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Lesson 2 KMT & Intermolecular Forces

The document outlines various types of intermolecular forces, including ion-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding, emphasizing their differences and relative strengths. It explains how these forces influence the physical properties of substances, such as boiling and melting points. Additionally, it introduces concepts like kinetic molecular theory and the distinction between intermolecular and intramolecular forces.

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4 views

Lesson 2 KMT & Intermolecular Forces

The document outlines various types of intermolecular forces, including ion-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding, emphasizing their differences and relative strengths. It explains how these forces influence the physical properties of substances, such as boiling and melting points. Additionally, it introduces concepts like kinetic molecular theory and the distinction between intermolecular and intramolecular forces.

Uploaded by

feianli.que
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 2:

Types of
Intermolecular
forces
Definition of terms:
◦ Phase
◦ a physically distinctive form of matter, characterized
by having relatively uniform chemical and physical
properties.
◦ Condensed phase - Liquids and solids
◦ Intramolecular force
◦ Force that hold atoms together in a molecule.
◦ Intermolecular force
◦ Attractive forces between molecules.
◦ Polar molecule
◦ It forms when there is an unequal sharing of
electrons between atoms in a molecule, creating a
molecule with partially (+) and (-) side.
Objectives:
◦Describe and differentiate the
types of intermolecular forces

◦Distinguish what
intermolecular forces are
present in different types of
molecule
Kinetic Molecular Theory
1.Matter is made of particles that are in
constant motion. This energy in motion is
called kinetic energy.
2. The amount of kinetic energy in substance is
directly proportionate to temperature.
3.There are spaces between particles of
matter.
4. Phase changes happen when temperature
of the substance changes sufficiently.
5.There are attractive forces in between
particles known as intermolecular forces.
Why do you think water can
exist in three states?
What determines if a
substance is a solid,
liquid, or gas?

INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
and the temperature
(kinetic energy) of
the molecules.
Intermolecular Forces of
Attraction
Inter vs Intra molecular Forces
• Intramolecular forces are the forces within
a molecule or ionic compound

Example: Individual therapy


NaCl Ionic bond between atom of Na and atom of Cl

• Intermolecular forces are the forces


between molecules or ions and molecules
Example: couples therapy
Solid liquid gas
9
Intermolecular forces
Generally,
intermolecular forces
are much weaker than
intra-molecular forces.

Ion-Dipole force
Van der waals forces
- London Dispersion forces
- Dipole-Dipole attraction
- Hydrogen Bonding
Why doesn’t the ocean
freeze completely?
Ion-Dipole Forces
- The electrostatic attraction between an ion
and polar molecules.
- Cation attracts (-) end of neutral polar
molecule.
- Anion attracts (+) end of neutral polar
molecule.
Saltwater

Ion-dipole attractions become stronger


when:
- The charge on ion increases.
- The magnitude of the dipole of
polar molecule increases.
Non-polar molecules
do not have dipoles Van der waals
like polar
molecules. How, forces
then, can non-polar
compounds form - this includes the
solids or liquids?
attraction and
repulsion between
atoms, molecules
and ions. It is
categorized into
three types of forces.
London Dispersion Forces
London dispersion
forces, or
dispersion forces,
are attractions
between an
instantaneous
dipole and an
induced dipole.
Remember, electrons are
moving around in atoms,
there will be instants when
What is an the charge around an atom is
instantaneous not symmetrical thus forming
dipole? an instantaneous dipole.
How about
induced
dipole?
London Dispersion Forces
◦These forces are
present in all
molecules, whether
they are polar or
non-polar.
◦The tendency of an
electron cloud to
distort in this way is
called
polarizability.
London Dispersion Forces
❑It is named after German-American physicist
Fitz London
❑ The weakest of intermolecular forces, these
forces are proportional to the mass of the
molecule.
❑ These are the only forces of attraction between
completely non-polar molecules
❑ Large non-polar molecules may have
substantial dispersion forces, resulting in
relatively high boiling points
❑ Small non-polar molecules have weak
dispersion forces and exist almost exclusively
as gases
London Forces in Hydrocarbons
Dipole - Dipole attractions
◦ We have seen that molecules can + –
have a separation of charge
◦ This happens in both ionic and
polar bonds (the greater the
ΔEN, the greater the
dipoles) H Cl
• Molecules are attracted to each other in a
compound by these positive and negative
forces + –
+ – 
Dipole–Dipole Interactions

The more polar the molecule, the higher its


boiling point.
Which Have a Greater
Effect?
Dipole–Dipole Interactions or Dispersion Forces

◦If two molecules are of comparable size


and shape, dipole–dipole interactions
will likely be the dominating force.
◦If one molecule is much larger than
another, dispersion forces will likely
determine its physical properties.
Hydrogen Bonding
- H-bonding is a special type of dipole -
dipole attraction that is unusually strong.
- Bonding between hydrogen and more
electronegative neighboring atoms such
as oxygen, fluorine and nitrogen.

Base pairing in DNA by hydrogen bonding


Hydrogen Bonding in Water
Hydrogen
Bond

Covalent
Bond
Relative Magnitudes of Forces
Dipole-dipole interactions Hydrogen bonding

Ionic bonds Ion dipole force

Covalent bonds
London Dispersion forces
Relative Magnitudes of Forces
The types of bonding forces vary in
their strength as measured by average
bond energy.
Strongest Ionic bonds (>700 kcal)
Covalent bonds
Ion dipole force
Hydrogen bonding
Dipole-dipole interactions

Weakest London forces (<1 kcal)


Intermolecular Forces

These intermolecular attractions are, however,


strong enough to control physical properties,
such as boiling and melting points, vapor
pressures, and viscosities.
29

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