Monday, October 21, 2024 8:24 PM

Page # 100 - 110:

Learning Objectives:
 Understand the definition of a radian, and use the
relationship between radians and degrees.
 Use the formula 𝒔 = 𝒓𝜽, in solving problems concerning
the arc length of a circle; including calculation of
lengths and angles in triangles and areas of triangles.
𝟏
 Use the formulae 𝒔 = 𝒓𝜽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑨 = 𝒓𝟐 𝜽, in solving
𝟐
problems concerning the arc length and sector area of a
circle; including calculation of lengths and angles in
triangles and areas of triangles.

Units of angular measure:

Degrees are not the only way in which we can measure
angles.
In this chapter you will learn how to use radian measure.
This is sometimes referred to as the natural unit of angular
measure.

- The radian is a pure measure based on the radius of the circle.

- It is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose
length is equal to the radius of the circle.
- It is the angle made when we take the radius and wrap it round the
circle.
- 1 radian is sometimes written as 1 rad, but often no symbol at all is
used for angles measured in radians.

It follows that the circumference (an arc of When an angle is written in terms
In the diagram, the magnitude length 2𝜋𝑟) subtends an angle of 2π radians of 𝜋, we usually omit the word
of angle AOB is 1 radian. at the centre, therefore: radian (or rad).
𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
Hence, 𝝅 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°.
⟹ 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°.
It is useful to remember that
1 radian = 1 × ≈ 57° .
Converting from degrees to radians:
To change from degrees to radians To change from radians to degrees
𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎
multiply by multiply by
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝝅

Formulae:
In degrees In radians

Sector

Arc length 𝜃
× 2𝜋𝑟 𝑟𝜃
360
Area of sector 𝜃 1
× 𝜋𝑟 𝑟 𝜃
360 2
Perimeter of a sector = Arc length + 2𝑟
Area of a non-right angled 1 1
triangle 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
2 2
1 1
Area of a segment = 𝑟 𝜃 − 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
𝜃 1 2 2
Sector area − triangle area × 𝜋𝑟 − 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
360 2 1 1
𝑟 𝜃 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃
2 2
1
𝑟 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
Perimeter of a segment = Chord length + arc length
Length of a chord

Can be found using cosine 𝒂 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑨 AB = √𝑟 + 𝑟 − 2 ⋅ 𝑟 ⋅ 𝑟 cos 𝜃

rule
AB = √2𝑟 − 2𝑟 cos 𝜃

Area of trapezium 1
(𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
2

Sine rule can be also be used to find the missing angle or side
in a non-right triangle.
Other than these formulae, trigonometric ratios are also used
to find the missing side or angle in a given problem.
Special Pythagoras triangles which should be leant include: 3,
4, 5 triangles, 5, 12, 13 triangles and 7, 24, 25 triangles.

Remember:
You do not need to change the angle to degrees. You should
set the angle mode on your calculator to radians.

Worked Examples:

Example 4.1:
a) Change 30to radians, giving your answer in terms of 𝜋. b) Change radians to degrees.
𝝅 𝝅
30× 𝟏𝟖𝟎
= 𝟔
rad × = 100°

Example 4.2:
An arc subtends an angle of radians at the centre of a Arc length = 𝑟𝜃
circle with radius 15 cm. = 15 ×
Find the length of the arc in terms of 𝜋. = 5𝜋

Example 4.3:
A sector has an angle of 1.5 radians and an arc length of 12 Arc length = 𝑟𝜃
cm. Find the radius of the sector. 12 = 𝑟 × 1.5 rad
𝑟 =
.
𝑟 = 8 cm
Example 4.4:
Triangle ABC is isosceles with AC CB  8 cm.
CD is an arc of a circle, centre B, and ∠ABC 0.9 radians.
Find:

a) the length of arc CD Arc length = 𝑟𝜃

= 8 × 0.9
= 7.2 cm
b) the length of AD AB = 2 × MB
= 2 × 8 cos 0.9
=16 cos 0.9

AD = AB − DB
= 16 cos 0.9 − 8
= 1.945759492 ≈ 1.95 (to 3 s.f.)
c) the perimeter of the shaded region. P = DC + CA + AD
= 7.2 + 8 + 1.9457… = 17.1 (to 3 s.f.)

Example 4.5:
Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 9 cm and Area of sector = 𝑟 𝜃
angle radians. Give your answer in terms of 𝜋.
= ⋅9 ⋅

= 𝑐𝑚

Example 4.6:
The circle has radius 6 cm and centre O.
AB is a chord and angle AOB 1.2 radians.
Find:

a) the area of sector AOB Area of sector = 𝑟 𝜃

= ⋅ 6 ⋅ 1.2

= 21.6 𝑐𝑚
b) the area of triangle AOB Area of a triangle = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
= ⋅ 6 ⋅ sin 1.2
= 16.77670355 ≈ 16.8 𝑐𝑚 (to 3 s.f.)
c) the area of the shaded segment. Area of sector − Area of a triangle
= 21.6 − 16.77670355 = 4.82 𝑐𝑚 (to 3 s.f.)
Example 4.7:

The diagram shows a circle inscribed inside a square of side length 10 cm.
A quarter circle, of radius10 cm, is drawn with the vertex of the square as
centre.
Find the shaded area.