STATES OF MATTER

Intermolecular forces:

• The nature of intermolecular forces, molecular interactions and effect of thermal energy on
the motion of particles determines the state of a substance.
• Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction and repulsion between interacting
particles (atoms and molecules).
• Intermolecular forces do not include the electrostatic attraction force, covalent bond,
Hydrogen bond and ion-dipole interactions.
• Attractive intermolecular forces are known as van der Waals forces in honour of Dutch
scientist Johannes van der Waals.
• Van der Waals forces are of three types, dispersion forces or London forces, dipole-dipole
forces, and dipole-induced dipole forces.

Dispersion force

• Atoms and nonpolar molecules are electrically symmetrical and have no dipole moment
because their electronic charge cloud is symmetrically distributed. So, they do not
possesses permanent dipole moment.

• Dispersion force of attraction was first proposed by the German physicist Fritz London.
• Dispersion force of attraction between two temporary dipoles is known as London force.
Another name for this force is dispersion force.
• Interaction energy of dispersion force is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the
1
distance between two interacting particles (i.e., where r is the distance between two
𝑟6
particles).
• Dispersion forces are important only at short distances (~500 pm) and their magnitude
depends on the polarisability of the particle.

Dipole-dipole interaction

• Dipole-dipole forces act between the molecules possessing permanent dipole.

• Ends of the dipoles possess “partial charges” and these charges are shown by Greek letter delta ().
• This interaction is stronger than the London forces but is weaker than ion-ion interaction.
• Dipole-dipole interaction energy between stationary polar molecules (as in solids) is proportional
1
to
𝑟3

• Dipole-dipole interaction energy between rotatory polar molecules (as in solids) is proportional to
1
𝑟6

Dipole–Induced Dipole interaction

• This type of attractive forces operate between the polar molecules having permanent dipole and
the molecules lacking permanent dipole.
• Interaction energy of dipole-induced dipole force is inversely proportional to the sixth
1
power of the distance between two interacting particles (i.e., where r is the distance
𝑟6
between two particles).
• Induced dipole moment depends upon the dipole moment present in the permanent dipole and the
polarisability of the electrically neutral molecule.
Hydrogen bonding:

• Hydrogen bond is found in the molecules in which highly polar N–H, O–H or H–F bonds are
present.

Thermal energy:

• Thermal energy is the energy of a body arising from motion of its atoms or molecules.
• It is directly proportional to the temperature of the substance.
• It is the measure of average kinetic energy of the particles of the matter.
• Thermal energy of molecules can be reduced by lowering the temperature.
• Intermolecular interactions: Solid > Liquid > Gas.
• Thermal energy: Solid < Liquid < Gas.

Boyle’s Law:
At constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its
pressure.
1
According to Boyle’s law, V ∝ [m, T = constant]
P
K
Or, V = (K = proportionality constant)
P

Or, PV = K
Let V1 be the volume of gas at a pressure P1. By keeping the temperature constant, if the
pressure and volume are changed to P2 and V2 respectively, then, according to the law,
P1V1 = P2V2.

Charles’s Law:
At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by a factor of
1
of its volume at 0oC on an increase or decrease of temperature by 1oC respectively.
273
Let, the volume of a gas at 0oC be V0 L.
 V0
Thus, at 1oC, the increase in volume will be L
273
1
Hence, at 1oC, volume of gas (Vt) = V0 (1 + )L
273
𝑡
Similarly, at toC, the volume of the gas (Vt) can be expressed as – Vt = V0 (1 + )
273

Charles’s Law (Absolute temperature scale):

At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature.
According to Charles’s law, V ∝ T [m, P = constant]
Or, V = KT (K = proportionality constant)
V
Or, =K
T
Let V1 be the volume of gas at a temperature T1. By keeping the pressure constant, if the volume
and temperature are changed to V2 and T2 respectively, then, according to the law,
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

Gay Lussac’s Law:

At constant volume, pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to the
temperature.
According to Gay Lussac’s law, P ∝ T [m, V = constant]
Or, P = KT (K = proportionality constant)
P
Or, =K
T
Let P1 be the pressure of gas at a temperature T1.By keeping the volume constant, if the pressure
and temperature are changed to P2 and T2 respectively, then, according to the law,
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

Avogadro’s Law:
Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of molecules under
the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
According to Avogadro’s law, V ∝ n [T, P = constant]
Or, V = Kn (K = proportionality constant)
V
Or, =K
n
 𝑉1 𝑉2
According to the law, =
𝑛1 𝑛2

• Avogadro’s constant: The number of molecules in one mole of a gas = 6.022 x 1023
Ideal Gas: A gas that follows Boyle’s law, Charles’s law and Avogadro’s law strictly, is called
an ideal gas. Real gases follow these laws only under certain specific conditions when the
intermolecular forces of attraction are negligible (at very low pressure and high temperature).
Ideal gas equation:
1
According to Boyle’s law, V ∝ [m, T = constant]
𝑃
According to Charles’s law, V ∝ T [m, P = constant]
According to Avogadro’s law, V ∝ n [T, P = constant]
When pressure, temperature and moles of gas, all vary,
nT nT
V∝ or, V = R (R = Universal gas constant)
P P
PV
Or, = R (constant)
nT

Or, PV = nRT
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases:
(i) Gases consist of large number of tiny spherical identical particles (atoms or molecules).
(ii) Actual volume occupied by the gas molecule is negligible in comparison to empty space
between them.
(iii) Gases can occupy all the space available to them. This means they do not have any
force of attraction between their particles.
(iv) Particles of a gas are always in constant random motion and collide with other gas
particles and with the wall of container.
(v) When the particles of a gas are in random motion, pressure is exerted by the gas due to
collision of the particles with the walls of the container.
(vi) Collision of the gas molecules are perfectly elastic. This means there is no loss of
energy after collision.
(vii) Average kinetic energy of the gaseous molecule is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature.

Case study based questions:

1. Shalini is arranging a birthday party for her daughter
and decorating the room with balloons. When a
balloon is inflated, the volume and the pressure inside
the balloon increase. Does it violate Boyle’s law?
Answer:
 When the balloon is inflated, the mass inside the balloon increases. Hence, the mass is not
constant. So, Boyle’s law is not applicable in this case.

2. Why is the size of a bubble increase as it rises towards the surface of liquid body?
Answer:
The pressure under the liquid surface varies with depth. As the depth increases, the pressure
under the liquid also increases. When a bubble rises towards the surface, the pressure
decreases. This causes the volume to increase.

3. For real gases, the relation between P, V and T is given by the equation,
𝑎𝑛 2
(P + ) (V ─ nb) = nRT
𝑉2
Where, ‘a’ and ‘b’ are van der Waal’s constants, ‘nb’ is approximately equal to the total
volume of the molecules of a gas. ‘a’ is the measure of magnitude of intermolecular
attraction.
(a) Arrange the following gases in the increasing order of ‘b’ ─ CO2, O2, He.
(b) Arrange the following gases in the increasing order of ‘a’ ─ CO2, O2, CH4, He.
Answer:
‘nb’ is approximately the total volume of the gas molecules. Its magnitude depends upon
the size of the molecules. The correct order is: He < O2 < CO2.
‘a’ depends on the intermolecular forces of attraction. The correct order is: He < O2 < CH4
< CO2.
4. The PV vs. P graph is drawn for five gases, A, B, C, D and
E. The graph shows a straight line parallel to x-axis for the
gas E. For C and D gases, non-parallel straight line is
observed. Gases A and B show a curve in the graph. On the
basis of the observation, answer the following questions –
(a) Which gas is an ideal gas?
(b) Which gases do not show intermolecular forces of
attraction?
(c) Gases A and B behave like ideal gas at point ‘F’. What is the name of this point?
Answer:
(a) Gas ‘F’ is an ideal gas.
(b) Gases C, D and E do not show intermolecular forces of attraction.
(c) ‘F’ is called as Boyle temperature.

5. Oxygen gas is taken in a container. At two different

temperatures, T1 and T2, pressure and density of the gas is
observed. Figure shows graphs of pressure versus density
for oxygen gas at two temperature T1 and T2. Considering
oxygen as ideal gas, answer the following questions?
(a) How does density related to pressure?
(b) Which temperature is higher between T1 and T2?
 Answer:
(a) Density is directly proportional to pressure.
(b) T1 > T2

Multiple choice questions:

1. The vapour pressure of water at 300 K in a closed container is 0.8 atm. If the volume of
container is doubled, its vapour pressure at 300 K will be:
(a) 0.2 atm
(b) 0.4 atm
(c) 0.6 atm
(d) 0.8 atm
Answer: (b) 0.4 atm
(Hint: Use Boyle’s law, P1V1 = P2V2)

2. A real gas deviates from ideal behaviour at a high pressure because its molecules:
(a) Attract one another
(b) Show the Tyndall Effect
(c) Have kinetic energy
(d) Are bound by covalent bonds
Answer: (a) Attract one another

3. The value of universal gas constant R depends on:

(a) Temperature of Gas
(b) Volume of Gas
(c) Number of Moles of Gas
(d) Units of volume, temperature and pressure
Answer: (d) Units of volume, temperature and pressure

4. The van der Waal’s constant, ‘a’ of four gases A, B, C, D are respectively 1.360, 1.420,
2.17 and 4.42 atm L2 mol-2 respectively. the gas which can be easily liquefiable is:
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
Answer: (d) D.
(Hint: Higher is the ‘a’ value, the gas can easily be liquefied)
5. Which of the following statement is wrong for real gases?
(a) Gases do not have definite shape and volume
(b) Volume of the gas is equal to the volume of the container confining the gas
(c) Confined gas exert uniform pressure on the wall of the container in all directions
(d) Mass of the gas cannot be determined by weighing a container in which it is contained
Answer: (b) Volume of the gas is equal to the volume of the container confining the
gas.
6. The volume of 0.7 g of carbon monoxide at 27°C and 8.21 atm is:
(a) 300 L
(b) 750 L
(c) 900 L
(d) 7.5 L
Answer: (b) 750 L.

7. If 50 cm³ gas at 2 atm. is compressed to 10 cm³ at constant temperature, the final pressure
will be:
(a) 10 atm
(b) 20 atm
(c) 1 atm
(d) 2 atm
Answer: (a) 10 atm

8. The theory which explains that gases consist of tiny spherical molecules associated with
rapid motion is known as:
(a) Daltons Atomic Theory
(b) Gay Lussac’s Law
(c) Charles’s law
(d) Kinetic Theory of gas
Answer: (d) Kinetic Theory of gas

9. The law, which states that at constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas is
inversely proportional is pressure, is known as:
(a) Boyle’s law
(b) Charles’s law
(c) Combine gas law
(d) Avogadro’s law
Answer: (a) Boyle’s law

10. The density of neon will be highest at -

(a) 0°C and 2 atm
(b) S.T.P.
(c) 273°C, 1 atm
(d) 546°C, 0.5 atm
Answer: (a) 0°C and 2 atm

11. The density of a gas A is 2 times that of another gas X. If the molar mass of A is M, that
of X is:
(a) 2M
𝑀
(b) 2
(c) 4M
𝑀
(d) 4
 𝐌
Answer: (b) 𝟐
(Hint: Density is directly proportional to molar mass)

12. The temperature of 5 moles of an ideal gas at at 2.5 atm pressure occupying a volume of
11.2 L is:
(a) 57 K
(b) 68oC
(c) 79 K
(d) 68 K
Answer: (d) 68 K

13. At S.T.P., the density of nitrogen gas is

(a) 1.35 g L-1
(b) 1.45 g L-1
(c) 1.25 g L-1
(d) 1.15 g L-1
Answer: (c) 1.25 g L-1

14. If 1500 ml of a gas at 27oC is cooled to -23°C at constant pressure, its final volume will
be:
(a) 1.2 L
(b) 2.5 L
(c) 1.25 L
(d) 1.75 L
Answer: (c) 1.25 L

15. 2.8 g of a gas at S.T.P. occupies a volume of 2.24 L, the gas can be
(a) O2
(b) CO
(c) NO2
(d) CO2
Answer: (b) CO
w
(Hint: PV = RT; molar mass of CO is 28)
M

16. The van der Waals equation reduces itself to the ideal gas equation at -
(a) High pressure and low temperature
(b) Low pressure and low temperature
(c) Low pressure and high temperature
(d) High pressure and high temperature
Answer: (c) low pressure and high temperature

17. The density of a gas is 1.964 g dm-3 at 273 K and 76 cm Hg. The gas is:
(a) CH4
(b) C2H6
 (c) CO2
(d) Xe
Answer: (c) CO2

18. Dominance of strong repulsive forces among the molecules of the gas (Z =
compressibility factor)
(a) depends on Z and indicated by Z = 1
(b) depends upon Z and indicated by Z > 1
(c) depends on Z and indicated by Z < 1
(d) is independent of Z
Answer: (b) depends upon Z and indicated by Z > 1

19. Which is correct about real gas?

(a) Pressure of real gas is higher than ideal gas
(b) Volume of real gas is lower than ideal gas
(c) Real gas follows ideal gas equation at very low pressure and high temperature
(d) Real gas behaves as ideal gas at high pressure and low temperature
Answer: (c) Real gas follows ideal gas equation at very low pressure and high
temperature
20. van der Waal's equation of state the constant 'b' is a measure of-
(a) Volume occupied by molecules
(b) Intermolecular attractions
(c) Intermolecular repulsions
(d) Intermolecular collisions
Answer: (a) Volume occupied by molecules

Fill in the blanks –

1. According to Boyle’s law, pressure is ___________ proportional to volume of the gas.

Answer: Inversely
2. ___________ is the common constant term of Boyle’s law and Charles’ law.
Answer: Mass
3. 25 K = ___________ Celsius.
Answer: –248oC
4. According to Charles’ law, Temperature is ___________ proportional to volume of the gas.
Answer: Directly
5. 1 dm3 = ___________ L.
Answer: 1
6. 380 torr = ___________ atm pressure.
Answer: 0.5
7. 1 atm = ___________ bar pressure.
Answer: 1.013

Assertion-Reason based questions:

These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While
answering these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
A. If both Assertion & Reason are true & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
B. If both Assertion & Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.

C. If Assertion is true but the Reason is False.

D. If Assertion is False but the Reason is true.

1. Assertion: van der Waal's equation is applicable only to non-ideal gases.

Reason: Ideal gases obey the equation of state.
Answer: B
2. Assertion: Compressibility factor (Z) for non-ideal gases is always greater than 1.
Reason: Non-ideal gases always exert higher or lower pressure than expected.
Answer: D
3. Assertion: Liquefaction of H2 and He is difficult.
Reason: They have Z < 1 at high pressure region.
Answer: C
4. Assertion: Different states of matter are the result of the balance between intermolecular
forces and thermal energy of the particles.
Reason: Intermolecular forces keep the particles together and thermal energy of the
molecules tends to keep them apart.
Answer: A
5. Assertion: At constant temperature, PV vs. V plot for real gases is not straight line.
Reason: For H2 and He, the compressibility factor (Z) is always greater than 1.
Answer: B
6. Assertion: The pressure of a real gas is less than the pressure of ideal gas.
Reason: Intermolecular attraction forces in real gases are greater than that of ideal gas.
Answer: A
7. Assertion: The van der Waal’s constant ‘a’ for CO2 is more than O2.
Reason: Hydrogen bonding is present in CO2 but not in O2.
 Answer: C
8. Assertion: Ammonia can liquefied at a higher temperature than nitrogen.
Reason: Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interaction are present in ammonia.
Answer: B
9. Assertion: At 0 K, the volume occupied by the gas becomes negligible.
Reason: At 0 K. The molecular motion ceases to zero.
Answer: C (Hint: Reason is wrong because before attaining this temperature, every gas
changes to liquid state).
10. Assertion: In a moist gas, the pressure of dry gas is calculated by subtracting aqueous
tension from the total pressure of the gas.
Reason: The pressure exerted by the water vapour is called as aqueous tension.
Answer: B

Numerical problems:

1. 3000 cm3 hydrogen gas is kept at S.T.P. The pressure of the gas is increased to two and
half times. Keeping the temperature constant, what will be the final volume of the gas?
Answer:
Initial pressure (P1) = 1 atm
Final pressure (P2) = 2.5 atm
Initial volume (V1) = 3000 cm3 = 3 L
Final volume (V2) = ?
P1V1 = P2V2
Or, 1 x 3 = 2.5 x V2
Or, V2 = 1.2 L

2. If the pressure is halved and absolute temperature is doubled, what will be the volume of
the gas?
Answer:
Initial pressure (P1) = P
𝑃
Final pressure (P2) =
2
Initial volume = V1
Final volume = V2
Initial temperature (T1) = T
 Final temperature (T2) = 2T
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
According to combined law, =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃
𝑃 𝑉1 𝑉
2 2
Or, =
𝑇 2𝑇
𝑉2
Or, =4
𝑉1
Thus, the final volume is increased by 4 times.

3.

(a) Find out the volume of the gas at 0oC.

(b) Find out the volume of the gas at 91oC.

Answer:

𝑉0
(a) According to Charles’s law, the slope of the graph =
273
𝑉0 1
So, =
273 91

Or, V0 = 3 L
91
(b) The volume of the gas at 91oC = 3(1 + )L=4L
273

4. Mass of 500 mL of hydrogen gas at a pressure of 760 mm of Hg and 300 K was found to
be 4.09 x 10-2 g. Calculate the molecular weight of hydrogen.
Answer:
Pressure (P) = 760 mm Hg = 1 atm
Temperature (T) = 300 K
Volume (V) = 500 mL = 0.5 L
Mass = 4.09 x 10-2 g
Molecular mass (M) = ?
w
The required equation is PV = nRT or, PV = RT
M
w 4.09 x 10−2 x 0.0821 x 300
Or, M = RT = = 2.01
PV 1 x 0.5
 Thus, the molecular weight of hydrogen is 2.01.
5. Calculate the volume occupied at 27oC and 2 bar pressure of a gas evolved from 2 mL of a
solid carbon di-oxide. (Given: the density of solid carbon di-oxide is 1.53 g mL-1)
Answer:
Pressure (P) = 2 bar
Temperature (T) = 27oC = 300 K
Mass of CO2 = (2 x 1.53) g = 3.06 g
Molecular mass (M) = 44
Volume (V) = ?
w
The required equation is PV = nRT or, PV = RT
M
w 3.06 x 0.083 x 300
Or, V = RT = = 0.866 L
PM 2 x 44

6. At 27oC and 1 bar pressure, a gas occupies ‘V’ L. What will be its volume at 177oC and 1.5
bar pressure?
Answer:
Initial pressure (P1) = 1 bar
Final pressure (P2) = 1.5 bar
Initial volume (V1) = V
Final volume = V2
Initial temperature (T1) = 27oC = 300 K
Final temperature (T2) = 177oC = 450 K
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
According to combined law, =
𝑇1 𝑇2
1xV 1.5 x V2
Or, = or, V2 = V
300 450
Thus, the final volume is same as initial volume.

7. The density of CO2 gas at 57oC is 0.3 g L-1.at 0.5 bar of pressure. What will be the density
of the gas at 17oC if pressure is kept constant?
Answer:
Initial density (ρ1) = 0.3 g L-1
Final density (ρ2) = ?
Initial temperature (T1) = 57oC = 330 K
 Final temperature (T2) = 17oC = 290 K
The required equation is ρ1T1 = ρ2T2
Or, 0.3 x 330 = ρ2 x 290
Or, ρ2 = 0.34 g L-1

8. A sample of oxygen gas occupies 2 dm3 at 2 atm pressure at 27oC. Calculate the pressure
of the gas if it is compressed to 0.5 L at 0oC.
Answer:
Initial pressure (P1) = 2 atm
Initial volume (V1) = 2 dm3 = 2 L
Final volume (V2) = 0.5 L
Initial temperature (T1) = 27oC = 300 K
Final temperature (T2) = 0oC = 273 K
Final pressure (P2) = ?
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
According to combined law, =
𝑇1 𝑇2
2x2 0.5 x P2
Or, = or, P2 = 7.28 atm
300 273

9. The volume occupied by 3.2 g of methane at 17oC is 0.962 L. Find out the pressure (R =
0.083 L bar mol-1 K-1) [C = 12. H = 1]
Answer:
Temperature (T) = 17oC = 290 K
Mass of methane (CH4) = 3.2 g
Molecular mass (M) = 16
Volume (V) = 0.962 L
Pressure (P) = ?
w
The required equation is PV = nRT or, PV = RT
M
w 3.2 x 0.083 x 290
Or, P = RT = = 5 atm
VM 0.962 x 16

Short answer type questions:

1. What is absolute zero temperature? Prove that, at absolute zero temperature, the
volume of any gas becomes zero.
Answer:
 Absolute zero temperature is the temperature at which the volume occupied by any gas
becomes zero. It is ─273oC.
According to Charles’s law, if the volume of a gas at 0oC be V0, then, at toC, the volume of
the gas (Vt) can be expressed as –
𝑡
Vt = V0 (1 + )
273
When, Vt = 0, t = ─273oC
Hence, absolute zero temperature is ─273oC

2. Write van der Waal’s equation for ‘n’ moles of a gas mentioning the terms involved.
Answer:
The van der Waal’s equation for real gas is ─
𝑎𝑛2
(P + ) (V ─ nb) = nRT
𝑉2
Where, P = Pressure of gas; n = number of moles; ‘a’ and ‘b’ = van der Waal’s constants;
V = volume of the gas; T = absolute temperature; R = Universal gas constant.

3. In van der Waal’s equation, what is the significance of constants ‘a’ and ‘b’?
Answer:
In van der Waal’s equation, constant ‘a’ accounts for the intermolecular forces of attraction
between the gas molecules.
Constant ‘b’ accounts for the volume occupied by the gas molecules.

4. Under what conditions, do the real gases behave like an ideal gas? Why?
Answer:
At very low pressure and high temperature, real gases behave like an ideal gas. Because
under both the conditions, the volume of the gas becomes very high and intermolecular
forces of attraction become negligible.

5. Which two postulates of kinetic theory of gas are held responsible for the deviation of
real gases from the ideal gas behaviour?
Answer:
The two postulates are ─
(i) There is no attraction or repulsion force present among the gas molecules.
(ii) The volume occupied by the gas molecules is negligible as compared to the volume
of the gas confined in a container.

6. Liquid ammonia bottle must be cooled before opening the seal. Why?
Answer:
The bottle of liquid ammonia contains the gas under very high pressure. If the seal is
opened, the sudden decrease in pressure will lead to increase in volume of the gas. This
may break bottle or spurt out causing serious damage to the person. Cooling the bottle leads
to a decrease of the volume of the gas in large extent and therefore, the chance of accident
can be reduced.

7. How can you justify that the collision among the gas molecules is completely elastic in
nature?
 Answer:
According to kinetic theory of gas, the gas molecules are in constant random motion
colliding with each other and also with the walls of the container. If the collisions would
not be elastic, the energy would be lost due to collision and ultimately comes to rest. But,
this phenomenon never happens proving that the collision among the gas molecules is
completely elastic in nature.

8. Which one is heavier between dry air and wet air?

Answer:
In dry air, large amount of nitrogen and oxygen gas are present along with very small
amount of other gases. In wet air, water vapour is present along with other gases. The
vapour density of H2O, N2 and O2 are 9, 14 and 16 respectively. Since, nitrogen and oxygen
molecules are replaced by lighter molecules of water in wet air, it becomes lighter than dry
air.

9. Prove the following equation −

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
Answer:
1
According to Boyle’s law, V ∝ [m, T = constant]
𝑃
According to Charles’s law, V ∝ T [m, P = constant]
When pressure and temperature, both vary, for a given mass of gas,
𝑇 𝑇
V ∝ or, V = K (K = proportionality constant)
𝑃 𝑃
𝑃𝑉
Or, = K (constant)
𝑇
Thus, for a system changing from initial state (P1, V1, T1) to final state (P2, V2, T2),

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

10. Show that the dimension of universal gas constant is equivalent to work done.
Answer:
The constant ‘R’ in universal gas constant in ideal gas equation, PV = nRT is called as
universal gas constant.
𝑃𝑉
PV = nRT or, R =
𝑛𝑇
Pressure x Volume
So, R =
number of moles x Temperature
Force Force x Volume
Using Pressure = , R=
Area area x number of moles x Temperature
Force x Length
Or, R =
number of moles x Temperature
 Work
Or, R =
number of moles x Temperature

Hence, ‘R’ represents work done per mole per degree of temperature.

11. Write down the unit of van der Waal’s constants ‘a’ and ‘b’.
Answer:
𝑎𝑛2
van der Waal’s equation for real gases is (P + ) (V ─ nb) = nRT
𝑉2
𝑎𝑛2
Thus, is a pressure related term.
𝑉2
(unit of Volume)2
Or, unit of a = unit of pressure x
(unit of moles)2
L2
Or, unit of a = atm x
mole2

So, unit of ‘a’ = atm L2 mol-2

Again, nb is a volume related term.

𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Or, unit of b =
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐿
Or, unit of b =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

So, unit of ‘b’ = L mol-1