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MAE119 W2017 Final Exam - Solution

The document outlines the final exam for UC San Diego's MAE 119 course, instructed by Professor G.R. Tynan, which prohibits electronic devices but allows equation sheets. It consists of two parts: a multiple-choice section with questions related to energy sources and thermodynamics, and a problem-solving section requiring students to solve five out of ten given problems. The exam emphasizes understanding of energy concepts and their implications for human life and the environment.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views14 pages

MAE119 W2017 Final Exam - Solution

The document outlines the final exam for UC San Diego's MAE 119 course, instructed by Professor G.R. Tynan, which prohibits electronic devices but allows equation sheets. It consists of two parts: a multiple-choice section with questions related to energy sources and thermodynamics, and a problem-solving section requiring students to solve five out of ten given problems. The exam emphasizes understanding of energy concepts and their implications for human life and the environment.

Uploaded by

haashill
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UC

 SAN  DIEGO  MAE  119  FINAL  EXAM  


PROFESSOR  G.R.  TYNAN  
 
NO  ELECTRONIC  DEVICES  PERMITTED.    STUDENTS  MAY  REFER  TO  THEIR  
EQUATION  SHEETS  BROUGHT  TO  THE  EXAM.  
 
PART  I:    MULTIPLE  CHOICE.    ALL  PROBLEMS  2  points  each.  
 
1. Which  of  the  following  are  primary  energy  sources  used  today  by  human  
beings?  
a. Coal,  Petroleum,  Electricity,  Gasoline  
b. Petroleum,  Fissile  Uranium,  Natural  Gas  
c. Natural  Gas,  Diesel,  Geothermal  Energy,  Biofuels  
d. None  of  the  above.  
2. Which  fuel  has  the  lowestcarbon  per  unit  energy  released?  
a. Coal  
b. Natural  Gas  
c. Petroleum  
d. Wood  
3. A  mass  of  100  kG  is  accelerated  by  a  force  of  100  N  for  10  seconds.    How  
much  work  is  done  on  the  mass?  
a. 100  J  
b. 50  J  
c. 500  J  
d. none  of  the  above.  
4. The  first  law  of  thermodynamics  states  that    
a. Entropy  must  always  increase  
b. Energy  is  always  conserved  
c. Using  energy  up  allows  us  to  do  work  on  a  system  
d. None  of  the  above.  
5. Which  of  the  following  are  secondary  energy  sources  in  use  today?  
a. Nuclear  fission,  hydropower  and  wind  power  
b. Petroleum,  Coal  and  Natural  Gas  
c. Gasoline,  Diesel  and  Electricity  
d. Electricity,  Refined  Fuels  and  Wood.  
6. What  is  the  relative  ordering  (from  largest  to  smallest  contribution  to  human  
energy  demand)  of  primary  energy  sources?  
a. Fossil  fuels,  nuclear  fission,  and  wind  energy  
b. Solar  thermal,  solar  photovoltaic  and  wind  energy  
c. Gasoline,  Diesel  and  biofuels  
d. Electricity,  Heat  and  Liquid  Fuels  
7. We  learned  in  our  carbon  balance  discussion  that  CO2  emitted  by  
combustion  processes  stays  in  the  atmosphere  for  a  period  of  time  before  
being  absorbed  by  the  Earth’s  biosphere  and  land/ocean  masses.    The  typical  
timescale  for  this  reabsorption  to  occur  is  about:  
a. 10  years  
b. 50  years  
c. 100-­‐200  years  
d. It  stays  in  the  atmosphere  forever.  
8. What  is  the  order-­‐of-­‐magnitude  of  carbon-­‐free  power  needed  to  meet  future  
energy  demands  while  avoiding  significant  climate  change  effects?    Here  we  
are  lumping  all  types  of  power  demand  into  one  total  rate  of  energy  
consumption.  
a. 1-­‐2  TW  
b. a  few  GW  
c. 20  TW  
d. 100  TW  
9. The  capacity  factor  of  an  electricity  generation  technology  is  defined  as:  
a. The  maximum  amount  of  power  than  the  technology  can  produce  
b. The  maximum  feasible  contribution  that  the  technology  can  
contribute  to  human  energy  demand.  
c. The  ratio  of  the  maximum  power  produced  to  the  minimum  possible  
power  produced  by  the  technology.  
d. The  ratio  of  the  average  power  produced  divided  by  the  peak  power  
produced  by  the  technology.  
10.  How  did  we  measure  the  means  by  which  access  to  adequate  energy  
resources  improve  human  quality  of  life?    
a. It  frees  up  people  to  pursue  other  interests  besides  growing  enough  
food  to  survive.  
b. It  impacts  multiple  social  measures  including  literacy  rates  and  
childhood  mortality.  
c. It  is  correlated  with  increased  human  lifespan,  economic  development  
and  average  number  of  years  in  school.  
d. All  the  above.  
 
   
 
UC  SAN  DIEGO  MAE  119  FINAL  EXAM  PROFESSOR  G.R.  TYNAN.      
NO  ELECTRONIC  DEVICES  PERMITTED.    STUDENTS  MAY  REFER  TO  THEIR  
EQUATION  SHEETS  BROUGHT  TO  THE  EXAM.  
 
PART  II:      
• ALL  PROBLEMS  ARE  EQUALLY  WEIGHTED  AT    20  POINTS  EACH.      
• SOLVE  ANY  FIVE  (5)  PROBLEMS.    
• IF   A   NUMERICAL   ANSWER   IS   REQUIRED,   ONE   SIGNIFICANT   FIGURE  
WILL  SUFFICE.  
 
 
1. Tidal  power:    An  area  of  uniform  water  depth  is  being  considered  for  
development  as  a  tidal  power  basin.    The  water  height  undergoes  a  
sinusoidal  oscillation  in  height.    The  period  of  oscillation  is  12  hours,  and  the  
surface  height  variation  is  2  m  from  peak  to  trough.    A  10  km2  area  is  planned  
to  be  developed  into  a  tidal  basin.  
a. How  much  energy  can  be  stored  in  this  basin?    
b. If  this  energy  is  released  over  a  2  hour  period  when  the  surrounding  
water  is  at  low  tide,  estimate  how  much  power  could  be  generated  
during  this  period  of  time?    Assume  that  the  conversion  apparatus  has  
100%  efficiency.      
 
2. Deep  Geothermal  Power:    A  heat  mine  is  to  be  developed  at  a  site.    The  mine  
will  access  rock  that  can  be  fractured  in  a  region  with  a  geothermal  
temperature  gradient  of  20  deg  K/km  of  depth.    The  mine  will  exploit  a  
region  10  km  x  10  km  on  the  surface,  and  will  have  a  vertical  extent  of  100  m  
at  an  average  depth  of  5  km.    The  rock  has  a  density  of  10  Tonnes/m3  and  a  
thermal  capacity  of  2000  J/kG-­‐deg  C  and  the  ambient  surface  temperature  is  
300  K.  
a. How  much  thermal  energy  can  be  extracted  from  the  10  km  x  10  km  +  
100  m  volume  of  rock?  
b. If  the  heat  is  extracted  uniformly  throughout  this  volume  of  rock  at  a  
rate  Pout,  write  a  zero-­‐dimensional  time-­‐dependent  energy  balance  
equation  for  the  volume,  which  shows  how  the  rock  temperature  
evolves  in  time.    (Hint:    You  should  get  a  first-­‐order  time-­‐dependent  
ordinary  differential  equation).  
c. Solve  this  equation  to  get  a  solution  for  the  rock  temperature  
evolution  vs.  time.    Hint:    Look  for  exponential-­‐like  solutions.  
d. Find  an  expression  for  the  time  needed  for  the  rock  temperature  to  
drop  by  a  factor  of  1/e?    If  Pout=100  MW,  estimate  this  time  scale.  
 
3. Solar  PV:    A  p-­‐n  junction  based  solar  cell  has  an  open-­‐circuit  voltage  of  0.6  V  
and  a  short-­‐circuit  current  of  20  mA/cm2  when  exposed  to  a  solar  insolation  
of  1000  W/m2,  and  has  a  form  factor  FF  =  0.7.  
a. Draw  the  current-­‐voltage  characteristic  of  this  device,  making  sure  to  
identify  the  VOC    and  ISC  locations,  and  the  point  where  the  maximum  
power  is  generated.  
b. What  is  the  efficiency  of  this  cell?  
c. Suppose  you  can  improve  the  manufacturing  process  of  the  cell  so  
that  the  carrier  lifetime  is  increased  by  4x.    What  will  happen  to  the  
VOC  and  ISC  of  the  cell?    Draw  how  the  current-­‐voltage  characteristic  
will  change.  
d. If  the  solar  insolation  of  1000  W/m2    is  constant  for  8  hours/day  and  
then  is  zero  for  16  hours/day  what  is  the  capacity  factor  of  this  cell?    
How  much  electrical  energy  will  it  produce  in  a  day?  
 
4. Climate  change  essentials:    Earth’s  heat  balance  
a. A  perfectly  absorbing  surface  is  exposed  to  a  visible  light  solar  
insolation.    If  there  is  no  atmosphere  to  absorb  light,  what  is  the  infra-­‐
red  emissivity  of  the  surface  in  steady-­‐state?      
b. If  the  surface  emits  as  a  perfect  blackbody,  what  is  it’s  equilibrium  
temperature?  
c. Suppose  that  an  atmosphere  is  now  introduced  just  above  this  
surface.    The  atmosphere  is  perfectly  transparent  to  visible  light,  but  
absorbs  50%  of  infra-­‐red  radiation  that  passes  through  it.    This  warms  
the  atmosphere  which  then  re-­‐radiates  half  of  this  radiation  to  space,  
and  half  back  to  the  surface.    What  are  the  equilibrium  surface  and  
atmospheric  temperatures?      
d. How  do  these  compare  to  the  temperature  in  part  (b)?  
 
5. Climate  change  essentials:    Carbon  balance  modeling:    An  atmosphere  has  an  
infra-­‐red  absorbing  species  injected  into  it  at  a  constant  rate  Q  starting  at  
t=0.    Prior  to  t=0  there  was  no  such  species  in  the  atmosphere.    This  species  
persists  in  the  atmosphere  for  a  timescale  τ  before  it  is  reabsorbed  by  the  
surface  lying  beneath  the  atmosphere.  
a. Draw  a  simple  0-­‐d  control  volume  model  showing  the  atmosphere  
containing  a  mass  M  of  the  species  in  question,  the  source  rate,  and  
the  reabsorption  rate  of  the  species,  Γ,  by  the  planetary  surface.  
b. Use  this  model  to  write  a  time-­‐dependent  0-­‐d  mass  balance  equation  
for  M(t)  in  the  atmosphere.  
c. If  the  reabsorption  rate  Γ=M(t)/τ,  find  M(t)  for  t>0.  
d. If  the  atmosphere  has  a  height  d,  and  the  injected  species  with  an  IR  
absorption  cross-­‐section  σ  is  uniformly  mixed  in  the  atmosphere,  find  
an  expression  for  the  IR  transmission  coefficient  vs  time  of  the  
atmosphere.  
 
 
 
6. Wind  Power:    A  region  has  a  wind-­‐speed  probability  distribution  function  
f(v)=0.1  for  0<V<10  m/sec  and  f=0  for  V>10  m/sec.  
a. What  is  the  probability  that  the  wind  speed  will  satisfy  5<V<6  m/sec  
at  any  given  time?  
b. Write  an  integral  expression  for  the  average  wind  speed,  and  solve  it  
to  find  the  average  wind  speed.    If  the  wind  was  to  always  blow  at  this  
speed,  what  would  be  the  power  per  unit  area  incident  on  a  wind  
turbine?  
c. Write  an  integral  expression  for  the  average  power  density  available  
at  the  face  of  a  wind  turbine  located  in  this  region.    Solve  it  to  find  the  
average  power  density.      Compare  this  average  power  to  what  you  
computed  in  part  (b).      Why  are  the  two  different?  
d. If  you  have  a  wind  turbine  available  with  a  cut-­‐in  speed  of  3  m/sec  
and  a  cut-­‐out  speed  of  8  m/sec,  how  often  will  the  wind-­‐turbine  
operate?    How  often  will  it  be  off-­‐line?  
 
7. Solar  Thermal:    A  solar  power  tower  design  concept  has  a  centrally  located  
point-­‐like  target  illuminated  by  an  array  of  heliostat  mirrors  that  can  be  
oriented  to  reflect  sunlight  onto  the  target.    The  ratio  of  the  mirror  collecting  
area  to  the  target  area  is  a  factor  of  1000.  
a. If  the  direct  normal  incidence  (DNI)  solar  irradiation  is  1000  W/m2  ,  
what  is  the  incident  heat  flux  to  the  target?  
b. If  the  working  fluid  of  the  power  plant  removes  heat  from  the  target  at  
a  rate  of  500  kW/m2,  what  will  be  the  equilibrium  temperature  of  the  
target?    [Hint:    write  a  power  balance  for  a  unit  surface  area  of  the  
target  and  then  recall  that  the  emitted  heat  flux  from  a  radiating  body  
goes  like  σT4  where    σ denotes  the  Stefan-­‐Boltzmann  constant  which  
has  a  value  of  ~6x10-­‐8  W/m2-­‐K4]  
c. If  the  working  fluid  has  a  temperature  that  is  half  of  the  target  
temperature,  estimate  the  thermal  conversion  efficiency  of  an  ideal  
heat  engine  deployed  in  this  system.  
d. Suppose  a  cloud  layer  moves  over  that  has  a  thickness  of  1km.    The  
cloud  is  composed  of  aerosol  particles  with  a  cross-­‐sectional  area  of  
10-­‐9  m2  .    These  particles  have  a  density  of  106  particles/m3.    What  is  
the  DNI  now?    If  the  plant  were  to  keep  operating,  by  how  much  will  
the  power  plant  power  output  decline  (you  may  neglect  any  change  in  
the  thermal  conversion  efficiency).  
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