analysis of climate change and its efficient on

natural resources
The project report submitted to VIDYASAGAR UNIVERSITY, in partial fulfilment
of

the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts under CCFUP 2024 for
Semester-I

In

Environment Studies (ENVS)

(Course Code: VAC01)

By

Nilanjana Ghosh
University Roll-
No.-
Regn. No.- Of 2024-
2025
Under The Supervision
Of
Dr. Ritwik Saha
Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
 Kharagpur College

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that investigation reported in this
project work entitled “analysis of climate change
and its efficient on natural resources” is a record of
bona fide work. The work is carried by Nilanjana
Ghosh, under my supervision.Nilanjana Ghosh is
submiƫng this work for partial fulfilment of the
degree of Bachelor of Arts under CCFUP 2024 for
Semester-I in Environment Studies (ENVS) (Course
Code: VAC01) of Vidyasagar University. The work of
this project has not been submited for the award of
any other degree under my supervision and
guidance.
I wish him success in his life.

Date : Dr.
Ritwik Saha

Assistant Professor

Department of Physics
Kharagpur College

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to extend my hearƞelt gratitude to
everyone who has played a role In the successful
completion of my ENVS project. I am especially
thankful to my Supervisor Dr. Ritwik Saha, who not
only provided guidance but also intensified My
curiosity. The assistance and insights provided by
my classmates have been Invaluable, enhancing
the project’s quality. I cannot forget to thank my
parents For their unwavering support throughout
this journey, from brainstorming to finalization.
Their encouragement moƟvated me even during
challenging times. This project has taught me the
importance of collaborative efforts and
Understanding environmental issues.
Date:
Nilanjana Ghosh

INDEX

Sl. Constants Page no.

No
.
1. Abstract 1

2. Introduction 2-6

3. Water resources 7-12

4. Ocean resources and climate 13-16

change effect
5. Forest resources and 17-20
vegetation
6. Fish and wildlife 21-23
7. Conclusion 24

8. References 25

Abstract
Humans have altered the ecosystems according to
their own needs without thinking about the
consequences. Their need combined with greed
have caused much damage to the environment,
which will affect the coming generations. The
expansion of agriculture, urbanization and
industrialization needed the land which was
obtained by large scale clearing of forests. The
deforestation has changed the scenario of
developed and developing countries, and has
brought out vast changes resulting into a various
environmental problem. In this project I have
studied about analysis of climate change and its
efficient on natural resources.
1.Introduction
Climate change was the natural phenomenon
occurring even before. Still, since a few decades
Ago, its outbreak becomes severe and shows
adverse effects on nature and life. Increasing
Population and industrialization releases toxic
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and
Changes hydrological and weather pattern
throughout the world. At some places, drought
Persists for a longer time, and at some places,
massive flooding occurs due to precipitation (IPCC,
2007b). The disappearance of glaciers, valleys, and
snowcaps affects the downstream Habitats
adversely. These changes possess severe stress on
natural resources like less availability Of water
resources for agriculture, energy production,
domestic uses and ecosystems all around The
world. Climate change is one of the biggest threats
for the environmental, social, and Economic
perspective, which is a major challenge for
sustainable development, mainly in Developing
countries. Climate change often results in water
scarcity, land degradation,Deforestation, and
several health issues (Oeurng et al., 2019). The
variability of climate change, Government policies,
and their responses which are linked with
socioeconomic development Affect the country’s
sustainable growth (Dhar and Mazumdar,
2009).Climate change increases global warming
and considered as one of the most discussed topics
of Political controversy worldwide. The world has
gone with several debates in the past to confirm
Whether global warming is real or just a
hypothetical thought, but now the effects are quite
Visible. The significant change in earth’s climate
brings a massive disruption on every segment Of
the world’s activity as well as a natural
phenomenon. Some of the scientific theories
suggest Adverse repercussion of climate change
enhanced by global warming. Some of them are
Inundation of coastal cities, drying of agricultural
fields, melting of glaciers, increasing diseases,Sea-
level rise, change of pattern in ocean currents, and
other disasters. Some of the crucial Indicators of
ongoing climate change are:
• temperature
• the sea-level growth and submergence of the
coastal villages and lands
• the retreat of the major and minor glacial layer,
• extinction of the biodiversity, and
• frequent forest fire, etc.
In the present scenario, the consequences can be
seen in the form of heatwaves and Associated
droughts, extreme and frequent floods, tropical
storms, cyclones, sea-level rise,Etc. have already
affected livelihood across the world. Global
warming increases the average temperature of the
earth such as its surface, ocean, and Atmosphere.
This phenomenon started years ago at a controlled
rate. In the past, small climate Changes had
significant impacts on human activities like
agricultural practices, traceroutes for New markets,
etc. In the case of spreading human civilization,
warming has been proved as a Favorable point.
After industrial revolutions, the rate of global
warming becomes very high due To climate
change. According to the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO), the past two Decades were
the warmest years.
The rate of earth’s climate change has increased
rapidly in an unprecedented manner in recent Past
years, making the world much warmer. According
to the temperature analysis report of WMO, the
state of global change in 2019 has ended with the
average global temperature of 1.1°C more than the
estimated preindustrial average (WMO, 2020). In
the previous decade,2019 was the warmest year
without El-Nino effect after 2016, representing as
an indicator of The increased global temperature
phenomenon. Since 1880, the average global
temperature has Risen by more than 1 degree.
Another alarming point is, the two-third of total
warming has Occurred after 1975 by the rate of
around 0.15°C-0.20°C per decade. This can be
termed as a Worrisome situation because the one-
degree increase of average temperature has
enough heat to Warm all oceans, atmosphere, and
earth’s surface significantly. The average
temperature data is Based on two factors, that is,
how much energy the planet receive through sun
and how much Energy it radiates back to space. As
we all know, that second factor is directly
proportional to The availability of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere that is heat-trapping in
nature and affects The change in temperature.
Greenhouse gases are most important for life on
earth because they Trap the heat radiated back to
the space from earth’s surface in the atmosphere
and keep the Earth warmer and much comfortable
for survival. In the last few decades, the chemical
Composition of greenhouse gases of the
atmosphere has been disturbed due to
anthropogenic Activities. According to the report of
WMO (2020), in comparison to the preindustrial
era, the Level of CO2, CH4, and N2O has increased
by 147%, 259%, and 123%, respectively.
The global change arises from natural resources
extraction and dumping huge tons of waste
disposal, which is directly associated with drastic
population increase and economic growth.The
development race has pumped up the race over
industrialization. Large numbers of industries,
factories, machines, vehicles etc. are consuming
various forms of natural resources and releasing
harmful gases like CO2, CO, N2O, and CH4. The
gases interfere with the atmosphere’s normal
chemical composition as well as its average
temperature, consequently affecting the planet.
The effect of global warming can be observed
significantly around the poles. Its impacts not only
affect climate and environment but almost every
segment of life such as economic, social, and
cultural. The rate of greenhouse gases emission is
high at all time in today’s world. If the rate
continues, the scenario will be much more
deteriorating and also impossible to hold global
warming below 2°C (World Wildlife Fund, 2016).
Global warming has the potential to cause such
drought in various regions that can completely
disturb the balance of life. The rising temperature
has the effect of drought and habitat
fragmentation. Still, both are severe stressors for
water resources, especially for groundwater
(Woodward et al., 2010).
2.Water resources
One of the most critical resources is water
circulating throughout the biosphere via the
hydrological cycle that sustains the life functions
properly. The hydrological cycle also flows the
nutrient cycle that maintains life on earth. The
global temperature rise results in the rapid melting
of glaciers and icebergs. The higher evaporation
rate ultimately results in extra precipitation which
affects the groundwater recharge pattern. The
change of precipitation,melting of snow and
icebergs, warming of permafrost at higher regions
are directly linked with heavy runoff and
downstream water communities that alter
hydrological water system.
The climate change has various type of effects, it
can bring drought condition in one geographical
area and flood like in another. These conditions
ultimately affect primary productivity, adversely
affecting the lives of poor people and reducing
access to food. Among all the other effects, the rise
in temperature will lead to enhanced water
demand by humans and animals as severe
heatwaves and drought deplete the quality of
water and also reduce the availability. The lakes,
rivers, and aquifers are facing water-stressed
conditions and also getting polluted day by day.
More than 50% of the wetlands have been dried
up. According to the report of India Water Aid
(2019), the population exposed to heatwaves has
been increased to around 40 million in five years
(2012-2016) in India. The competition due to water
will adversely affect the other necessary human
activities like energy production, food crop
production, industrial production as well as
domestic consumption.
The temperature rise will put a significant effect on
our daily life through hydrological means. This will
negatively affect the sparse population, mainly in
countries like India.
India, which has 17% world population and only 4%
of total water resource, will face Severe water
scarcity. Our country has 12 major river systems
interwoven to meet the Primary demand of water.
Around 85% of available water is utilized for
agriculture, 8% for Domestic use, and 5% for
industrial utilization (Aquastats, 2003). The
southeast Asian Countries like China, Nepal,
Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan use nearly half the
total Groundwater available (Riviere and CD,
2015). They face water stress condition and its
Negative effect on the population as well as the
economy of the country (Lohani and Ait-Kadi,
2013). Several studies are present on the
degradation of water resources and Provide
shocking results in different geographical regions.
Mediterranean basins are very Vulnerable to global
climate change in comparison to Alpine and
continental basins. According to the Study of Jorda-
Capdevila et al., 2019, the Ebro in Mediterranean
basin Faces significant decrease of up to 40% in
water availability.
The situation is infrequent in comparison to Alpine
and continental basins. Around 224 million
Population of India have less availability to safe
drinking water (India Water Aid, 2019).Freshwaters
are present in the form of rivers, aquifers, and
streams. India has a network of river System
having the input of two primary sources, that is,
Himalayan glacial melt and rainfall.Around 80% of
the river flow only during the southwest monsoon
season, and they are seasonal Rivers (FAO, 2015).
After industrialization, the heavily polluted surface
water becomes Unworthy for drinking purpose;
therefore, people switch to groundwater to meet
their needs. In India, the agriculture sector covers a
significant proportion. Around 3/5 of the population
Depend on agriculture to sustain their livelihood.
Agriculture requires a very high percentage of
Freshwater for irrigation. Depending on the origin
of water, irrigation has been done by canals, Tanks,
groundwater wells etc. as shown in Table 1.
According to the report of FAO (2015), it becomes
clear that groundwater consumption for Irrigation
purposes has increased considerately.

2.1Distribution of water
Distribution of water in nature is extremely
irregular. Out of the total water availability,only 3%
is available as freshwater that can be utilized by
humans whereas remaining 97% are present in the
form of marine or ocean that cannot be used
because of its saline nature.
Table 1: Different types of irrigation and its
percentage use in different years.
Figure 1: Distribution of water on the earth
surface.

The distribution of the freshwater as mentioned

above as a whole is 69% in glaciers, 30% In
aquifers, and less than 1% in lakes, rivers, and
swamps in the form of running water. Only one per
cent of the superficial water present on this earth
is utilized by humans. At the Same time, 99% of
that utilizable quantity is present in the
underground as groundwater in Aquifers (USGS).
The water distribution on the earth is presented in
Fig.1 and Distribution of water resource by volume
based on all sources are presented in Table 2.
2.2 Climatic conditions and water
scarcity
According to IPCC (2007a) report, more than half of
the world has been facing the adverse Impact of
climate change over water resources. Significant
stress is on water resources in The present
changing climatic regime, especially in those
countries where more than 60% of The population
depends on precipitation for their agriculture. In
India, the monsoon pattern Varies randomly, and
even slight delay in monsoon might cause the food
scarcity due to Imbalance in hydrological resources
(Mas-Pla and Mencio´, 2019). Water scarcity has
Increased due to various contaminations. Drying of
rivers and aquifer system has also Reduced the
dilution effect, enhancing the disease of surface
and groundwater resources.Besides, different
geological, geographical, and economic regions
have produced and added Their own respective
contaminant in the water system. Some of the
examples are nitrate Contamination in the highly
fertilized agriculture area, the release of arsenic in
reducing Condition, saline water intrusion in the
coastal regions due to overexploitation of
Groundwater, fluoride contamination in fluoride
bearing geological regions, etc.
Table 2: Distribution of water resource by
volume on the basis of all sources.

3. Ocean resources and

climate change effect
More than 70 out of 100 part of the earth’s surface
is shielded by ocean. From reducing the Extremes
of climate to producing the oxygen we breathe,
from the food we eat to the excess Carbon dioxide
we produce, several human communities have
been served by these oceans. The enhanced
greenhouse gas emission affects coastal and
marine communities by altering Sea temperatures
and melting ice, changing ocean currents, weather
patterns and sea levels.
Extreme weather events surely get affected by
ocean warming. For example, as oceanic
Hurricanes are developed, the sea temperature is
increased. Since heat is an energy, it can Enhance
the catastrophic and destructive power (Webster et
al., 2005; Hoyos et al., 2006). It is Still not clear
whether the frequency of cyclone occurrence has
been affected by climate change Or not, however,
their magnitude is likely to intensify further (IPCC,
2007b). The rising Intensity of cyclones threatens
not only people but also marine and coastal
ecosystems.
According to reports, the upcoming centuries will
witness the sea-level rise (SLR), although The
magnitude of the
increase remains indeterminate and uncertain
(IPCC, 2014, Kopp Et al., 2014; Horton et al., 2014).
The global average rate of SLR reported 1.8
mm/year in The interval of 1961 to 2003. In
contrast, the pace was faster from 1993 to 2003,
about 3.1 mm/year. The sea-level rise adversely
affects salt marshes, mangroves, coastal aquifers
And the coastal community (IPCC, 2007b). The Fifth
Assessment Report on Climate Change (AR5) of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
predicted a “chance ( >66% probability)” in the
world-average SLR of 52-98 cm by 2100 as
Compared to 1986-2005 [Representative
Concentration Path (RCP) 8.5 Scenario (Riahi Et al.,
2011)]. It indicated a world-average SLR of 1 to >3
m by 2300 with Medium Confidence (IPCC, 2014).
Uncertainties in ocean currents are triggered by
climate change Which can lead to significant
changes in local climate, climate patterns and
future human Migration. According to the report of
Rahmstorf (2006), the thermohaline circulation
Downfall has been broadly discoursed as one of the
“low probability-high impact” risks
Concomitant with global warming. In respect to
forthcoming warming of the climate and surface-
ocean waters (IPCC, 2014), it Is equitable to
presume that the climate system will create more
recurrent and extreme Tropical cyclones in various
dimensions and trajectories (Villarini and Vecchi,
2013; Lin Et al., 2016). The magnitude of tropical
cyclone features remains uncertain (Lin, et al.,
2012, Horton et al., 2015). The increase from the
US $6 billion in 2005 to $1 trillion by 2050 has
been estimated as the average annual cost of flood
damage in coastal cities, at Current levels of
protection (Hallegatte et al., 2013). Nearby glaciers
and sea icebergs also Shakes the climate. Most of
the incoming sunlight energy is reflected away
from the ice Surface (Curry et al., 1995). Warming
of Arctic shrinks the sea ice cover and the dimmer
Open water substitutes the sea ice. Thus,
generating a response of the heating and ice
Melting (Curry et al., 1995; Anisimov et al., 2001).
On the other hand, the three significant threats to
the health of coral reefs have been Affected by
climate change. This includes the intake of
atmospheric carbon dioxide by Sea, increased
storms and warming waters. Marine intake of CO2
leads to more acidic Water that negatively
interferes with corals in maintaining and forming
their shells. Damaging currents of winds can
destroy corals. Warming waters initiate bleaching
and Many diseases in corals (Hughes et al., 2003).
In 2016, the Great Barrier Reef Experienced very
high marine heatwave. The study narrows the gap
between theory and Practice. It examines the risks
of ecosystem breakdown to investigate future-
warming Events affecting coral reef communities.
They identify the main driver, define various
Stages and also set quantitative fall limits (Hughes
et al., 2018).
Marine ecosystem and its species become
vulnerable due to ocean acidification. It Diminishes
the capability of maritime organisms like plankton,
corals, etc., in building their Shells and skeletal
morphology. It enhanced prevailing physiological
stresses and hampered The physical and biological
functions respiration and reproduction and affects
the growth And survival rates of some species in
their early life stages (IUCN, 2017a, b). Impact of
Climate change on ocean resource has been shown
in Fig. 2
Figure 2: Impact of climate change on ocean
resource

4.Forest resources and

vegetation
Nature provides so m any essential resources for
human life. Still, the slight change in temperature
can affect these resources and ultimately the
human life. Another most valuable resource that
can be significantly affected by the rise in
temperature is the forest resources. The
consequences of the climate change has a wide
impact on vegetation patters, forests,and species.
Increasing CO2 boosts forest productivity though it
also enhance the drought linked with forest fire,
risk for the invasive species. Moreover, the
increased temperature disturbs the distribution and
composition of tree species and the species
variation proceeds northwards. Practically, this can
be a transition phase from maple and birch as the
preferred
tree species to oak and hickory by 2100. Few
species like red pine may entirely retreat from the
Great Lake region by the end of the century. The
climate change impact on forest
resource and vegetation are presented in Fig. 3.
Most of the people consider the forest as an area
with a dense population of trees, but they are more
than the trees. Forest is one of the most critical
natural resources which is necessary to sustain life
on Earth. World’s 80% population of the terrestrial
biodiversity resides in the forest. It plays a
significant role in the water cycle, habitat
protection, soil conservation, carbon sequestration

etc. and the relation between forest and climate

change is robust and directly connected. The global
forests absorb 2.4 billion CO2 per year, out of
which 1/3rd from fossil fuel annually (IUCN, 2017a,
b). Forests play the two-way role in the carbon
cycle as they add CO2 gas, that is, one of the most
critical greenhouse gas when it is overused.
Figure 3: Effect of climate change on forest
resource and vegetation.
In contrast, they can absorb the CO2 gas emission
by anthropogenic activities or natural Resources
into their biomass, soil, and products by the
process of carbon sequestration. It is a Method
where trees and forests remove atmospheric CO2
by converting it into carbon during Photosynthesis
which is stored in the form of wood and vegetation.
Thus acting like “carbon Sinks.” Apart from this, it
also plays a crucial role in generating adaptability
to climate change And providing safety during
climatic shocks. These resources are subjected to
indiscriminate Exploitation and destruction
because of anthropogenic activities and climate
change.Degradation and forest decline have
increased the CO2 concentration into the
atmosphere.Around 10.5 million acres of the
tropical forests and peat swamps have been
destructed since The last 25 Years in central
Sumatra’s Riau Province (World Wildlife Fund,
2008).
For developing countries like India, it is a very
complicated step to achieve the goals of
Sustainable development, where more than 60% of
the population depends on rain-fed
Agriculture. This agriculture again lacks the
appropriate irrigation facilities and forests for their
Food and services. (Kumar and Kushwaha, 2020)
(check this sentence). A study conducted in
Uttarakhand, based on the analytical hierarchy
process shows that approximately 61% of the
Forests area is under very high vulnerable category
whereas 36% under top vulnerable category
(Pokhriyal et al., 2020). The nontimber forest
products and its quantity have been declined
Including fisheries also which is significantly
affected by climate change in Amarkantak,Madhya
Pradesh. The useful medicinal plants are not
available in the present because of forest
Degradation and forest fire (Ahirvar et al., 2020).
The climate change hampers the functionality And
structure of
the ecosystem and affects its health creating
severe consequences.
In the recent era, deforestation has become a
common practice to extract various resources.The
most common and significant reason for
deforestation is converting forest land into
Agriculture fields and settlement; it happens for
years as a part of the economic Development
process with an increase in population.
Deforestation and forest degradation Affects the
1.6 billion people whose livelihoods depend on
forests and around a billion of Them are the world’s
most impoverished population (IUCN, 2017a, b).
Forest fire is one of The worst situations and also
the result of global warming. In many countries,
the lack of an active forest management program
and its implementation Has been found, creating
an imbalance between ecological and economic
development Processes that ultimately affect the
greenhouse gas composition in the environment.
As a
Result, the increase in temperature takes place.
Effect of climate change on forest resource And
vegetation are presented in Fig. 3.

5.Fish and wildlif

As habitat zone the respective temperature
biodiversity have been shifting northwards and
aquatic organism and wildlife as well. The Great
Lake becomes an obstacle to migrate of many
species and create a less adapting environment to
the animals. Wildlife relying on wetlands are at
most significant risk, as enhanced evaporation rate
reduces total wetland
coverage and stress the species residing there. The
fish population of the Great Lake region might
become less in numbers. The warmer temperature
of water leads to the declined coldwater fish
population, and they become plentiful. Effect of
temperature on fish and wildlife are discussed in
Fig. 4.

5.1 Impact of climate change on

freshwater
Climate change effect on freshwater resources
varies greatly depending on time and Location. The
significant effects on freshwater vary from timing,
quantity, and types of Precipitation. Increase in
winter precipitation and decrease in summer
precipitation has been witnessed in the Pacific
Northwest whereas Southwest experiences less
precipitation whole year.
Figure 4: Effect of increasing temperature on
fish and wildlife
According to the report of Doell et al. (2015), the
risk of flood and drought might be increased in
many areas. Other drivers of climate like increased
temperature also has adverse effects on freshwater
resources. There are following key impacts are:
1.Changes in precipitation pattern: Variation in the
timing, quantity, and types of precipitation affects
all the form of freshwater including its quantity and
quality.
2.Temperature rise: Rising temperature accelerates
the rate of melting ice, snowpack,and permafrost
that contribute to the short term increase in river
flow linked to flooding and followed by narrowing of
rivers. Elevated temperature cause substantial
water loss through evapotranspiration and lowered
the oxygen level in water consequently deteriorate
the water quality hence the health of the aquatic
ecosystem (Doell et al.,2015).
3.Extreme weather events and floods: The intensity
and number of heavy precipitation event increase
ultimately affecting hydrological condition (e.g.,
increased flooding,
erosion, and runoff) and water quality.
4.Sea-level rise: Sea-level rise contributes to
coastal flooding as well as salt-water ingression
into coastal aquifers and surface waters.
5.Water scarcity and drought: Increased
temperature and lesser rainfall contribute to water
inadequacy and famine in some regions,
particularly in the arid areas like Southwest (U.S.
Global Change Research Program, 2014).
6.Changes in groundwater supply: Previously
discussed impacts on precipitation and hydrology
affect the recharge rate, some areas might
experience hasty recharge, but
water-stressed areas experience a slower rate of
aquifer recharge. Availability of groundwater is get
affected by an increase in withdrawal of water in
these areas (Meixner et al., 2016).In the past few
decades, freshwater resources unveiled a direct
response to temperature variation (temperature
increases), atmospheric humidity and precipitation
(Hader et al.,2007). Basically, concerning
physiology and phenology of freshwater organism
and their habitats. These responses become
noticeable with increasing global surface
temperature(Schippers et al., 2004). Impact of
climate change is presented in Fig. 5.

6.Conclusion
To effectively discuss climate change, there is an
exigent need to condense increasing Greenhouse
gas emission and pollution and also to get
prepared for the extreme Consequences of global
warming. Advance and effective policies should be
implemented With the collaboration of businesses
to reduce carbon emission. Enhanced emission of
natural and anthropogenic greenhouse gases,
disrupting natural scenarios require more advance

and clean policies to mitigate the impact of climate

change on oceans like
Figure 5: Overview of ecosystem services and
direct and indirect effect of climate change
on Freshwater resources
ocean warming, sea-level rise, uncertainties in
ocean currents, global circulation system, coastal
flooding, increase in frequency and intensity of
tropical cyclones and associated surges, sea ice,
and ocean acidification. It is very much necessary
to create awareness among people on
climate change and its adverse impacts on natural
resources and living being.

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