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EXPERIMENT NO1

The document outlines an experiment aimed at executing and analyzing basic networking commands using Ubuntu on VMware. It details various commands such as ifconfig, ip, traceroute, and others, explaining their key functions and usage in network administration. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding these fundamental commands for effective network management and troubleshooting.

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mrunmayee botale
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

EXPERIMENT NO1

The document outlines an experiment aimed at executing and analyzing basic networking commands using Ubuntu on VMware. It details various commands such as ifconfig, ip, traceroute, and others, explaining their key functions and usage in network administration. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding these fundamental commands for effective network management and troubleshooting.

Uploaded by

mrunmayee botale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name of the Student : Mrunmayee Botale

Roll No: 53

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM : To Execute and analyze basic networking commands.
REQUIREMENT : Vmware – Ubuntu, Terminal – Bash shell.
LAB OBJECTIVE : To get familiar with basic network administration commands.
THEORY :

1. Ifconfig : The ifconfig command is used on Unix-based systems


(Linux/macOS) to configure and display network interfaces. It shows details
like IP addresses, MAC addresses, and network statistics. You can also use it
to enable/disable network interfaces, assign IP addresses, change the MTU,
and configure network aliases.

Key Functions:

 Display network interface details: ifconfig


 Assign IP address: sudo ifconfig <interface> <IP_address>
 Enable/Disable interface: sudo ifconfig <interface> up/down
 Change MAC address: sudo ifconfig <interface> hw ether <MAC_address>

2. Ip : The ip command is a powerful tool used to manage networking on Linux


systems. It replaces older commands like ifconfig and route and offers more
advanced options for configuring network interfaces, routing, and network-
related tasks.

Key Functions:

 Display network interfaces: ip addr show or ip a


 Assign IP address: sudo ip addr add <IP_address>/<subnet> dev <interface>
 Configure routing: sudo ip route add <destination> via <gateway>
 Bring up/down interfaces: sudo ip link set <interface> up/down
 Display routing table: ip route show

3. Traceroute : The traceroute command is used to trace the path that data
packets take from your system to a destination host over a network. It shows
each hop (router or device) along the route and the time it takes to reach each
one.

Key Functions:

 Trace route to a destination: traceroute <hostname/IP>


 Display each hop along the route with the round-trip time to each router.
4. Tracepath : The tracepath command is similar to traceroute but specifically
designed for IPv4 and IPv6 networks. It traces the path from your system to a
destination and shows the network hops, along with the latency to each hop.
Unlike traceroute, tracepath also attempts to detect the Maximum
Transmission Unit (MTU) size along the path.

Key Functions:

 Trace the route to a destination: tracepath <hostname/IP>


 Detect MTU along the route: Identifies where packet fragmentation might
occur.

5. Ping : The ping command is used to test the connectivity between your
system and a remote host (e.g., server, router) by sending ICMP echo
requests and measuring the response time.

Key Functions:

 Test connectivity: ping <hostname/IP>


 Display round-trip time to the destination in milliseconds.

6. Netstat : The netstat command is used to display network-related information


on your system, such as active connections, open ports, routing tables, and
network interface statistics.

Key Functions:

 Display active connections: netstat or netstat -a


 Show listening ports: netstat -l
 Display routing table: netstat -r
 Show network interface statistics: netstat -i
 Display open ports and their associated programs: netstat -tuln

7. Ss : The ss command is used to display information about network


connections, sockets, and listening ports on a Linux system. It is faster and
more detailed than netstat.

Key Functions:

 Show all sockets: ss -a


 Display listening ports: ss -l
 Show TCP/UDP connections: ss -t (TCP), ss -u (UDP)

8. Dig : The dig (Domain Information Groper) command is used to query DNS
(Domain Name System) servers for information about domain names, such as
IP addresses, MX records, and more.

Key Functions:
 Query a domain: dig <hostname>
 Get specific DNS record types: dig <hostname> <record_type> (e.g., A, MX,
TXT)

9. Nslookup : The nslookup command is used to query DNS servers to obtain


domain name or IP address information.

Key Functions:

 Query domain name to get IP address: nslookup <hostname>


 Reverse DNS lookup (IP to domain): nslookup <IP_address>

10.Route : The route command is used to view and manipulate the IP routing
table on a system. It allows you to manage network routes, including adding,
deleting, or modifying routes.

Key Functions:

 Display the routing table: route or route -n


 Add a route: sudo route add -net <destination_network> netmask <netmask>
gw <gateway>
 Delete a route: sudo route del -net <destination_network>

11.Host : The host command is used to perform DNS lookups, providing


information about a domain name or IP address. It is typically used to find the
associated IP address of a domain or the domain name for an IP address
(reverse lookup).

Key Functions:

 Find IP address of a domain: host <hostname>


 Reverse DNS lookup (find domain from IP): host <IP_address>
 Query specific DNS record types: host -t <record_type> <hostname>

12.Arp –a : The arp -a command displays the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
table, which maps IP addresses to MAC (Media Access Control) addresses
for devices on the local network.

Key Functions:

 Show ARP table: arp -a

It lists all the IP-MAC address mappings that your system has learned on the local
network.

13.Hostname : The hostname command is used to display or set the name of the
current system (host) on a network.

Key Functions:
 Display the current hostname: hostname
 Set a new hostname: sudo hostname <new_hostname>

14.Curl or wget :

curl:

 A tool for transferring data to/from a server using various protocols (HTTP,
FTP, etc.).
 Key Use: Ideal for making API requests, sending data, and downloading files.
 Example: curl -O <URL> (downloads a file).

wget:

 A tool mainly for downloading files from the web, supporting recursive
downloads and background tasks.
 Key Use: Simple file downloading and website mirroring.
 Example: wget <URL> (downloads a file).

15.Mtr : The mtr (My Traceroute) command is a network diagnostic tool that
combines the functionality of ping and traceroute. It provides real-time
monitoring of the route and latency between your system and a remote
destination.

Key Functions:

 Trace route and measure packet loss/latency: mtr <hostname/IP>

16.Whois: The whois command is used to query databases that store


information about domain names and IP addresses, providing details about
their registration, ownership, and associated contact information.

Key Functions:

 Get domain information: whois <domain_name>


 Get IP address registration details: whois <IP_address>

17.Tcpdump : The tcpdump command is a network packet analyzer used to


capture and display network traffic in real-time. It helps diagnose network
issues and analyze the data being transmitted over a network.

Key Functions:

 Capture network traffic: sudo tcpdump


 Filter by protocol: sudo tcpdump -i <interface> <protocol>
 Save captured packets: sudo tcpdump -w <file.pcap>

RESULT :
LAB OUTCOME : Execute and evaluate administration commands and demonstrate
using different network scenario.
CONCLUSION : After successful completion of this experiment, we understand the
fundamental commands of computer networks is essential for managing,
troubleshooting, and optimizing network performance..

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