1.

DEFINITIONS OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS

1. The Alphabet: Every language uses a set of letters. This set of letters is
called alphabet.

In English 26 letters are there.

1. Vowels - A, E, I, O, U (అచు్చల�) (स्वर)-Independently we can speak

vowels.

2. Consonants - (హల�్లల�) (व्यंजन) - Except vowels remaining all called

consonants. Without vowels we can't speak consonants. These are
dependent on vowels.

Articles

A, AN, THE are called Articles.

A and An are called Indefinite Articles because it doesn’t express a particular

person or thing.

Ex:-He met a teacher yesterday.

I ate an Apple yesterday.
A and An are singular words.

A - Before consonants we are using A

Ex:- a boy, a cat, a dog.

Exception of A:-an hour, an honest person, an honorable man.

AN - Before vowels we are using AN

Ex:- an aeroplane, an egg.

Exception of An:- a University, a European, a union.

The- “The” is called Definite Article because it can express a particular person
or thing.
Ex:-He met the English teacher yesterday.

 Article “The ”is used only when we talk specifically about a person or an
object.
  “The can be used in both ways. Before vowel or a consonant sound.

 “The “can be used before singular and plural words.

“The” is used before rivers, seas, oceans, mountains, Musical

instruments, News papers, direction, Buildings, well known Books,
Ordinal numbers like ”first”, ”second”, superlative degree, monuments,
ships.

“The” is not used before material nouns, school, college, university,

court, office, temple, church, hospital, lunch, dinner.

Be Forms:
Is - ఉనన్��, ఉ��న్డ� -है

Am - ఉ��న్ను -हूँ

Are - ఉనన్�, ఉ��న్ర� -ह�

Was - ఉం�ెను -था

Were - ఉం�ే�ార� -थे pronouns

1st
person I-��ను -मै My- ���క్క -मेरा Me-ననున్, ��క� -मुझे Mine- ���� - मेरा Myself- ���� -स्वयं, खुद

we-��మ�-हम Our-మ��క్క -हमारा Us-మమ�్మ,మ�క�-हम� Ours-మ��� -हमारा Ourselves-���-� हम स्वयं

మనం

2nd
person you-�వ�-तुम Your-��క్క -तुम्हारा You-�వ� , �క� -तुम्ह� Yours-���-तुम्हारा Yourself- ��� -तुम स्वयं

�ర�-आप ��క్క आपका -�మ�్మ, �క� Yourselves-��� -आप स्वयं

3rd
person He-అతడ�-वह His-అత��క్క -उसका Him-అత���, అత�న్-उसे His-అత���-उसका Himself-అత�� -वह स्वयं

She-ఆ��-वह Her-ఆ���క్క -उसक� Her -ఆ���, ఆ���� -उसक� Hers-ఆ����-उसक� Herself-ఆ�� - वह स्वयं

(स्त्री �लंग )
It-ఇ�� -यह Its - ����క్క-इसका It- ���� , ����� -इसको Its-�����-इसका Itself-ఇ�ే -इस स्वयं

they-�ార� -वे Their-�ా���క్క-उनका Them-�ా���, �ా���� -उन्ह� Theirs-�ా����-उनका Themselves-�ా��-वे

3. A single vowel or a group of letters with one vowel sound is called a syllable.
A word may have one, two, three, four or five syllables even.

Observe the following examples:

1. Cat, bat, rat, cup, mat (one syllable)

2. Sim-ple, sis-ter, wa-ter, cleav-er, po-lite (two syllables)
3. Ex-pen-sive, ca-pa-ble, Pow-er-ful, to-mor-row (three syllables)
4. In-te-res-ting, com-for-ta-ble, In-tel-li-gent (four syllables)
5. Ex-a-mi-na-tion, Re-com-men-da-tory (five syllables)

3. Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that contain at least one subject and one
predicate and make complete sense.
slno. subject Predicate
1. Srinu sat on the bench.
2. Happiness comes from a true prayer
3. Honor comes from the brave only
4. Rama eats mango
If a subject or a predicate is absent but implied, the group is still a sentence.
Ex: Thank you (I thank you)
Running (It is running)

Subject: The word or words denoting the person or thing about which something is said,is
called the subject of the sentence.
Ex: Srinu
Predicate: The word or words which say something about the person or thing denoted by the
subject is called Predicate. (or) Predicate tells something about the subject.
No sentence can be made without a subject and predicate. These two things are necessary to
make a complete sense.
Ex: Raja knows me well.
s p
Venkat wrote a letter.
s p
Types of sentences:
We have 5 kinds of sentences.

I. Assertive or Declarative Sentences: Sentences which make simple statements.

Ex: My brother likes fruits
Suresh is an intelligent boy.
He gets up early in the morning.
The girl is going to college.
II. Interrogative Sentences: Sentences in which some questions are asked or some questions
are made.
Ex: where do you live?
Does she sing well?
What is your name?
Can you answer this question?
Who is your brother?

III. Imperative Sentences: Sentences which express orders, commands, requests, advice,
proposals or suggestions are called imperative sentences.
Ex: Get out from here. (command)
Don’t post that letter today (command)
Attack him (command)
Leave this place immediately (order)
Please bring a glass of water (requests)
Please get a new book (request)
Work hard (advice)

IV. Exclamatory sentences: Sentences which express strong feelings or emotions such as
joy, sorrow, regret, surprise, wonder, applause, praise etc.
Ex: How foolish!
How beautiful she is!
Alas! the dog is dead
Hurrah! we have won the match
How beautiful the rainbow is!

V. Optative sentences : An Optative sentence can generally be explained as a sentence that

expresses a wish or prayer, boon or curse for someone known or un known and also wish
them luck.
Ex: May god help you!
May he die!

Phrase: A group of words that makes sense but not complete sense is called phrase.
Ex: The sun rises in the east.
phrase
The cat jumped over the wall
The shoe is pressing on my toe
Come into the garden
The river flows under the bride
The book is lying on the table.

5.Clause: A group of words which forms part of a sentence, and contains a subject and a
predicate, is called Clause.
Ex: We cannot start while it is raining.
clause
I think that you have made of mistake.
Strike the iron while it is hot
I found the book which I had lost
This is a ring which is made of gold
He has a car which is imported from japan
This is the house where we live
Simple, Compound, Complex Sentences

There are 3 kinds of sentences:

1) Simple Sentence
2) Compound Sentence
3) Complex Sentence

1. Simple sentence: A simple sentence that has only one subject and one predicate.
Ex: You don’t look happy to see me.
He washed his clothes.
I wrote a letter to my mother.
You should not have done this to me
The girl broke her hand

2. Compound sentence: A compound sentence that has two Independent clauses is

called a compound sentence.
Ex: You must work hard or you will fail.
He put on his shirt and went out.
She tried very hard but she could not win the match.
Raja waited for the bus, but the bus was late.
Rama saw sita, and he became happy.
A Compound sentence is really two simple sentences, which are connected or linked by a
conjunction (and, but, or, nor, yet, so)

3. Complex Sentence: A sentence that one Independent clause and one or more
Dependent clauses is called a Complex sentence.
The independent clause is also known as Principal clause.
The dependent clause is also known as the subordinate clause.
The subordinate clause depends on the principal clause for its meaning.
A subordinate clause cannot stand alone.
Ex: Those who came late were punished.
I want to know if she has passed.
I went to the place where I had lost my book.
She lost the chain that I had given her.
 Though she is from Punjab she speaks Tamil fluently.
While he waited at the bus station, raj realized that the bus was late.
Because Varun and Manohar arrived the train station before noon, I did not see them at
the station
Although it was raining, we went for a walk.

Below are some of the most common .subordinating conjunctions:

After, although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, though, unless, until, when,
whenever, whereas, where ever, while.

Main clause: A main clause is a clause that makes sense on its own and can also exist
in a sentence on its own.

Subordinate clause: A Subordinate clause is a clause that does not make sense on its
own and cannot be a sentence on its own.

IF CONDITIONALS
Type- I : Probable or possible conditionals:

1. Future conditional: The conditional clause is in simple present while the

main clause is in simple future.

If+ simple present + simple future

(sub+v1+obj) (sub+ will/shall+v1+obj)

Ex: If I go to market, I will bring vegetables for you.

If You buy that car, it will cost you a lot of money.
If the weather is nice, he is going to walk to work.
I am going to read, if there is nothing on TV
If You call me, I will give you the address.
Here the condition is probable or possible. It is likely to be fulfilled.
2. Interrogative:
Interrogative+ if+ simple present
(In simple future) (Sub+v1+obj)
Ex: What will you do if your daughter fails in the examination?
Who will look after your children if you are not here?
Shall I do if the minister fails to come?

3. Imperative:

If + simple present + imperative statement

 (Sub+v1+obj) (Instruction, suggestion, order, proposal)

Ex: If you get cold, take a couple of these tablets.

If it rains, cancel the match.
If she comes early, ask him to wait.

4. Habitual Actions or General Truths:

If + Simple present + Simple present

(Sub+v1+obj) (sub+ v1+obj)

Ex: If you turn the switch on, the machine works.

If he has enough time, he usually walks to college.

5. Modal Auxiliaries:

If + simple present + sub + (May/Can/Must) + v1 +obj

(sub +v1+obj)
Ex: If he gains strength, he can lift a heavy weight.(ability)
If you finish your work, You can go (permission)
If you study hard, you can top in the exam. (Possibility and ability)
If one has knee pain, one should walk in the morning. (advice)

Type-II:Improbable conditionals:

If + simple past + sub + would/should+v1+obj

( sub+v2+obj )
Ex: If I lived in the country side, I would be much healthier.
If I knew his address, I would send him a postcard.

Note: In formal styles, when you are talking about an unreal situation, use were (not was).

Ex: If I were a millionaire, I should give Scholarships to deserving students.

Everybody looked at him as if he were from another planet.
If he were a bird, he would come and sit at your window.

Type- III: Impossible conditionals:

If + past perfect + sub+ would/should+have+v3+obj

sub+had+v3+obj
Note: Here the condition is ‘untrue in the past’. It can never be fulfilled because it refers to
events that belong to the past.
Ex: 1. If she had fallen into the river, she would have drowned.
(But she did not fall into the river, so she did not drown)
2. If we had not lost our way, we would have arrived sooner.
3. If you had bought a car a year ago, you would have spent much less money than now.
(But you did not buy the car, so you did not spend less money)