CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Light
First Step -- AFROZ
SHAIKH AFROZ

Reflection
Reflection is the phenomenon where light bounces back into the same material
after hitting a surface.
EMA
Laws of Reflection :
The First Law of Reflection: The incident
ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the
surface at the point of incidence, all lie
in the same plane.
The Second Law of Reflection: The angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection. In other words, the angle between the incident ray and the normal
is equal to the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
Properties of Image formed by Plane Mirror
An image formed by a plane mirror is virtual and erect.
The Image is laterally inverted.
The image formed is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
The Size of the image is equal to that of the Object.
Spherical Mirrors: Spherical mirror is a mirror that has the shape of a
piece cut out of a spherical surface.
Convex Mirror: A convex mirror is a
curved mirror with a reflective surface
that bulges outward, similar to the shape
of a sphere.
Concave Mirror: A concave mirror is
a mirror that curves inward,
resembling the inner surface of a
hollow sphere.
 Important Terms in Spherical Mirror
SHAIKH AFROZ
EMA
Pole: It’s the midpoint of the spherical mirror.
Centre in curvature: The center of the imaginary sphere of which the mirror
is a part is called as center of the curvature.
Radius in curvature: The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is the
radius of the circle or hollow sphere that the mirror is part of.
Principal Axis: A straight line passing through the pole and center of
curvature.
Principal Focus: That point on principal axis through which the reflected light
ray pass when incident light ray was travelling parallel to the principal axis.
Aperture: The diameter of the mirror's reflecting surface.
Image formation se question aana

Ray Diagram Rules:

pakka hai!
- Afroz Sir
1) A parallel ray will either pass
through or appear to converge at the
principal focus for a concave mirror
and appear to diverge from the
principal focus for a convex mirror.
2) A ray directed at the principal
focus of a concave mirror or passing
through the principal focus of a
convex mirror will come out parallel
to the principal axis.
3) A ray passing through the
center of curvature of a concave
mirror or directed toward the
center of curvature of a convex
mirror will be reflected back along
its original path
4) Ray incident obliquely to the
principal axis towards the pole of the
concave mirror or a convex mirror is
Reflected Obliquely.
SHAIKH AFROZ
Image formation by Convex Mirror
Image formation by Concave Mirror
SHAIKH AFROZ
Uses of Spherical Mirror :
Concave mirrors (f = -ve): It excel in focusing and magnification, finding uses in
telescopes, headlights, and personal grooming. With their wide field of view.
Convex mirrors (f = +ve): It are crucial for safety in vehicles and security
systems.
Sign Convention
1. Object on the left, light comes from the left.
2. Start measuring from the mirror's pole.
3. Left is negative, right is positive.
4. Above the principal axis is positive.
5. Below the principal axis is negative.
Important:
● The object distance u, is always negative.
● The image distance v, is positive if the image is formed behind a concave mirror
and negative if the image is formed in front of the mirror.
● The image distance v, is always positive for a convex mirror.
● The focal length of a concave mirror always negative and that of a convex
mirror is always positive.
● The height of an object is always positive.
● If the image is erect the light is taken as positive and if t
inverted, the height is taken as negative.
Mirror Formula
Sign Convention se nazar
hati toh durghatna ghati!
- Afroz Sir
Magnification :
Magnification is defined as the
enlargement of the image formed by a
mirror, whether it is a concave mirror
or a convex mirror, relative to the size
of the object.
SHAIKH AFROZ

Refraction
The phenomenon of change in the direction of light when it passes from one
transparent medium to another is called refraction.
Laws of Refraction :
EMA
The First Law of Refraction: The incident ray, the refracted ray and the
normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all
lie in the same plane.
The Second Law of Refraction:The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the
sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a given colour and for
the given pair of media.
This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then,
This constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium
with respect to the first.
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab:
i = Incident Ray
r = Reflected Ray
e = Emergent Ray
Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence (∠i) =(∠e)
When a ray of light is incident perpendicularly on a plane glass slab, it passes
through undeviated. In this case, the angle of incidence (∠i) is 0°, and
therefore, the angle of refraction (∠r) is also 0°.
SHAIKH AFROZ

Refractive Index
EMA
The refractive index measures how light changes direction when it moves from air
to another material. It shows how fast or slow light travels and bends in different
substances (medium), helping us understand its behavior.

Absolute Refractive Index

JOSH METER?
The absolute refractive index is the refractive index of a substance
compared to a vacuum (where the first medium is free space or a vacuum).
The refractive index of water is 1.33, which means t at light travels about
1.33 times slower in water compared to its speed in air.

Spherical Lens :
A spherical lens is an optical device that uses two spherical transparent surfaces to
converge or diverge light rays.
Concave

1.Thin at middle
Convex
1.Thick at middle
2.Converging Lens
2.Diverging Lens
(1) Concave lens - A concave lens is thin in the middle and thicker at the edges,
and it makes light spread out.
(2) Convex lens - A convex lens has a thicker middle and thinner edges, and it
makes light converge.
SHAIKH AFROZ

Important Terms in Spherical Lens

EMA
Centre in curvature: The center of curvature for a spherical lens is the point
on the principal axis that is at the same distance from the lens as the radius
of curvature.
Principal Axis: An imaginary straight line passing through the two centers of
curvature of a lens is called its principal Axis.
Principal focus: The point where parallel rays meet (convex lens) or appear
to diverge from (concave lens). Lenses have two such points.
Aperture: The aperture of a spherical lens is its effective diameter,
representing the size of the circular outline.
Optical center (O): The optical center of a lens is where
through without bending.
light passes
Focal length: Focal length is the distance between the principal focus and
the optical center.

Ray Diagram Rules:

1) Rays parallel to the
principal axis converge at
the principal focus
after refraction in a
convex lens, while they
appear to diverge from the principal focus in a concave lens.
SHAIKH AFROZ
2) A ray passing through or
directed to the focus will
emerge parallel to the principal
axis.
3) A ray directed towards the
optical center will emerge
without deviation.

Image Formation by Convex Lens :

;
SHAIKH AFROZ

Image Formation by Convex Lens

Lens Formula and Magnification:

Lens Equation
Magnification: The magnification of a lens is the ratio of the height of an image to
the height of an object. It can also be expressed as the ratio of the image distance
to the object distance.

Power of lens :
The power of a lens is a measure of its ability to converge or diverge light and is
defined as the reciprocal of its focal length (F) in meters. It is typically measured
in diopters (D) and is calculated using the formula:
f = focal length in metre
SI unit = Dioptre (D)
Power for Convex Lens : +ve
Power for Concave Lens : -ve
SHAIKH AFROZ

# TOP 7
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1.As the velocity of light increases, the refractive index of the medium
decreases. Light enters from air to water having a refractive index of 4/3.
Find the speed of light in water. The speed of light in a vacuum is 3X10⁸ m/s.
[CBSE 2012] (2 - Marks)
Solution:
2. An object is placed at the focus of a convex lens. Draw a ray diagram to
locate
the position of the image formed, if any. State its position and nature.
Solution:
Image is formed at infinity, image will be
real, inverted and enlarged.
3. What is meant by the power of a lens? Give its SI unit.
Solution:
Power of a lens is the ability of the lens to converge or diverge a ray of light
incident on it. It is the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens, i.e. P = 1/f.
The SI unit of power is D (dioptre), f is measured in metre.
SHAIKH AFROZ
4. Differentiate between reflection and refraction of light.
Solution:
Reflection
Refraction
It is the phenomenon of bouncing
back of ray of light in the same
medium after striking with a surface.
It is the phenomenon of bending
a ray of light when it travels
from one another medium.
∠i = ∠r
∠i ≠ ∠r
Reflection can take place from any
surface.
Refraction can take place from a
transparent interface.
5. (a) Name the spherical mirror used as: [CBSE 2012] (2-Marks)
1. Shaving mirror,
2. Rearview mirror in vehicles,
3. Reflector in search – fights.
(b) Write any three differences between a real and virtual image
Solution:
(a)

(b)
1.Concave Mirror
2.Convex Mirror
3.Concave parabolic
Real Image
Virtual Image

It cannot be taken on a screen.

It is always erected.
It can be taken on a screen.

It is always inverted.
When reflected or refracted rays
actually meet at a point, then real
image is formed.
When reflected or refracted rays
appear to meet at a point then
virtual image is formed.
6.A 2.0 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex
lens of 1 focal length 10 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is
15cm. Find the position, nature, and size of the image forms.
SHAIKH AFROZ
Solution:
7. (a) A concave mirror produces a three-times enlarged image of an object
placed 10 cm in front of it Calculate the ocal length of the mirror.
(b) Show the formation of the image with the help of a ray diagram when the
object is placed 6 cm away from the pole of a convex mirror.
Solution:

Class 10th
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