (1, 2, and 3) of the Software Testing subject.

Answers are detailed, aligned with the allocated marks, and
appropriately structured.

Paper 1
Q1) 1 Mark Each
a) Define software testing.
Software testing is the process of identifying defects in a
software application by executing it under controlled conditions.
The goal is to ensure the software meets specified
requirements and works as intended.

b) What is meant by validation?

Validation checks whether the software meets the user's needs
and requirements. It answers the question, "Are we building the
right product?" It is performed during system testing and user
acceptance testing.

c) What is a stub?
A stub is a dummy component or program used in place of an
actual module that is not yet implemented. It provides
predefined responses to calls made during testing.

d) Write the goal of white-box testing.

The goal of white-box testing is to verify the internal logic,
paths, conditions, and code of the application. It ensures that
all branches and loops are tested thoroughly.

e) Define regression testing.

Regression testing is the re-execution of test cases to ensure
that recent code changes have not adversely affected existing
functionalities of the software.
f) List any two Agile principles.
1. Deliver working software frequently.
2. Collaborate daily with customers and team members.

g) List dimensions of quality.

1. Functionality
2. Reliability
3. Usability
4. Efficiency

h) Define web application testing.

Web application testing ensures the proper functionality,
usability, security, compatibility, and performance of a web-
based application. It validates the application's behavior across
browsers, devices, and operating systems.

i) List levels of testing.

1. Unit Testing
2. Integration Testing
3. System Testing
4. Acceptance Testing

j) What is a test plan?

A test plan is a formal document that defines the testing
strategy, objectives, resources, schedule, and scope of the
testing process. It serves as a roadmap for testers.

Q2) 1.5 Marks Each

a) Write two differences between bugs, faults, and
failures.
Aspect Bug Fault Failure
A deviation from
Definitio A flaw in
An error in code. expected
n design/code.
behavior.
During During
When During design or
testing/developme execution in
Detected static analysis.
nt. runtime.

b) Write a short note on black-box testing.

Black-box testing evaluates software functionality without
knowledge of its internal structure or code. It focuses on input-
output behavior and ensures the application meets user
expectations. Techniques include equivalence partitioning,
boundary value analysis, and decision table testing.

c) Explain equivalence partitioning.

Equivalence partitioning divides input data into partitions,
where all inputs in a partition are expected to produce similar
results. This reduces the number of test cases while
maintaining coverage.
Example:
For an input range of 1-100:
 Valid partition: 1 to 100.
 Invalid partitions: <1 or >100.

d) Explain performance testing.

Performance testing measures an application's responsiveness,
stability, and scalability under varying workloads.
Key Objectives:
1. Identify bottlenecks.
2. Validate system performance under peak load.
3. Ensure the application meets performance benchmarks.
e) Write features of Agile testing.
1. Continuous testing during development.
2. Adapts to changing requirements.
3. Emphasizes collaboration among developers, testers, and
customers.
4. Focuses on delivering value to the customer.

Q3) 3.5 Marks Each

a) With the help of a diagram, explain the V-model.
Diagram:
Requirements Acceptance Testing
| |
System Design System Testing
| |
Architecture Design Integration Testing
| |
Module Design Unit Testing
| |
Coding Implementation
Explanation:
 Verification (left side): Ensures correctness at each
development phase.
 Validation (right side): Ensures the product meets user
requirements at each testing phase.
 Testing activities correspond directly to development
stages.

b) What is a test case? Explain with an example.

A test case is a set of conditions, inputs, and expected results
used to verify that a specific functionality of the software works
correctly.
Example Test Case:
Test Descriptio Expected Stat
Steps
Case ID n Result us
Enter valid
TC_Login_ Login Redirects to
credentials and Pass
01 functionality homepage
click login

c) Explain Navigation testing in detail.

Navigation testing ensures the seamless movement across
different parts of the application. It checks for the correctness
of menus, links, and buttons.
Steps:
1. Validate hyperlinks, menus, and navigation flows.
2. Ensure URLs redirect to correct pages.
3. Identify and fix broken links.
4. Test multi-step processes like forms for smooth navigation.

Q4) 3.5 Marks Each

a) What is performance testing? Write steps in
performance testing.
Performance testing evaluates the speed, stability, and
scalability of an application under varying conditions.
Steps in Performance Testing:
1. Identify performance criteria (response time, throughput,
etc.).
2. Create test scripts and data.
3. Execute tests with different workloads.
4. Monitor metrics (CPU, memory, latency).
5. Analyze and optimize performance.
b) Differentiate between Alpha and Beta Testing.
Aspect Alpha Testing Beta Testing
Environm Conducted in controlled Conducted in real-world
ent setup. setup.
Users Internal testers. Real users.
Validate product
Purpose Detect major bugs.
usability.

c) What is integration testing? Explain top-down

integration.
Integration testing validates the interaction between integrated
modules of a system.
Top-Down Integration:
 Testing starts from top-level modules and progresses
downward.
 Stubs are used for lower modules.
 As testing progresses, stubs are replaced by real modules.

Q5) 3 Marks Each

a) Write a short note on automated tests.
Automated testing uses tools to execute predefined test cases
without manual intervention.
Benefits:
1. Saves time on repetitive tests.
2. Enhances accuracy by eliminating human error.
3. Allows parallel testing.
Tools: Selenium, JUnit, TestNG.
b) What is internationalization testing? Explain with
types.
Internationalization testing ensures that the application works
globally, supporting multiple languages, currencies, and
formats.
Types:
1. Localization Testing: Verifies translation, cultural
relevance, and regional settings.
2. Globalization Testing: Ensures compatibility with global
standards like Unicode.
Here is the complete solution for Paper 2 and Paper 3 in a
detailed and structured manner.

Paper 2
Q1) 1 Mark Each
a) What is a fault?
A fault is a flaw in the design, code, or requirement of a
software application that can cause incorrect or unexpected
behavior.

b) Define verification.
Verification is the process of evaluating work products to ensure
that they meet specified requirements. It answers the question,
"Are we building the product right?"

c) Define stub.
A stub is a placeholder program or component used during
testing to mimic the behavior of a module that is yet to be
implemented.

d) Write methods of white-box testing.

1. Statement Coverage
2. Decision Coverage
 3. Condition Coverage
4. Path Coverage

e) Define regression testing.

Regression testing re-executes test cases to verify that recent
changes in the codebase do not affect the existing functionality.

f) What is Agile methodology?

Agile methodology is an iterative approach to software
development that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and
customer feedback to deliver working software frequently.

g) List dimensions of quality.

1. Functionality
2. Reliability
3. Usability
4. Efficiency

h) Define strategy for web applications.

A strategy for web application testing includes testing
functionality, usability, compatibility, performance, security,
and scalability to ensure the application works across all
browsers and devices.

i) Define acceptance testing.

Acceptance testing validates whether the developed software
meets the client's business requirements and is ready for
deployment.

j) Black box testing is called glass box testing. Justify

T/F.
False. Black-box testing evaluates software functionality
without knowledge of its internal code, whereas glass-box
(white-box) testing involves testing the internal logic and
structure of the code.

Q2) 1.5 Marks Each

a) Write a short note on testing roles.
1. Test Manager: Plans and manages testing activities.
2. Test Engineer: Executes test cases and reports defects.
3. Test Lead: Coordinates between teams and monitors
progress.

b) Explain white-box and black-box testing.

Aspect White-box Testing Black-box Testing
Internal structure and
Focus External functionality.
logic.
Knowled Requires knowledge of No knowledge of the code
ge the code. needed.
Techniq Statement, path, and Equivalence partitioning,
ues branch coverage. boundary analysis.

c) Compare testing and debugging in any two points.

Aspect Testing Debugging
Identifies Fixes identified
Purpose
defects. defects.
Who
Testers. Developers.
Performs

d) Explain performance testing.

Performance testing evaluates an application's responsiveness,
speed, stability, and scalability. It ensures the application meets
performance benchmarks under various workloads.
e) Write a short note on features of Agile testing.
1. Emphasizes continuous testing during development.
2. Encourages collaboration between team members and
customers.
3. Adapts to frequent changes in requirements.
4. Focuses on delivering high-quality, customer-centric
products.

Q3) 3.5 Marks Each

a) Explain test case with an example.
A test case is a set of conditions, steps, and expected outcomes
used to validate a specific functionality.
Example Test Case:
Test
Expected Stat
Case Description Steps
Result us
ID
Enter valid
Login Redirect to
TC_01 credentials and click Pass
functionality dashboard.
login.

b) Write a short note on V-model with a diagram.

Diagram:
Requirements Acceptance Testing
| |
System Design System Testing
| |
Architecture Design Integration Testing
| |
Module Design Unit Testing
| |
 Coding Implementation
Explanation:
 The V-model is a sequential development process with
testing at each development phase.
 Left side (verification) ensures the product is built
correctly.
 Right side (validation) ensures the product meets user
requirements.

c) Explain navigation testing in detail.

Navigation testing verifies the functionality of menus, links, and
buttons. It ensures users can move across pages or features
seamlessly.
Steps:
1. Check correctness of hyperlinks and buttons.
2. Test redirection of URLs.
3. Validate the navigation flow for multi-step processes like
forms.
4. Identify and fix broken links.

Q4) 3.5 Marks Each

a) Write a short note on alpha and beta testing.
Aspect Alpha Testing Beta Testing
Environm Conducted in a controlled Conducted in real-world
ent setup. setup.
Users Internal testers. Real users.
Validate product
Purpose Identify major defects.
usability.
b) Explain integration testing. What is bottom-up
integration?
Integration testing verifies interactions between integrated
modules.
Bottom-Up Integration:
 Testing starts with lower-level modules and progresses
upward.
 Drivers are used to simulate higher-level modules until
they are developed.

c) What is a web application? How does it work? Explain

with a diagram.
Definition:
A web application is software accessed via a web browser.
Working:
1. User sends a request to the web server.
2. The server processes the request and interacts with the
database if needed.
3. The server sends the response back to the user's browser.
Diagram:
Browser → Web Server → Application Server → Database →
Response

Q5) 3 Marks Each

a) Explain different layers of automated tests.
1. Unit Tests:
Test individual components or functions of the software.
2. Integration Tests:
Test interactions between different modules or services.
 3. System Tests:
Validate the entire application, ensuring it meets
requirements.
4. Acceptance Tests:
Verify the application meets user expectations and is
ready for release.

b) Write a short note on internationalization testing.

Internationalization testing ensures the software works for
global users by supporting multiple languages, formats, and
currencies.
Phases:
1. Globalization Testing: Checks compatibility with
international standards like Unicode.
2. Localization Testing: Verifies translations, regional
settings, and cultural preferences.

This completes Paper 2. Moving to Paper 3.

Paper 3
Q1) 1 Mark Each
a) Define the term errors.
An error is a mistake made by a programmer during the
development phase, which can lead to faults or failures in the
software.

b) What is a stub?
A stub is a temporary placeholder component used during
testing to simulate the behavior of a module that is not yet
implemented.
c) Write a goal of white-box testing.
The goal is to ensure that all paths, branches, and conditions in
the code are executed and functioning as expected.

d) What is a test plan?

A test plan is a detailed document that outlines the testing
scope, objectives, resources, schedule, and methodologies for a
project.

e) Write two methods of black-box testing.

1. Equivalence Partitioning
2. Boundary Value Analysis

f) Write dimensions of quality.

1. Functionality
2. Reliability
3. Usability
4. Efficiency

g) What do you mean by performance testing?

Performance testing evaluates an application's responsiveness,
stability, and scalability under varying workloads.

h) Write a goal of unit testing.

The goal of unit testing is to validate the functionality of
individual components or modules in isolation.

i) Which is a core Agile principle?

Deliver working software frequently with a focus on customer
collaboration.
j) Define the term regression testing.
Regression testing verifies that recent changes in the software
have not introduced defects in previously working functionality.
Continuing with the detailed and complete solution for Paper
3.

Q2) 1.5 Marks Each

a) Write the advantages of white-box testing.
1. Ensures code quality by identifying logical errors, paths,
and conditions that need to be tested.
2. Detects hidden issues like security vulnerabilities and
unreachable code.
3. Helps optimize code by analyzing its structure.

b) Explain the working of a web application.

A web application is software that runs on a web server and is
accessed through a browser.
Steps in Working:
1. Request: The user sends a request via a browser to the
web server.
2. Processing: The web server processes the request using
business logic and interacts with a database if needed.
3. Response: The processed data is sent back to the user's
browser as a response.
Diagram:
Browser → Web Server → Application Server → Database →
Response

c) Explain various forms of acceptance testing.

1. User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Validates whether the
software meets user requirements and is ready for
deployment.
 2. Operational Acceptance Testing: Ensures the software
works in a production environment, including backup and
recovery.
3. Contract Acceptance Testing: Verifies that the software
meets the terms of the contract.

d) Write features of Agile testing.

1. Continuous testing integrated with development.
2. Supports changing requirements during the project.
3. Focuses on customer collaboration and quick feedback.
4. Encourages teamwork and communication among
developers, testers, and stakeholders.

e) Explain various types of system testing.

1. Functional Testing: Validates the software’s functionality
against requirements.
2. Performance Testing: Checks the system’s
responsiveness and scalability.
3. Security Testing: Identifies vulnerabilities and ensures
data protection.
4. Usability Testing: Ensures the system is user-friendly.

Q3) 3.5 Marks Each

a) Explain the difference between testing and
debugging.
Aspect Testing Debugging
Process of identifying Process of fixing identified
Definition
defects. defects.
Performe
Testers. Developers.
d By
Aspect Testing Debugging
Verify functionality and
Objective Remove coding errors.
quality.

b) What is Cyclomatic Complexity and Graph Matrix?

Explain with an example.
1. Cyclomatic Complexity:
It measures the complexity of a program by counting the
number of independent paths in the code.
Formula: V(G)=E−N+2V(G) = E - N + 2
Where EE is the number of edges, NN is the number of
nodes.
Example:
For a program with a decision structure:
if (condition1) {
// Path 1
} else if (condition2) {
// Path 2
} else {
// Path 3
}
Cyclomatic Complexity = 3 (three paths).
2. Graph Matrix:
It represents the flow of a program using a matrix where
nodes represent statements and edges represent control
flow.

c) Explain the process of stress testing with an example.

Stress testing evaluates the system's robustness by subjecting
it to extreme workloads beyond normal operational capacity.
Steps:
 1. Identify critical components of the system.
2. Simulate heavy loads or peak conditions.
3. Monitor system behavior for crashes or slowdowns.
4. Analyze results and optimize performance.
Example: Testing a website by simulating 10,000 concurrent
users to evaluate its ability to handle traffic.

Q4) 3.5 Marks Each

a) Define navigation testing. How to test navigation
syntax and semantics?
1. Definition:
Navigation testing verifies the correctness of links, menus,
and buttons, ensuring seamless transitions between
different parts of an application.
2. Testing Syntax:
o Check the correctness of links, URLs, and menu
structures.
o Ensure navigation elements like breadcrumbs and
tabs are correctly implemented.
3. Testing Semantics:
o Verify logical flow between pages.
o Test whether the navigation follows a user-friendly
structure and intended functionality.

b) Define the term test case. Explain with an example.

A test case is a documented set of steps, conditions, and inputs
designed to verify a specific functionality or feature of an
application.
Example Test Case:
 Test
Test Case Expected Stat
Scenari Steps
ID Result us
o
Enter valid
TC_Login_0 Validate Redirects to
credentials and click Pass
01 Login homepage.
login.

c) Compare verification and validation.

Aspect Verification Validation
Definiti Ensures the product is Ensures the product meets
on built correctly. user needs.
Functional and usability
Focus Reviews and inspections.
testing.
Conducted during Conducted after
Timing
development. development.

Q5) 3 Marks Each

a) Explain the various phases of internationalization
testing.
1. Globalization Testing:
Ensures that the application supports multiple languages,
formats, and currencies.
2. Localization Testing:
Verifies translation accuracy and cultural adaptability for a
specific region.
3. Functional Testing:
Checks the functionality of language-related features,
such as date formatting and currency conversion.

b) Difference between Alpha and Beta Testing.

Aspect Alpha Testing Beta Testing
Environm Conducted in a controlled Conducted in a real-world
ent setup. setup.
Performed by internal
Users Performed by real users.
testers.
Validate usability and
Objective Detect major defects.
reliability.