CSC309: INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

1. Introduction to IoT
Definition and Overview of IoT
History and Evolution of IoT
Importance and Applications of IoT
Key Components of IoT (Sensors, Actuators, Connectivity)
IoT Architecture
Challenges and Opportunities in IoT
Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT

2. IoT Hardware and Devices

IoT Devices and Embedded Systems
Sensors and Actuators: Types and Functions
Microcontrollers (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP8266)
Smart wearable devices

Standard devices
IoT Connectivity Modules (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRa)
Power Management in IoT Devices

3. IoT Communication Protocols

Overview of IoT Protocols
HTTP, MQTT, CoAP (Comparison and Use Cases)
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Zigbee, Z-Wave, and LoRaWAN
5G and its Role in IoT

4. IoT Software
Functions of IoT Software
IoT Development Platforms (AWS IoT, Azure IoT Hub, Google IoT Core, etc6)
IoT Operating Systems (Contiki, RIOT, FreeRTOS)
IoT Programming Languages (Python, C/C++, JavaScript)
Data Processing and Analytics in IoT

5. IoT Applications

6. IoT Security and Privacy

IoT Security Challenges

1
Threats and Vulnerabilities in IoT Systems
Data Privacy in IoT
Security Best Practices

7. IoT Project Development

Building a Basic IoT Project (e.g., Smart Home Automation)
IoT Data Collection and Visualization

Deploying IoT Solutions

Case Studies and Real-World Applications

8. Future Trends in IoT

IoT and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
IoT and Blockchain
Edge Computing in IoT
IoT in 5G and Beyond
Future IoT Innovations

2
 INTRODUCTION TO IOT
Overview and Definition of IoT

Overview of IoT

Today the Internet has become part of our lives; it has touched almost every corner of the globe,
and is affecting human life in unimaginable ways.

We are now entering an era of even more pervasive connectivity where a very wide variety of
appliances will be connected to the web.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has reached many different players and gained further

recognition. Out of the potential Internet of Things application areas, Smart Cities

Smart Car and mobility, Smart Home and assisted living, Smart Industries, Public safety, Energy
& environmental protection, Agriculture and Tourism as part of a future IoT Ecosystem have
acquired high attention.

IoT Ecosystem.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that communicate
and share data with each other through the internet. These devices can be everyday objects
embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling them to collect, send, and receive
data.
Example: Smart thermostats, fitness trackers, and smart home systems.
These Devices operate autonomously without human intervention.

3
IoT can be generally defined

A dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on standard
and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ―things‖ have
identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are
seamlessly integrated into information network often communicate data associated with users
and their environments.

History and Evolution of IoT

1990s: The concept of connecting devices to the internet began with the first IoT device, a
modified toaster controlled over the internet.

1999: Kevin Ashton coined the term "Internet of Things" while working on RFID technology at
Procter & Gamble.
2000s: The rise of wireless networks, cloud computing, and mobile devices accelerated IoT
growth.
Present: IoT is widely used in smart homes, healthcare, industries, and transportation systems.

Key Milestones:
2008: IoT was officially recognized as "The Year of IoT" by Cisco.
2010s: IoT applications became mainstream with smart cities, industrial IoT, and wearable
technology.

Importance and Applications of IoT

Importance of IoT
Automation: IoT devices automate tasks, reducing human effort.
Efficiency: Enhances productivity in various industries by providing real-time data.
Convenience: Improves quality of life through smart devices and systems.

Application of IoT
1. Smart Homes: Devices like smart lights, thermostats, and security cameras.
2. Healthcare: Wearables for health monitoring, smart medical devices.
3. Industrial IoT (IIoT): Smart factories, predictive maintenance.
4. Agriculture: Smart irrigation, livestock tracking.
5. Transportation: Connected vehicles, smart traffic management.
6. Retail: Smart shelves, automated checkouts.

4
Key Components of IoT
1. Sensors:

Devices that detect changes in the environment (e.g., temperature, light, motion).
Example: Temperature sensors in smart refrigerators.
2. Actuators: Devices that perform actions based on sensor input.
Example: A smart thermostat adjusting the room temperature.
An actuator is a device that is used to effect a change in the environment such as the
temperature controller of an air conditioner.

3. Connectivity:
Enables devices to communicate with each other via the internet.
Example: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee.

4. Data Processing:
The collected data is processed to generate meaningful insights.
IoT Architecture
IoT architecture refers to the structure and framework of how IoT systems are built and operate.
Layers of IoT Architecture:
1. Perception Layer:
Devices and sensors that collect data from the environment.
2. Network Layer:
Transfers data from devices to cloud servers through communication protocols.
3. Processing Layer:
Analyzes the collected data using cloud computing and machine learning.
4. Application Layer:
The user interface where users interact with IoT systems (e.g., mobile apps, dashboards).

Challenges and Opportunities in IoT

Challenges of IoT
1. Security and Privacy:
Devices are vulnerable to cyberattacks.
Ensuring data privacy is a major concern.

2. Interoperability:
Different devices and systems need to communicate seamlessly.
3. Scalability:
IoT networks need to handle a large number of devices efficiently.
4. Power Consumption:

5
IoT devices require efficient power management to ensure long battery life.
Opportunities:
1. Smart Cities:
IoT can improve urban living through smart infrastructure.

2. Healthcare:
Enhances patient care with real-time monitoring and diagnosis.
3. Industry 4.0:
Revolutionizes manufacturing with automation and predictive maintenance.
4. Agriculture:
Improves farming efficiency through precision agriculture techniques.

Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT

Advantages of IoT

Improved Customer Engagement

Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted,
engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more
effective engagement with audiences.

Technology Optimization

The same technologies and data which improve the customer experience also improve device
use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical
functional and field data.

Reduced Waste

IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT
provides real-world information leading to more effective management of resources.

Enhanced Data Collection

Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it
out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world.
It allows an accurate picture of everything.

6
Easy Access

You may simply get the necessary information right away, in real-time, from wherever you are.
All you need is an internet connection and a smart device. So, accessibility is a major merit
when you look for the merits and demerits of IoT. For instance, even the most recent scientific
study or commercial analysis is readily available now.

Quick operation

You can finish many tasks very quickly because of the inflow of data. For instance, IoT makes
automation simple. Additionally, smart businesses can automate routine tasks to free up
workers' time and energy.

Monitoring Data

When you discuss IoT advantages and disadvantages, tracking is its major benefit. Additionally,
it can offer information that was previously challenging to obtain. For instance, being aware of
your future need for printing sheets could prevent you from making a further journey to the
store. Keeping track of product expiration dates also increases your safety.

Following New Standards

IoT is an area that is constantly evolving, although compared to other high-tech fields, its
changes are rather small. However, it may be difficult for you to stay up to date on everything if
IoT doesn't exist.

Better Time Management

Overall, IoT is a smart time-saving technique. This is another benefit of IoT on the list of
advantages and disadvantages of IoT. You can do almost everything from the palm of your hand,
including checking the most recent news during your daily commute. Thus, you ultimately get a
lot more time for yourself.

Automation and control

There is a huge deal of automation and control in the operations in working environments. This
is because physical things can connect and are set digitally and centrally via wireless
technology. Moreover, the machines communicate with one another to produce work more
quickly and on schedule. Additionally, it all works without human intervention.

Cost Saving

Saving money is another key benefit of IoT in the debate on the advantages and disadvantages

7
of IoT. The IoT is suitable for many people as the cost of tagging and monitoring devices is less.
IoT mostly assists in making people's daily lives easier by enabling efficient device
communication. Thus, it helps people save money and energy.

Disadvantages of IoT

Security

IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over networks. The
system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed to various
kinds of attackers.

A lot of information is available on the Internet as it connects to all household appliances,

industrial equipment, and public sector services. Thus, hackers can attack this data to get
private information and the results would be terrible. This is a leading drawback when you
search for the advantages and disadvantages of IoT. Try to keep the drawbacks under control
now that you are more aware of them.

Privacy

The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without the
user's active participation.

Complexity

Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance given
their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.

Flexibility

Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with another. They
worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.

Compliance

IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with regulations. Its
complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many consider
standard software compliance a battle.

Dependency on Technology

The internet connection is the key requirement for IoT. So, it is useless if the Internet is absent.
Therefore, our dependency on IoT usage in daily life is also growing. Even the most irrelevant

8
information might irritate us if we can't immediately get what we want. Our ability to focus is
significantly decreasing as a result of IoT.

Loss of data

It is good to have access to data but it is a demerit in the list of Internet of Things advantages
and disadvantages. Your personal information is, unfortunately, more widely known. Data
breaches can be stressful. If a client's information goes missing, businesses worry about them
and risk losing their clients' trust.

Operation Complexity

While IoT may appear to manage tasks easily, many complex actions are going on in the
background. The remaining steps of the process will be wrong results if the program
accidentally performs an improper computation. So, it also explains why an error in the IoT is
difficult to debug.

Inter Compatibility

Many times, equipment from different manufacturers connects. But, the issue of tag and
monitoring compatibility gets deeper in such scenarios. The solution to this drawback is for the
manufacturers to create a shared standard. But there is a chance that the technical issues
could still exist. So, it is also a drawback in talks regarding the advantages and disadvantages
of IoT.

Less Employment of low-educated Workers

The automation of daily tasks may result in the loss of employment for non-educated workers.
Thus, it will result in society-wide unemployment. Any technology can cause this problem, but
one can overcome it through education. So, as daily tasks become more automated, there will
be less need for human labor. This will be tough for laborers and less-educated staff.

More Control of Technology

Technology will increasingly have an impact on how we live our lives. The younger generation
already relies on technology to complete even the smallest tasks. So, we must decide how
much of our daily lives we are ready to automate and reduce to technological control.

IoT Hardware, Devices, and Communication Protocols

IoT Hardware and Devices

9
IoT - Hardware

The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a remote dashboard, devices for
control, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors. These devices manage key tasks and
functions such as system activation, action specifications, security, communication, and
detection to support-specific goals and actions.

IoT Devices and Embedded Systems

IoT Devices: Physical objects equipped with sensors, actuators, and connectivity that collect
and transmit data (e.g., smart thermostats, fitness trackers).

Embedded Systems: Microcontroller-based systems that perform dedicated functions within

IoT devices.

Example: A smart fridge with an embedded system to monitor temperature and send alerts.

Characteristics of IoT Devices

Low power consumption

Real-time data processing

Internet connectivity

Compact and efficient design

Sensors and Actuators: Types and Functions

Sensors: Devices that detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical
signals.

IoT ­ Sensors

The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These devices consist of energy
modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules. RF modules manage
communications through their signal processing, WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio transceiver,

10
duplexer, and BAW.

Types of Sensors:

Temperature Sensors (e.g., smart thermostats)

Motion Sensors (detect motions e.g., security systems)

Image sensors (e.g digital camera, CCTV, medical imagin equipment
Light Sensors (e.g., smart lighting)
Proximity sensors (detect presence or absence of object within specific range, e. opening doors
Gas Sensors (e.g., air quality monitors)
Accelerometers ( detects changes in orientation motion or vibration e.g airbag in vehicles )

Magnetometers ( detect te intensity and direction of magnetic field used in drones and
navigation system

Gyroscopes ( detects changes in rotation along one or more axes, determines an object
position and movement in three dimensional space e.g gamin system robots and drones

Acoustic sensors ( detects sound waves, vibrations in environment e.g glass breakage or
ultrasonic noise)

Pressure sensors (measure pressure in a systems like pipelines, engines)

Humidity sensors/ Hygrometer (measures the amount of moisture in the air )

IoT Acuators

Actuators: Devices that take action based on input from sensors.

Types of Actuators:

Electric Motors (e.g., robotic arms)

Relays (e.g., turning devices on/off)

Valves (e.g., water flow control)

11
Microcontrollers (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP8266)

1. Arduino:

Open-source microcontroller platform used for building IoT prototypes.

Easy to program, supports various sensors. Home automation projects.

The Arduino platform was created back in 2005 by the Arduino company and allows for
open source prototyping and flexible software development and back-end deployment
while providing significant ease of use to developers, even those with very little
experience building IoT solutions.

Arduino is sensible to literally every environment by receiving source data from different
external sensors and is capable to interact with other control elements over various
devices, engines and drives. Arduino has a built-in micro controller that operates on the
Arduino software.

Projects based on this platform can be both standalone and collaborative, i.e. realized with use
of external tools and plugins. The integrated development environment (IDE) is composed of
the open source code and works equally good with Мac, Linux and Windows OS. Based on a
processing programming language, the Arduino platform seems to be created for new users
and for experiments. The processing language is dedicated to visualizing and building
interactive apps using animation and Java Virtual Machine (JVM) platform

12
Arduino

2. Raspberry Pi:

A small computer that runs a full operating system. More powerful than Arduino, supports
advanced IoT applications.

Raspberry Pi (/paɪ/) is a series of small single-board computers developed in the United

Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom. Early on, the Raspberry
Pi project leaned towards the promotion of teaching basic computer science in schools and in
developing countries. Later, the original model became far more popular than
anticipated,selling outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It is now widely used in
many areas, such as for weather monitoring, Smart security cameras, media centers because of
its low cost, modularity, and open design.

13
ESP8266:

A low-cost Wi-Fi module with built-in microcontroller. Enables devices to connect to Wi-Fi
networks. Used in IoT devices that require wireless communication.

14
Smart wearable devices

Head ­ Helmets, glasses

Neck ­ Jewelry, collars

Arm ­ Watches, wristbands, rings

Torso ­ Clothing, backpacks

Feet ­ Socks, shoes

Standard Devices

The desktop, tablet, and cellphone remain integral parts of IoT as the command center and
remotes.

The desktop provides the user with the highest level of control over the system and its settings.

The tablet provides access to the key features of the system in a way resembling the desktop,
and also acts as a remote.

The cellphone allows some essential settings modification and also provides remote
functionality.

Other key connected devices include standard network devices like routers and switches

IoT Connectivity devices (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRa)

1. Bluetooth: Short-range wireless communication. Used in Wearables, smart speakers.

2. Wi-Fi:High-speed internet connectivity for devices within a network. Used in Smart home
devices.

15
3. Zigbee: Low-power, mesh networking protocol. Used in Smart lighting systems.

4. LoRa (Long Range): Long-range, low-power communication protocol for IoT devices. Used in
Smart agriculture, smart cities.

Power Management in IoT Devices

Efficient power management is essential to extend the battery life of IoT devices.

Techniques for Power Management:

Sleep Modes: Reducing power consumption when devices are idle.

Energy Harvesting: Using solar or kinetic energy to power devices.

Low-Power Processors: Using microcontrollers designed to consume less energy.

Factors to be considered when selecting IoT hardware/Devices:

When selecting IoT hardware, several crucial factors should be taken into account:

Compatibility: Ensure that the hardware is compatible with your existing infrastructure,
protocols, and software systems to facilitate seamless integration.

Scalability: Choose hardware that can scale to accommodate future growth in terms of data
volume, device connections, and functionality requirements.

Power Efficiency: Opt for energy-efficient hardware to prolong battery life for battery-powered
devices or to minimize power consumption for devices connected to mains power.

Security Features: Prioritize hardware with robust security features, including encryption,
authentication mechanisms, secure boot, and firmware updates, to safeguard against cyber
threats and protect sensitive data.

Data Processing Capabilities: Assess the hardware's processing power, memory capacity, and
ability to handle real-time data processing to ensure it can meet the demands of your IoT
applications.

Connectivity Options: Consider the connectivity requirements of your IoT ecosystem and select

16
hardware that supports the necessary communication protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular,
LoRaWAN) to enable seamless connectivity with other devices and the cloud.

Cost-effectiveness: Balance the upfront cost of the hardware with its long-term value, taking
into account factors such as maintenance, support, and total cost of ownership over the
device's lifecycle.

Vendor Support and Reputation: Choose hardware from reputable vendors with a track record of
providing reliable products, ongoing support, firmware updates, and timely resolution of issues
to ensure a positive experience and minimize downtime.By carefully evaluating these factors,
you can make informed decisions when selecting IoT hardware that aligns with your specific
requirements and objectives.

IOT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS/TECHNOLOGIES

Overview of IoT Protocols

IoT protocols are rules and standards that govern the communication and data exchange
between IoT devices, networks, and platforms. These protocols ensure seamless interaction
and interoperability across devices.

Communication protocols enable data exchange between IoT devices and servers.

Networking technologies enable IoT devices to communicate with other devices, applications,
and services running in the cloud.

The internet relies on standardized protocols to ensure communication between

heterogeneous devices is secure and reliable.
Standard protocols specify rules and formats that devices use to establish and manage
networks and transmit data across those networks.
Networks are built as a “stack” of technologies. A technology such as Bluetooth LE is at the
bottom of the stack.
While others such as such as IPv6 technologies (which is responsible for the logical device
addressing and routing of network traffic) are further up the stack. Technologies at the top of
the stack are used by the applications that are running on top of those layers, such as message
queuing technologies.
This section we discusses the widely adopted technologies and standards for IoT networking.

17
It also provides guidance for choosing one network protocol over another. It then discusses key
considerations and challenges related to networking within IoT: range, bandwidth, power usage,
intermittent connectivity, interoperability, and security.

Networking Protocols/Standards and Technologies

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is an ISO standard abstract model is a stack of
seven protocol layers.
From the top down, they are: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link and
physical. Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), or the internet Protocol
suite, underpins the internet, and it provides a simplified concrete implementation of these
layers in the OSI model.

OSI and TCP/IP networking models

The TCP/IP model includes only four layers, merging some of the OSI model layers:

NEtwork Aceess and PhysicaL layer

This TCP/IP physical (PHY) layer governs how each device is physically connected to the
network with hardware, for example with an optic cable, wires, or radio in the case of wireless
network like wifi IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n). Devices are identified by a MAC address, and protocols at
this level are concerned with physical addressing, such as how switches deliver frames to
devices on the network.

Internet Layer

18
This layer relates to logical addressing. Protocols at this layer define how routers deliver
packets of data between source and destination hosts identified by IP addresses. IPv6 is
commonly adopted for IoT device addressing.
Transport Layer
The transport layer focuses on end-to-end communication and provides features such as
reliability, congestion avoidance, and guaranteeing that packets will be delivered in the same
order that they were sent. UDP (User Datagram protocol) is often adopted for IoT transport for
performance reasons.

Application Layer

The application layer covers application-level messaging. HTTP/S is an example of an

application layer protocol that is widely adopted across the internet.

Network Access and Physical Layer IoT Network Technologies

IoT network technologies at the bottom of the protocol stack include cellular, Wifi, and Ethernet,
as well as more specialized solutions such as LPWAN, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee, NFC,
and RFID.

Narrow-Band IoT (NB-IoT is becoming the standard for LPWAN networks, according to Gartner.

The following are network technologies with brief descriptions of each:

LPWAN

(Low Power Wide Area Network) is a category of technologies designed for lowpower, long-
range wireless communication. They are ideal for large-scale deployments of low-power IoT
devices such as wireless sensors. LPWAN technologies include LoRa (LongRange physical layer
protocol), Haystack, SigFox, LTE-M, and NB-IoT (Narrow-Band IoT).

Cellular

The LPWAN NB-IoT and LTE-M standards address low-power, low-cost IoT communication options
using existing cellular networks. NB-IoT is the newest of these standards and is focused on long
-range communication between large numbers of primarily indoor devices. LTE-M and NB-IoT
were developed specifically for IoT, however existing cellular technologies are also frequently
adopted for long-range wireless communication. While this has included 2G (GSM) in legacy

19
devices (and currently being phased out), CDMA (also being retired or phased out), it also
includes 3G, which is rapidly being phased out with several network providers retiring all 3G
devices. 4G is still active and will be until 5G becomes fully available and implemented.

5G and its Role in IoT

5G provides faster speeds, lower latency, and higher capacity, which are critical for IoT
applications. Real-time data transmission, Supports massive IoT deployments, Enables new use
cases like autonomous vehicles and smart cities

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

BLE is a low-power version of the popular Bluetooth 2.4 GHz wireless communication protocol. It
is designed for short-range (no more than 100 meters) communication, typically in a star
configuration, with a single primary device that controls several secondary devices. Bluetooth
operates across both layers 1 (PHY) and 2 (MAC) of the OSI model. BLE is best suited to devices
that transmit low volumes of data in bursts. Devices are designed to sleep and save power when
they are not transmitting data. Personal IoT devices such as wearable health and fitness
trackers, often use BLE.

ZigBee
ZigBee operates on 2.4GHz wireless communication spectrum. It has a longer range than BLE by
up to 100 meters. It also has a slightly lower data rate (250 kbps maximum compared to 270
kbps for BLE) than BLE. ZigBee is a mesh network protocol. Unlike BLE, not all devices can sleep
between bursts. Much depends on their position in the mesh and whether they need to act as
routers or controllers within the mesh. ZigBee was designed for building and home automation
applications. Another closely related technology to ZigBee is Z-Wave, which is also based on
IEEE 802.15.4. Z-Wave was designed for home automation. It has been proprietary technology,
but was recently released as a public domain specification.

NFC
The near field communication (NFC) protocol is used for very small range communication (up to
4 cm), such as holding an NFC card or tag next to a reader. NFC is often used for payment
systems, but also useful for check-in systems and smart labels in asset tracking.

RFID
RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. RFID tags store identifiers and data. The tags are
attached to devices and read by an RFID reader. The typical range of RFID is less than a meter.
RFID tags can be active, passive, or assisted passive. Passive tags are ideal for devices without
batteries, as the ID is passively read by the reader. Active tags periodically broadcast their ID,
while assisted passive tags become active when RFID reader is present. Dash7 is a
communication protocol that uses active RFID that is designed to be used within Industrial IoT

20
applications for secure long-range communication. Similar to NFC, a typical use case for RFID is
tracking inventory items within retail and industrial IoT applications.

Satellite

As the name implies, this form of connectivity uses satellites to connect sensors/devices to the
cloud. The first artificial communications satellite was launched in 1960, and served merely as
a giant reflector for signals beaming between different places on the earth’s surface. Today’s
communications satellites are much more robust and featured.

The importance of satellite connectivity for the Internet of Things comes from its incredible
coverage. A single network of satellites is capable of providing coverage to effectively the
entire planet. This means that a single device moving around the world can stay on a single
network and use only a single connectivity type.

Satellite’s incredible range give it an advantage in remote areas that other communication
types such as cellular or Wi-Fi cannot reach, and in places that have underdeveloped
infrastructure or none at all, such as the middle of the ocean.

Satellite connectivity has two major configurations with respect to connectivity: direct and
backhaul.

Direct

The first major type of configuration, direct, is broken down into the two sub-categories: dual
mode and satellite only.

Dual mode satellite connectivity is connectivity that uses cellular data as much as possible and
uses satellite when necessary. This gives a best-of-both-worlds connectivity option that
leverages the lower cost and higher bandwidth of cellular when possible, but makes use of
satellite connectivity’s greater coverage to fill in spaces where cellular data connections are
sparse or unreliable.

The best example of this connectivity is container ships, which use cellular when in port or near

21
coastlines, but make use of satellite when on the open ocean.

Satellite-only connectivity is exactly what is sounds like, a data connection that uses purely
satellite connectivity to transmit data. This is typically for large, immobile resources like oil and
gas equipment, that are sending large amounts of data from locations that have no cellular or
other connectivity options.

Backhaul

The second major type of configuration, backhaul, uses a main tower that connects directly to a
satellite and then a different kind of connectivity (e.g. an LPWAN) to connect with the
sensors/devices in the area. This connectivity option is typically used when you have many low
bandwidth sensors/devices in remote areas.

Satellite requires high power usage, and can require larger pieces of equipment such as dishes
for connectivity. This raises the cost for individual sensors/devices, and can make direct
connection infeasible for groups of sensors/devices that don’t use much data.

One example of this is a farm that uses a set of moisture sensors to collect soil data. All of those
sensors may use an LPWAN to connect to a main tower that then transmit the data over a
satellite connection. This saves on battery life and lowers the overall cost of the sensors.

Satellite has excellent coverage, but with it comes larger equipment and higher battery usage
than other connectivity options. Satellite also has good bandwidth, but can be expensive at
scale. As such it fills a niche where a single tower can be used to service a group of
sensors/devices, sensors/devices are larger and higher costs are acceptable, or
sensors/devices are so remote that satellite is the only means of transmitting data to the cloud.

In these instances, satellite is an excellent connectivity option because a single network can
encompass the entire globe, and connectivity can be reliable in places no other options can
reach, even in the middle of the ocean.

WiFi

22
WiFi has a few notable differences from other wireless technologies. For example, WiFi
transmits at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. These frequencies are much higher than the
frequencies used for cellular transmission. Higher frequency means that signals can carry
more data.

However, as you now know well, all forms of wireless communication represent a tradeoff
between power consumption, range, and bandwidth. So in exchange for high data rates, WiFi
consumes a lot of power and doesn’t have a lot of range.

In fact, the longest range WiFi has ever transmitted data is 260 miles. The Swedish Space
Agency transmitted data to an overhead stratospheric balloon 260 miles away, but they used
non-standard WiFi equipment and 6 watt amplifiers to achieve this.

For your average WiFi router, ranges are much, much shorter and depend on a number of factors.
Range can depend on the antenna, reflection and refraction, and radio power output. A range of
about 100 ft is common, so if you have thousand of sensors out in a field, WiFi isn’t a great option.

WiFi can be good for IoT applications that don’t have to worry about power drain (e.g. devices
that are plugged into an outlet), that need to send a lot of data (e.g. video), and that don’t need
high range. A good example would be a home security system.

Types of WiFi

Like LPWANs and cellular connectivity, there are several versions of WiFi including, 802.11a,
802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac.

Each of these standards comes with various pros/cons related to data speed, signal
interference from outside sources, and cost. Cost is a factor because different hardware is
needed for different standards, though newer versions are made to be backwards compatible
with older versions.

So, while WiFi currently isn’t great for many IoT applications, there are two WiFi standards that

23
have been developed, or are being developed, specifically for IoT; WiFi HaLow (802.11ah) and
HEW (802.11ax).

WiFi HaLow was ratified in 2016 and aimed at addressing range and power concerns for IoT
applications. HEW (High Efficiency Wireless) is an upcoming standard that builds on HaLow to
add additional IoT-friendly features.

24
Ethernet

Widely deployed for wired connectivity within local area networks, Ethernet implements the
IEEE 802.3 standard. Not all IoT devices need to be stationery wireless . For example, sensor
units installed within a building automation system can use wired networking technologies like
Ethernet. Power line communication (PLC), an alternative hard-wired solution, uses existing
electrical wiring instead of dedicated network cables

Internet Layer IoT Network Technologies

Internet layer technologies identify and route packets of data. Technologies commonly
adopted for IoT are related to this layer, and include IPv6, 6LoWPAN, and RPL.

IPv6

At the Internet layer, devices are identified by IP addresses. IPv6 is typically used for IoT
applications over legacy IPv4 addressing. IPv4 is limited to 32-bit addresses, which only
provide around 4.3 billion addresses in total, which is less than the current number of IoT
devices that are connected, while IPv6 uses 128 bits, and so provides 2 128 addresses (around
3.4 × 10 38 or 340 billion billion billion billion) addresses. In practice, not all IoT devices need
public addresses. Of the tens of billions of devices expected to connect via the IoT over the next
few years, many will be deployed in private networks that use private address ranges and only
communicate out to other devices or services on external networks by using gateways.

6LoWPAN

The IPv6 Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) standard allows IPv6 to be used
over 802.15.4 wireless networks. 6LoWPAN is often used for wireless sensor networks, and the
Thread protocol for home automation devices also runs over 6LoWPAN.

RPL

The Internet Layer also covers routing. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks
(RPL) is designed for routing IPv6 traffic over low-power networks like those networks
implemented over 6LoWPAN. RPL (pronounced “ripple”) is designed for routing packets within
constrained networks such as wireless sensor networks, where not all devices are reachable at
all times and there are high or unpredictable amounts of packet loss. RPL can compute the
optimal path by building up a graph of the nodes in the network based on dynamic metrics and
constraints like minimizing energy consumption or latency.

25
Application Layer IoT Network Technologies

HTTP and HTTPS are ubiquitous across internet applications, which is true also within IoT, with
RESTful HTTP and HTTPS interfaces widely deployed. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is
like a lightweight HTTP that is often used in combination with 6LoWPAN over UDP. Messaging
protocols like MQTT, AMQP, and XMPP are also frequently used within IoT applications:

MQTT

Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a publish/subscribe-based messaging protocol

that was designed for use in low bandwidth situations, particularly for sensors and mobile
devices on unreliable networks.

AMQP
Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open standard messaging protocol that is
used for message-oriented middleware. Most notably, AMQP is implemented by RabbitMQ

XMPP
The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) was originally designed for real-
time human-to-human communication including instant messaging. This protocol has
been adapted for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication to implement lightweight
middleware and for routing XML data. XMPP is primarily used with smart appliances.

Choice of technologies at this layer will depend on the specific application requirements of
your IoT project. For example, for a budget home automation system that involves several
sensors, MQTT would be a good choice as it is great for implementing messaging on devices
without much storage or processing power because the protocol is simple and lightweight to
implement.

IoT Networking Considerations and Challenges

When you consider which networking technologies to adopt within your IoT application,
be mindful of the following constraints:

• Range
• Bandwidth
• Power usage
• Intermittent connectivity

26
 • Interoperability
• Security

Range

Networks can be described in terms of the distances over which data is typically
transmitted by the IoT devices attached to the network:

PAN(PersonalAreaNetwork)

PAN is short-range, where distances can be measured in meters, such as a wearable

fitness tracker device that communicates with an app on a cell phone over BLE.

LAN(LocalAreaNetwork)
LAN is short- to medium-range, where distances can be up to hundreds of meters, such as
home automation or sensors that are installed within a factory production line that
communicate over wifi with a gateway device that is installed within the same building.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

MAN is long-range (city wide), where distances are measured up to a few kilometers,
such as smart parking sensors installed throughout a city that are connected in a mesh
network topology.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

WAN is long-range, where distances can be measured in kilometers, such as agricultural

sensors that are installed across a large farm or ranch that are used to monitor micro-
climate environmental conditions across the property.

Your network should retrieve data from the IoT devices and transmit to its intended
destination. Select a network protocol that matches the range is required. For example,
do not choose BLE for a WAN application to operate over a range of several kilometers. If
transmitting data over the required range presents a challenge, consider edge
computing. Edge computing analyzes data directly from the devices rather than from a
distant data center or elsewhere.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted per unit of time. It limits the rate
at which data can be collected from IoT devices and transmitted upstream. Bandwidth is
affected by many factors, which include:

27
 • The volume of data each device gathers and transmits
• The number of devices deployed
• Whether data is being sent as a constant stream or in intermittent bursts, and
if any peak periods are notable

The packet size of the networking protocol should match up with the volume of data
typically transmitted. It is inefficient to send packets padded with empty data. In
contrast, there are overheads in splitting larger chunks of data up across too many
small packets. Data transmission rates are not always symmetrical (that is, upload
rates might be slower than download rates). So, if there is two-way communication
between devices, data transmission needs to be factored in. Wireless and cellular
networks are traditionally low bandwidth, so consider whether a wireless
technology is the right choice for high-volume applications.

Consider whether all raw data must be transmitted. A possible solution is to capture
less data by sampling less frequently. Thus, you’ll capture fewer variables and may
filter data from the device to drop insignificant data. If you aggregate the data before
you transmit it, you reduce the volume of data transmitted. But this process affects
flexibility and granularity in the upstream analysis. Aggregation and bursting are not
always suitable for time-sensitive or latency-sensitive data. All of these techniques
increase the data processing and storage requirements for the IoT device.

Power usage

Transmitting data from a device consumes power. Transmitting data over long ranges
requires more power than over a short range. You must consider the power source –
such as a battery, solar cell, or capacitor – of a device and its total lifecycle. A long and
enduring lifecycle will not only provide greater reliability but reduce operating cost.
Steps may be taken to help achieve longer power supply lifecycles. For example, to
prolong the battery life, you can put the device into sleep mode whenever it is idle.
Another best practice is to model the energy consumption of the device under different
loads and different network conditions to ensure that the device’s power supply and
storage capacity matches with the power that is required to transmit the necessary data
by using the networking technologies that you adopted.

Intermittent connectivity

IoT devices aren’t always connected. In some cases, devices are designed to connect
periodically. However, sometimes an unreliable network might cause devices to drop off due to
connectivity issues. Sometimes quality of service issues, such as dealing with interference or
channel contention on a wireless network using a shared spectrum. Designs should
incorporate intermittent connectivity and seek any available solutions to provide uninterrupted

28
service, should that be a critical factor for IoT landscape design.

Interoperability

Devices work with other devices, equipment, systems, and technology; they are
interoperable. With so many different devices connecting to the IoT, interoperability can
be a challenge. Adopting standard protocols has been a traditional approach for
maintaining interoperability on the Internet. Standards are agreed upon by industry
participants and avoid multiple different designs and directions. With proper standards,
and participants who agree to them, incompatibility issues, hence interoperability issues
may be avoided.

However, for the IoT, standardization processes sometimes struggle to keep up with
innovation and change. They are written and released based on upcoming versions of
standards that are still subject to change. Consider the ecosystem around the
technologies: Are they widely adopted? Are they open versus proprietary? How many
implementations are available?

Using these questions to plan your IoT networks help plan better interoperability for a more
robust IoT network.

Security

Security is a priority. Selection of networking technologies that implement end-to-end

security, including authentication, encryption, and open port protection is crucial. IEEE
802.15.4 includes a security model that provides security features that include access
control, message integrity, message confidentiality, and replay protection, which are
implemented by technologies based on this standard such as ZigBee.

Consider the following factors in shaping a secure and safe IoT network:

Authentication

Adopt secure protocols to support authentication for devices, gateways,

users, services, and applications. Consider using adopting the X.509
standard for device authentication.

Encryption

If you are using wifi, use Wireless Protected Access 2 (WPA2) for wireless
network encryption. You may also adopt a Private Pre-Shared Key (PPSK)
approach. To ensure privacy and data integrity for communication between
applications, be sure to adopt TLS or Datagram Transport-Layer Security
(DTLS), which is based on TLS, but adapted for unreliable connections that run

29
 over UDP. TLS encrypts application data and ensures its integrity.

Port protection

Port protection ensures that only the ports required for communication with
the gateway or upstream applications or services remain open to external
connections. All other ports should be disabled or protected by firewalls.
Device ports might be exposed when exploiting Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
vulnerabilities. Thus, UPnP should be disabled on the router.

When selecting IoT network technology, it's essential to consider several key factors:

Coverage and Range: Evaluate the coverage area and range requirements of your IoT
deployment to choose a network technology that can provide sufficient coverage for your
devices, whether they are located in a small area or dispersed over a wide geographical area.

Data Rate and Bandwidth: Assess the data rate and bandwidth requirements of your IoT
application to select a network technology that can support the necessary throughput for
transmitting data between devices and the cloud, whether it's low-bandwidth sensor data or
high-definition video streams.

Power Consumption: Consider the power consumption constraints of your IoT devices,
especially if they are battery-powered, and choose a network technology that minimizes energy
usage to prolong battery life and reduce maintenance requirements

Latency: Determine the latency requirements of your IoT application, such as real-time
monitoring or control, and select a network technology that can provide low-latency
communication to ensure timely responses and actions.

Scalability: Assess the scalability of the network technology to accommodate growing numbers
of devices and users without compromising performance, reliability, or

security.Security: Prioritize network technologies with built-in security features, such as

encryption, authentication, access controls, and intrusion detection, to protect IoT devices, data,
and communications against cyber threats.

Interference and Reliability: Consider potential sources of interference, such as other wireless
devices or environmental factors, and choose a network technology that can operate reliably in
these conditions while maintaining consistent performance and uptime.

Cost-effectiveness: Evaluate the cost of deploying and maintaining the network infrastructure,
including hardware, software, licensing fees, and ongoing operational expenses, to ensure that
it aligns with your budget and provides good value for money.

30
 IoT Software

IoT software

IoT (Internet of Things) software refers to the programs, frameworks, and tools that enable the
functioning, communication, and management of IoT devices within an IoT ecosystem. It acts as
the backbone that connects physical devices (hardware) to networks and applications,
allowing them to collect, process, and transmit data.

IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded
systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master applications are
responsible for data collection, device integration, real-time analytics, and application and
process extension within the IoT network. They exploit integration with critical business
systems (e.g., ordering systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related
tasks.

Types of IoT Software

1. Device Software

Runs on IoT devices, managing hardware components and ensuring communication.

Includes IoT operating systems like FreeRTOS, TinyOS, and Contiki.

2. Middleware

Acts as a bridge between IoT devices and applications.

Handles data transfer, device discovery, and communication protocols.

Examples: MQTT brokers, cloud-based middleware solutions.

3. IoT Platforms

Comprehensive systems that integrate device management, data processing, and analytics
tools.

31
Examples: AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT, Microsoft Azure IoT Hub.

4. Application Software

Provides user interfaces and applications for controlling and monitoring IoT devices.

Examples: Mobile apps for smart homes or industrial dashboards.

5. Security Software

Focuses on protecting IoT devices and data.

Includes encryption tools, secure firmware updates, and identity management.

Functions of IoT Software

1. Data Collection and Processing

Enables devices to collect data from sensors and process it locally or send it to the cloud for
further analysis.

2. Communication and Connectivity

Facilitates communication between devices, cloud services, and users using protocols like
MQTT, HTTP, or CoAP.

3. Device Management

Helps monitor, update, and configure IoT devices remotely.

4. Data Analysis and Insights

Analyzes IoT data to generate actionable insights, often using AI or machine learning.

32
5. Integration with Cloud Services

Integrates with cloud systems for scalability, storage, and advanced analytics.

IoT Development Platforms

IoT Platform

Is a software framework that facilitates the development, deployment, and management of IoT
solutions by connecting devices, managing data, and providing analytics tools.

It Acts as a middleware between IoT devices and applications, offering services like data
collection, processing, device management, and cloud integration.

It is System-wide, integrating multiple IoT devices and enabling their interaction with cloud
services and applications.

Examples:

1. AWS IoT (Amazon Web Services IoT):

A cloud platform that allows devices to connect securely and exchange data. Perform Device
management, real-time analytics, security, and machine learning integration.

Used in Smart home systems, industrial monitoring.

2. Azure IoT Hub (Microsoft)

A managed service that acts as a communication bridge between IoT devices and cloud
applications. for Device authentication, telemetry data collection, and real-time monitoring.

Used in Smart cities, predictive maintenance.

3. Google IoT Core:

A fully managed service that allows businesses to connect, manage, and analyze data from IoT
devices. For Secure device connection, real-time data processing, and machine learning
integration.
Used in Healthcare IoT, smart agriculture.

33
4.ThingWorx
ThingWorx is a powerful Internet of Things (IoT) platform developed by PTC (Parametric
Technology Corporation) that provides tools and technologies to develop, deploy, and manage
IoT applications. It is widely used for creating solutions that connect, analyze, and act on IoT
data in industrial and business settings.

Features of ThingWorx:

1. Connectivity:

ThingWorx connects IoT devices, sensors, and systems seamlessly, regardless of the protocol
or device type.

2. Application Development:

It provides a low-code development environment to build scalable IoT applications rapidly. The
drag-and-drop interface simplifies app creation.

3. Analytics:

Built-in analytics and machine learning tools help analyze data, predict trends, and enable real-
time decision-making.

4. Digital Twin Technology:

ThingWorx supports digital twins, virtual representations of physical assets, enabling real-time
monitoring, predictive maintenance, and simulation.

5. Integration:

It integrates easily with enterprise systems (ERP, CRM, etc.), industrial protocols, and third-party
software like Kepware.

6. Augmented Reality (AR):

With Vuforia (PTC’s AR platform), it allows the creation of AR experiences for IoT data
visualization.

34
7. Scalability:

The platform is scalable to handle a wide range of IoT solutions, from small deployments to
complex industrial systems.

8. Security:

Provides robust security features to protect IoT data, devices, and applications.

Applications of ThingWorx:

Smart Manufacturing: Real-time monitoring, production optimization, and predictive

maintenance.

Smart Cities: Managing infrastructure, traffic systems, and utilities.

Healthcare: Remote monitoring of patients and medical devices.

Energy and Utilities: Monitoring and controlling energy usage and grid management.

Retail: Smart inventory management and personalized customer experiences.

ThingWorx is widely recognized for its ability to accelerate IoT solution deployment and
empower businesses to leverage IoT for operational efficiency, cost reduction, and innovation.

5.Cisco Virtualizes Packet Zone

Cisco Virtualizes Packet Zone as an IoT Platform reflects Cisco’s initiative to enhance IoT
deployment by leveraging a virtualized infrastructure, enabling seamless connectivity,
scalability, and efficiency for IoT solutions. By combining virtualization technologies like
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) with its packet
core capabilities, Cisco provides a robust foundation for IoT applications.

Key Features of Cisco’s Virtualized Packet Zone for IoT:

1. Scalable IoT Infrastructure:

The virtualized packet zone provides a flexible and scalable infrastructure to support the
massive number of IoT devices. It allows service providers to handle diverse IoT workloads
efficiently, including connected cars, smart cities, and industrial IoT.

2. Low Latency and Edge Processing:

Cisco integrates Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) into its platform, enabling real-time data

35
processing closer to IoT devices. This is critical for applications like autonomous vehicles and
industrial automation, where latency is a key concern.

3. Secure IoT Connectivity:

Cisco’s virtualized platform ensures end-to-end security for IoT devices and data. It supports
secure device onboarding, encrypted communication, and robust threat detection mechanisms.

4. Support for Diverse Protocols:

The platform seamlessly connects IoT devices using multiple protocols (e.g., MQTT, CoAP, and
HTTP), ensuring interoperability between various IoT ecosystems.

5. Cloud-Native Architecture:

Its cloud-native approach allows IoT services to be deployed rapidly, upgraded flexibly, and
scaled dynamically based on the number of connected devices or application demand.

6. Enhanced Data Analytics:

The virtualized packet zone enables real-time data collection and analysis, providing actionable
insights for IoT applications. This can help optimize resource usage, detect anomalies, and
predict maintenance needs.

7. IoT Lifecycle Management:

With built-in automation tools, the platform simplifies the management of IoT devices, including
provisioning, monitoring, and updates.

Benefits of Using Cisco’s Virtualized Packet Zone for IoT:

1. Cost Efficiency:

Virtualizing the packet core reduces the need for dedicated hardware, minimizing capital and
operational expenses while enabling rapid scalability.

2. Faster Deployment of IoT Services:

Service providers and enterprises can quickly launch IoT solutions using Cisco’s pre-
configured, virtualized infrastructure.

36
3. Future-Ready Platform:

It aligns with evolving 5G and IoT standards, making it adaptable for next-generation
technologies.

4. Improved Device Management:

Supports managing billions of IoT devices seamlessly, ensuring smooth operation across
smart homes, industries, and cities.

5. Enhanced User Experience:

Low-latency communication and robust connectivity improve the performance of IoT

applications, leading to better end-user satisfaction.

IoT Applications Enabled by Cisco Virtualized Packet Zone:

Smart Cities: Traffic monitoring, smart lighting, waste management, and public safety systems.

Industrial IoT: Predictive maintenance, robotics, and supply chain monitoring in manufacturing
plants.

Connected Vehicles: Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication for autonomous driving.

Healthcare: Remote monitoring of patients and connected medical devices.

Utilities: Smart grids, energy management, and water distribution systems.

6.General Electric (GE) Predix

General Electric (GE) Predix is an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) platform developed by
General Electric, designed to optimize industrial operations by connecting machines, analyzing
data, and delivering actionable insights. It is tailored specifically for industrial applications,
making it one of the most prominent platforms in the Industrial IoT ecosystem.

Features of GE Predix as an IoT Platform:

1. Industrial-Grade Platform:

Predix is designed to meet the demands of industrial environments, focusing on heavy

industries like energy, aviation, manufacturing, and healthcare.

2. Digital Twin Technology:

GE Predix utilizes digital twin models, which are virtual representations of physical assets.
These models enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and performance

37
optimization.

3. Big Data Analytics:

The platform collects, processes, and analyzes vast amounts of data from industrial equipment.
It leverages advanced analytics and machine learning to identify patterns and optimize
operations.

4. Edge-to-Cloud Connectivity:

Predix supports seamless integration between edge devices (on-site) and cloud infrastructure,
enabling real-time data processing at the edge while leveraging the cloud for advanced
analytics.

5. Scalable Architecture:

Predix is built to scale, allowing businesses to connect and manage thousands of industrial
assets across multiple locations.

6. Security:

The platform incorporates robust security measures to protect sensitive industrial data,
ensuring compliance with industry regulations.

7. Application Development:

Predix provides tools for developers to build custom IoT applications, enabling businesses to
address specific operational challenges.

Benefits of GE Predix as an IoT Platform:

1. Enhanced Asset Performance:

Predix helps optimize the performance of industrial assets by predicting failures, reducing
downtime, and extending asset lifespans.

2. Operational Efficiency:

38
By analyzing data and identifying inefficiencies, the platform enables cost savings and
improved operational workflows.

3. Predictive Maintenance:

The platform’s predictive analytics capabilities help prevent equipment failures, reducing
maintenance costs and unplanned outages.

4. Informed Decision-Making:

Real-time data insights enable businesses to make smarter, data-driven decisions.

5. Accelerated Innovation:

Companies can leverage the platform to create new business models and revenue streams,
such as offering equipment-as-a-service.

Uses of GE Predix:

1. Energy and Utilities:

Managing power plants and grids.

Predictive maintenance of wind turbines and gas turbines.

Optimizing energy usage.

2. Aviation:

Monitoring aircraft engine performance.

Predicting maintenance needs to minimize flight delays.

3. Manufacturing:

Streamlining production processes.

Monitoring machine health in real-time.

4. Healthcare:

Managing medical equipment performance.

Improving operational workflows in hospitals.

5. Transportation:

Monitoring and optimizing railway operations.

39
Managing fleet performance and logistics.

7.GE Predix IoT:

Predix represents GE’s focus on bridging the gap between operational technology (OT) and
information technology (IT). As a specialized Industrial IoT platform, it empowers industries to
embrace digital transformation, drive efficiency, and remain competitive in an increasingly
connected world.

With its focus on industries requiring high reliability, scalability, and performance, GE Predix
stands out as a leader in the IoT landscape, particularly in the industrial sector.

IoT Operating Systems

A specialized operating system designed to run on IoT devices, enabling them to perform tasks,
manage hardware, and communicate with other devices or systems.

The purpose is to provides a runtime environment for IoT hardware, handling device-level
functionality like memory management, power optimization, and low-level communication. It is
Device-centric, enabling IoT devices to function efficiently and interact with other devices or
the cloud.

Examples of IoT OS
1. Contiki:

An open-source operating system designed for low-power IoT devices.

It Supports IPv6, lightweight, suitable for smart cities and industrial applications.

2. RIOT: Real Time Operating System

A real-time operating system for IoT devices that require low memory and energy.

For Multithreading, secure communication, and modular architecture.

3. FreeRTOS:

40
A real-time operating system developed by Amazon, designed for microcontrollers.

For Low power consumption, secure IoT connectivity, and cloud integration.

IoT Programming Languages

1. Python:

Popular for IoT due to its simplicity and large library support.

Used for Data processing, machine learning, and IoT device control.

2. C/C++:

Preferred for embedded systems programming because of its efficiency and low-level
hardware access. For Firmware development for IoT devices.

3. JavaScript:

Used for building web-based dashboards and front-end IoT applications.

Use Case: Real-time data visualization and IoT device control via web apps.

Data Processing and Analytics in IoT

Data Processing: The process of collecting and analyzing data from IoT devices to make
informed decisions.

Types of Analytics in IoT:

Descriptive Analytics: Provides insights based on past data.

Predictive Analytics: Uses historical data to predict future trends.

Prescriptive Analytics: Recommends actions based on data insights.

41
Tools for Data Analytics in IoT:

AWS IoT Analytics

Azure Stream Analytics

Google Cloud IoT Analytics

Factors to be considered when selecting IoT software:

When selecting IoT software, several key factors should be taken into consideration:

Functionality: Ensure that the software offers the features and functionalities required for your
IoT application, such as device management, data collection, analytics, visualization, and
integration with other systems.

Scalability: Choose software that can scale to accommodate growing numbers of devices, users,
and data volumes without sacrificing performance or reliability.

Compatibility: Verify that the software is compatible with your existing hardware,
communication protocols, and infrastructure to facilitate seamless integration and
interoperability

.Security: Prioritize software that includes robust security features to protect IoT devices, data,
and communications against cyber threats, including encryption, access controls, secure APIs,
and authentication mechanisms

.Flexibility: Look for software that offers customization options and flexibility to tailor the
solution to your specific requirements, such as the ability to create custom dashboards,
workflows, and integrations.

Interoperability: Choose software that supports industry standards and open protocols to
ensure interoperability with a wide range of devices, platforms, and applications, enabling
seamless communication and data exchange.

Reliability and Performance: Assess the software's reliability, uptime, and performance under

42
different workloads and conditions to ensure it can meet your performance requirements and
deliver consistent results.Ease of Use: Select software that is user-friendly and intuitive, with a
well-designed

IoT Applications

Homes

IoT devices automate household activities, improving convenience, security, and energy
efficiency.

Examples:

Smart thermostats (e.g., Nest)

Smart lighting (e.g., Philips Hue)

Smart security systems (e.g., Ring)

Benefits:

Energy savings
Improved security

Remote control through smartphones

Cities

IoT technologies help manage urban infrastructure efficiently, improving the quality of life.

Applications:

Smart traffic management

Waste management systems

43
Smart lighting

Benefits:

Reduced traffic congestion

Efficient use of resources

Enhanced public safety

Industrial IoT (IIoT)

IIoT refers to using IoT in industries to improve productivity and safety.

Applications:

Predictive maintenance of machines

Asset tracking

Remote monitoring of production processes

Benefits:
Reduced downtime
Increased operational efficiency
Improved worker safety

Healthcare IoT

IoT devices improve patient care by enabling remote monitoring and real-time health data
collection.

Applications:

Wearable health monitors (e.g., Fitbit)

44
Smart medical devices (e.g., insulin pumps)

Telemedicine

Benefits:

Improved patient outcomes

Remote monitoring of chronic conditions
Reduced healthcare costs

Agriculture IoT

IoT technologies are used to optimize farming processes and increase productivity.

Applications:

Smart irrigation systems

Soil moisture sensors
Livestock monitoring

Benefits:

Efficient use of water and fertilizers

Improved crop yield
Reduced labor costs

-Wearables

Wearable devices collect and monitor health and fitness data.

Examples:

Smartwatches (e.g., Apple Watch)

Fitness trackers (e.g., Fitbit)

Smart glasses

Benefits:
Health monitoring

45
Personalized fitness insights
Enhanced user convenience

IoT - Media, Marketing, & Advertising

The applications of IoT in media and advertising involve a customized experience in which the
system analyzes and responds to the needs and interests of each customer. This includes their
general behavior patterns, buying habits, preferences, culture, and other characteristics.

Benefits;

This leads to more information and detail, which delivers more reliable metrics and patterns.

It allows organizations to better analyze and respond to customer needs or preferences.

It improves business productivity and strategy, and improves the consumer experience by only
delivering relevant content and solutions

IoT - Environmental Monitoring

The applications of IoT in environmental monitoring are broad ­ environmental protection,

extreme weather monitoring, water safety, endangered species protection, commercial farming,
and more. In these applications, sensors detect and measure every type of environmental
change.

Air and Water Pollution

Allows sophisticated testing on-site, and binding response efforts to detection systems. This
allows us to prevent substantial contamination and related disasters.

Extreme Weather

New IoT advances allows early detection and early responses to prevent loss of life and
property.

Commercial Farming

Today's, IoT introduces more access to deeper automation and analysis. IoT allows operations
to remove much of the human intervention in system function, farming analysis, and monitoring.

Benefits:

Detect changes to crops, soil, environment, and more. They optimize standard processes
through analysis of large, rich data collections. They also prevent health hazards (e.g., e. coli)
from happening and allow better control.

46
IoT allows operations to remove much of the human intervention in system function, farming
analysis, and monitoring. Systems detect changes to crops, soil, environment, and more. They
optimize standard processes through analysis of large, rich data collections. They also prevent
health hazards (e.g., e. coli) from happening and allow better control.

Energy Applications

The optimization qualities of IoT in manufacturing also apply to energy consumption. IoT allows
a wide variety of energy control and monitoring functions, with applications in devices,
commercial and residential energy use, and the energy source. Optimization results from the
detailed analysis previously unavailable to most organizations and individuals.

Residential Energy
The rise of technology has driven energy costs up. Consumers search for ways to reduce or
control consumption. IoT offers a sophisticated way to analyze and optimize use not only at
device level, but throughout the entire system of the home. This can mean simple switching off
or dimming of lights, or changing device settings and modifying multiple home settings to
optimize energy use.

IoT can also discover problematic consumption from issues like older appliances, damaged
appliances, or faulty system components. Traditionally, finding such problems required the use
of often multiple professionals.

Commercial Energy
Energy waste can easily and quietly impact business in a major way, given the tremendous
energy needs of even small organizations. Smaller organizations wrestle with balancing costs
of business while delivering a product with typically smaller margins, and working with limited
funding and technology. Larger organizations must monitor a massive, complex ecosystem of
energy use that offers few simple, effective solutions for energy use management.

A smart-meter still requires a reader to visit the site. This automated meter
reader makes visits unnecessary, and also allows energy companies to bill
based on real-time data instead of estimates over time.

IoT simplifies the process of energy monitoring and management while maintaining a low cost
and high level of precision. It addresses all points of an organization's consumption across
devices. Its depth of analysis and control provides organizations with a strong means of
managing their consumption for cost shaving and output optimization. IoT systems discover
energy issues in the same way as functional issues in a complex business network, and provide
solutions.

Reliability
The analytics and action delivered by IoT also help to ensure system reliability. Beyond
consumption, IoT prevents system overloads or throttling. It also detects threats to system
performance and stability, which protects against losses such as downtime, damaged

47
equipment, and injuries

Manufacturing Applications

IoT introduces deeper integration and more powerful analytics into manufacturing. This opens
the world of manufacturing in a way never seen before. IoT in manufacturing allows richer
insight in real-time. This dramatically reduces the time and resources devoted to this one area,
which traditionally requires heavy market research before, during, and well after the products
hit the market.

IoT also reduces the risks associated with launching new or modified products because it
provides more reliable and detailed information. The information comes directly from market
use and buyers rather than assorted sources of varied credibility.

Dynamic Response to Market Demands

Supplying the market requires maintaining a certain balance impacted by a number of factors
such as economy state, sales performance, season, supplier status, manufacturing facility
status, distribution status, and more. The expenses associated with supply present unique
challenges given today's global partners. The associated potential or real losses can
dramatically impact business and future decisions.

IoT manages these areas through ensuring fine details are managed more at the system level
rather than through human evaluations and decisions. An IoT system can better assess and
control the supply chain (with most products), whether demands are high or low.

Lower Costs, Optimized Resource Use, and Waste Reduction

IoT offers a replacement for traditional labor and tools in a production facility and in the overall
chain which cuts many previously unavoidable costs; for example, maintenance checks or tests
traditionally requiring human labor can be performed remotely with instruments and sensors
of an IoT system.

IoT also enhances operation analytics to optimize resource use and labor, and eliminate
various types of waste, e.g., energy and materials. It analyzes the entire process from the source
point to its end, not just the process at one point in a particular facility, which allows
improvement to have a more substantial impact. It essentially reduces waste throughout the
network, and returns those savings throughout.

Improved Facility Safety

A typical facility suffers from a number of health and safety hazards due to risks posed by
processes, equipment, and product handling. IoT aids in better control and visibility. Its
monitoring extends throughout the network of devices for not only performance, but for
dangerous malfunctions and usage. It aids (or performs) analysis and repair, or correction, of
critical flaws.

48
Product Safety
Even the most sophisticated system cannot avoid malfunctions, nonconforming product, and
other hazards finding their way to market. Sometimes these incidents have nothing to do with
the manufacturing process, and result from unknown conflicts.

In manufacturing, IoT helps in avoiding recalls and controlling nonconforming or dangerous

product distribution. Its high level of visibility, control, and integration can better contain any
issues that appear.

Transportation Applications

At every layer of transportation, IoT provides improved communication, control, and data
distribution. These applications include personal vehicles, commercial vehicles, trains, UAVs,
and other equipment. It extends throughout the entire system of all transportation elements
such as traffic control, parking, fuel consumption, and more.

Rails and Mass Transit

Current systems deliver sophisticated integration and performance, however, they employ
older technology and approaches to MRT. The improvements brought by IoT deliver more
complete control and monitoring. This results in better management of overall performance,
maintenance issues, maintenance, and improvements.

Mass transit options beyond standard MRT suffer from a lack of the integration necessary to
transform them from an option to a dedicated service. IoT provides an inexpensive and
advanced way to optimize performance and bring qualities of MRT to other transportation
options like buses. This improves services and service delivery in the areas of scheduling,
optimizing transport times, reliability, managing equipment issues, and responding to
customer needs.

Road
The primary concerns of traffic are managing congestion, reducing accidents, and parking. IoT
allows us to better observe and analyze the flow of traffic through devices at all traffic
observation points. It aids in parking by making storage flow transparent when current methods
offer little if any data.

49
 This smart road sign receives data and modifications to better inform drivers
and prevent congestion or accidents.
Accidents typically result from a number of factors, however, traffic management impacts their
frequency. Construction sites, poor rerouting, and a lack of information about traffic status are
all issues that lead to incidents. IoT provides solutions in the form of better information sharing
with the public, and between various parties directly affecting road traffic.

Automobile
Many in the automotive industry envision a future for cars in which IoT technology makes cars
“smart,” attractive options equal to MRT. IoT offers few significant improvements to personal
vehicles. Most benefits come from better control over related infrastructure and the inherent
flaws in automobile transport; however, IoT does improve personal vehicles as personal spaces.
IoT brings the same improvements and customization to a vehicle as those in the home.

Commercial Transportation
Transportation benefits extend to business and manufacturing by optimizing the transport arm
of organizations. It reduces and eliminates problems related to poor fleet management through
better analytics and control such as monitoring idling, fuel consumption, travel conditions, and

50
travel time between points. This results in product transportation operating more like an
aligned service and less like a collection of contracted services.

Internet of Things - Education Applications

IoT in the classroom combines the benefits of IoT in content delivery, business, and healthcare.
It customizes and enhances education by allowing optimization of all content and forms of
delivery. It enables educators to give focus to individuals and their method. It also reduces
costs and labor of education through automation of common tasks outside of the actual
education process.

Education Organizations
Education organizations typically suffer from limited funding, labor issues, and poor attention to
actual education. They, unlike other organizations, commonly lack or avoid analytics due to
their funding issues and the belief that analytics do not apply to their industry.

IoT not only provides valuable insight, but it also democratizes that information through lowcost,
low-power small devices, which still offer high performance. This technology aids in managing
costs, improving the quality of education, professional development, and facility management
improvement through rich examinations of key areas ­

 Student response, performance, and behavior

 Instructor response, performance, and behavior
 Facility monitoring and maintenance
 Data from other facilities
Data informs them about ineffective strategies and actions, whether educational efforts or
facility qualities. Removing these roadblocks makes them more effective.

Educators
Information provided by IoT empowers educators to deliver improved education. They have a
window into the success of their strategies, their students' perspective, and other aspects of
their performance. IoT relieves them of administrative and management duties, so they can
focus on their mission. It automates manual and clerical labor, and facilitates supervising
through features like system flags or controls to ensure students remain engaged.

IoT provides instructors with easy access to powerful educational tools. Educators can use IoT
to perform as a one-on-one instructor providing specific instructional designs for each pupil;
for example, using data to determine the most effective supplements for each student, and
autogenerating content from lesson materials on-demand for any student.

The application of technology improves the professional development of educators because

they truly see what works, and learn to devise better strategies, rather than simply repeating
old or ineffective methods.

51
IoT also enhances the knowledge base used to devise education standards and practices.
Education research suffers from accuracy issues and a general lack of data. IoT introduces
large high quality, real-world datasets into the foundation of educational design. This comes
from IoT's unique ability to collect enormous amounts of varied data anywhere.

Personalized Education
IoT facilitates the customization of education to give every student access to what they need.
Each student can control their experience and participate in instructional design, and much of
this happens passively. The student simply utilizes the system, and performance data primarily
shapes their design. This combined with organizational and educator optimization delivers
highly effective education while reducing costs.

Internet of Things - Government Applications

IoT supports the development of smart nations and smart cities. This includes enhancement of
infrastructure previously discussed (e.g., healthcare, energy, transportation, etc.), defense, and
also the engineering and maintenance of communities.

City Planning and Management

Governing bodies and engineers can use IoT to analyze the often complex aspects of city
planning and management. IoT simplifies examining various factors such as population growth,
zoning, mapping, water supply, transportation patterns, food supply, social services, and land
use. It gathers detailed data in these areas and produces more valuable and accurate
information than current analytics given its ability to actually “live” with people in a city.

In the area of management, IoT supports cities through its implementation in major services
and infrastructure such as transportation and healthcare. It also aids in other key areas like
water control, waste management, and emergency management. Its real-time and detailed
information facilitate more prompt decisions in contrast to the traditional process plagued by
information lag, which can be critical in emergency management.

Standard state services are also improved by IoT, which can automate otherwise slow
processes and trim unnecessary state expenses; for example, it can automate motor vehicle
services for testing, permits, and licensing.

IoT also aids in urban improvement by skipping tests or poor research, and providing functional
data for how the city can be optimized. This leads to faster and more meaningful changes.

Creating Jobs
IoT offers thorough economic analysis. It makes previous blind spots visible and supports
better economic monitoring and modeling. It analyzes industry and the marketplace to spot
opportunities for growth and barriers.

52
National Defense
National threats prove diverse and complicated. IoT augments armed forces systems and
services, and offers the sophistication necessary to manage the landscape of national defense.
It supports better protection of borders through inexpensive, high performance devices for rich
control and observation.

IoT automates the protection tasks typically spread across several departments and countless
individuals. It achieves this while improving accuracy and speed.

IoT - Law Enforcement Applications

IoT enhances law enforcement organizations and practice, and improves the justice system.
The technology boosts transparency, distributes critical data, and removes human intervention
where it proves unnecessary.

Policing
Law enforcement can be challenging. IoT acts as an instrument of law enforcement which
reduces manual labor and subjective decisions through better data, information sharing, and
advanced automation. IoT systems shave costs by reducing human labor in certain areas such
as certain traffic violations.

IoT aids in creating better solutions to problems by using technology in the place of force; for
example, light in-person investigations of suspicious activities can be replaced with remote
observation, logged footage of violations, and electronic ticketing. It also reduces corruption by
removing human control and opinion for some violations.

Court System
Current court systems utilize traditional technology and resources. They generally do not
exploit modern analytics or automation outside of minor legal tasks. IoT brings superior
analytics, better evidence, and optimized processes to court systems which accelerate
processes, eliminate excessive procedures, manage corruption, reduce costs, and improve
satisfaction.

In the criminal court system, this can result in a more effective and fair system. In routine court
services, it introduces automation similar to that of common government office services; for
example, IoT can automate forming an LLC.

IoT combined with new regulations can remove lawyers from many common legal tasks or
reduce the need for their involvement. This reduces costs and accelerates many processes
which often require months of traversing legal procedures and bureaucracy.

53
Internet of Things - Consumer Applications

Consumers benefit personally and professionally from the optimization and data analysis of IoT.
IoT technology behaves like a team of personal assistants, advisors, and security. It enhances
the way we live, work, and play.

Home
IoT takes the place of a full staff ­

Butler ­ IoT waits for you to return home, and ensures your home remains fully prepared.
It monitors your supplies, family, and the state of your home. It takes actions to resolve
any issues that appear.

Chef ­ An IoT kitchen prepares meals or simply aids you in preparing them.

Nanny ­ IoT can somewhat act as a guardian by controlling access, providing supplies,
and alerting the proper individuals in an emergency.

Gardner ­ The same IoT systems of a farm easily work for home landscaping.

Repairman ­ Smart systems perform key maintenance and repairs, and also request
them.

Security Guard ­ IoT watches over you 24/7. It can observe suspicious individuals miles
away, and recognize the potential of minor equipment problems to become disasters
well before they do.

Work
A smart office or other workspace combines customization of the work environment with smart
tools. IoT learns about you, your job, and the way you work to deliver an optimized environment.
This results in practical accommodations like adjusting the room temperature, but also more
advanced benefits like modifying your schedule and the tools you use to increase your output
and reduce your work time. IoT acts as a manager and consultant capable of seeing what you
cannot.

Play
IoT learns as much about you personally as it does professionally. This enables the technology
to support leisure ­

Culture and Night Life ­ IoT can analyze your real-world activities and response to guide
you in finding more of the things and places you enjoy such as recommending
restaurants and events based on your preferences and experiences.

Vacations ­ Planning and saving for vacations proves difficult for some, and many utilize
agencies, which can be replaced by IoT.

54
 Products and Services ­ IoT offers better analysis of the products you like and need than
current analytics based on its deeper access. It integrates with key information like
your finances to recommend great solutions.

IOT SECURITY AND PRIVACY

Every connected device creates opportunities for attackers. These vulnerabilities are broad,
even for a single small device. The risks posed include data transfer, device access,
malfunctioning devices, and always-on/always-connected devices.

IoT Security Challenges

Device Diversity: Various devices with different hardware and software make it difficult to
secure them uniformly.

Resource Constraints: Many IoT devices have limited processing power, making it hard to
implement advanced security measures.

Massive Scale: The large number of connected devices increases the attack surface.

Lack of Standards: No universal security standards for IoT devices.

Unpredictable Behavior ­ The sheer volume of deployed devices and their long list of enabling
technologies means their behavior in the field can be unpredictable. A specific system may be
well designed and within administration control, but there are no guarantees about how it will
interact with others.

IoT devices utilize the same connection technology and components. If one system or device
suffers from a vulnerability, many more have the same issue.

Problematic Deployment ­ One of the main goals of IoT remains to place advanced networks
and analytics where they previously could not go. Unfortunately, this creates the problem of
physically securing the devices in these strange or easily accessed places.

Long Device Life and Expired Support ­ One of the benefits of IoT devices is longevity, however,
that long life also means they may outlive their device support. Compare this to traditional
systems which typically have support and upgrades long after many have stopped using them.
Orphaned devices and abandonware lack the same security hardening of other systems due to
the evolution of technology over time.

No Upgrade Support ­ Many IoT devices, like many mobile and small devices, are not designed
to allow upgrades or any modifications. Others offer inconvenient upgrades, which many

55
owners ignore, or fail to notice.

Poor or No Transparency ­ Many IoT devices fail to provide transparency with regard to their
functionality. Users cannot observe or access their processes, and are left to assume how
devices behave. They have no control over unwanted functions or data collection; furthermore,
when a manufacturer updates the device, it may bring more unwanted functions.

No Alerts ­ Another goal of IoT remains to provide its incredible functionality without being
obtrusive. This introduces the problem of user awareness. Users do not monitor the devices or
know when something goes wrong. Security breaches can persist over long periods without
detection.

Threats and Vulnerabilities in IoT Systems

1. Device Hijacking:
Attackers take control of IoT devices to use them in botnets or for malicious activities.

2. Data Breaches:
Sensitive data collected by IoT devices can be intercepted by attackers.

3. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks:

IoT devices can be used to launch large-scale DDoS attacks.

4. Physical Tampering:

IoT devices can be physically tampered with, compromising their functionality.

Data Privacy in IoT

IoT devices collect massive amounts of personal data, raising privacy concerns.

Privacy Risks:

Unauthorized data access

Data misuse by third parties
Lack of transparency in data collection and usage

56
Solutions to Enhance Data Privacy

Implement data encryption

Use anonymization techniques
Provide users with control over their data

Effective Measures Against Attacks

1. Device Authentication:
Ensure only authorized devices can connect to the network.
2. Data Encryption:
Encrypt data both at rest and in transit to prevent unauthorized access.

3. Built-in Security ­ Individuals and organizations should seek hardened devices, meaning
those with security integrated in the hardware and firmware.

4. Regular Updates: Keep device firmware and software updated to patch vulnerabilities.

5. Risk Analysis ­ Organizations and individuals must analyze possible threats in designing
their systems or choosing them.

6. Network Security:
Use firewalls, VPNs, and secure protocols to protect IoT networks.

IoT Project Development

1. Building a Basic IoT Project (e.g., Smart Home Automation)

Steps to Build a Smart Home Automation Project:

1. Identify the problem and define the Objective:

Example: Automate lighting and control it through a mobile app.

2. Select Hardware Components:
Sensors (motion, light), microcontroller (Arduino or Raspberry Pi), actuators (relays).
3. Select IoT communication and Networking protocol: e. wi-fi, LoRaWan
4. Develop Software/ cloud integration
Write code to control the devices and collect data.
5. Implement Security measures
6. Test and Deploy:

57
Test the project, fix bugs, and deploy it in a real environment.

2. IoT Data Collection and Visualization

Data Collection: IoT devices collect data from sensors and send it to cloud platforms for storage
and analysis.
Data Visualization Tools:
Grafana: Real-time dashboards.
Tableau: Advanced data visualization.
Power BI: Business analytics.

3. Deploying IoT Solutions

1. Device Deployment:
Install IoT devices in the target environment.
2. Cloud Integration:
Connect devices to cloud platforms (AWS IoT, Azure IoT Hub).
3. Monitoring and Maintenance:
Continuously monitor the system for performance and security.

FUTURE TRENDS IN IOT

1. IoT and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI Integration: IoT devices use AI to analyze data and make intelligent decisions.
Examples: Smart thermostats that learn user preferences.

Predictive maintenance in industries.

Benefits:
Real-time decision-making
Improved automation
Enhanced user experience

2. IoT and Blockchain

Blockchain: A decentralized ledger that enhances security and transparency in IoT networks.

Uses:
Secure device authentication
Data integrity and immutability

58
Decentralized IoT platforms

3. Edge Computing in IoT

Edge Computing: Processing data closer to the source (IoT devices) instead of sending it to
cloud servers.
Benefits:
Reduced latency
Improved security
Lower bandwidth usage

Examples:
Smart surveillance systems
Autonomous vehicles

4. IoT in 5G and Beyond

5G Technology: Provides faster speeds, lower latency, and higher device capacity for IoT
networks.

Impact of 5G on IoT:
Real-time IoT applications (e.g., autonomous vehicles)
Massive IoT deployments (e.g., smart cities)

5. Future IoT Innovations

1. Wearable IoT Devices: More advanced health-monitoring devices.
2. Smart Appliances: AI-powered home devices that adapt to user behavior.
3. IoT in Space Exploration: Use of IoT for monitoring spacecraft and habitats.
4. IoT and Sustainability: Smart solutions to reduce energy consumption and waste.

PROJECT

1. Describe the framework and Steps involved in developing an IoT Smart Agriculture system
from idea to deployment

2. Design and Deploy an IoT system for Industrial IoT (IIoT):

3. Describe the architecture and design an IoT system for Remote patient monitoring using
wearable devices
4. Propose an IoT solution for traffic management in smart cities

59
References

1.M. Anantha Guptha Internet Of Things & Its Applications Malla Reddy College

of Engineering & Technology

2.Olivier Hersent, David 2012 Boswarthick, Omar Elloumi and Wiley, The Internet of Things – Key
applications and Protocols, (for Unit2).

3.Jan Ho¨ ller, VlasiosTsiatsis, Catherine Mulligan, Stamatis, Karnouskos, Stefan Avesand. David
Boyle and Elsevier, 2014. “From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things – Introduction to a
New Age of Intelligence”,

4. Dieter Uckelmann, Mark Harrison, Michahelles and FlorianArchitecting the Internet of Things,
(Eds), Springer,2011.

5.https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_of_things

60