Certificate

This is to certify that this project has

been made by ‘MADHAV
AGRWAL’ of class XII ‘A4’ on the
topic Analysing a fertilizer with the
guidance of “Mr.ABHISEHK” Sir
during the year 2024-2025 and have
been completed successfully.

Teacher’s signature :
Examiner’s signature :
 Acknowledgement

I am equally grateful to my teacher

Mr.ABHISEHK Sir. He gave me a moral support
and guided me in different matters regarding the
topic. He had been very kind and patient while
suggesting me the outlines of this project and
correcting my doubts. I am thankful to him for his
overall support.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents
and my friends who help me a lot in gathering
different information collecting data and adding me
from time to time in making this project.
Despite their busy schedules, they gave me different
ideas in making this project unique.
Thank you

MADHAV AGRWAL XII]

 PURPOSE
To grow healthy crops full of nutrients, farmers need
to ensure they have healthy soil. Without fertilizers
nature struggles to replenish the nutrients in the soil.
A balance nutrients supply from the soil is the
foundation to help large population avoid nutrient
deficiency related health Problems.
 Contents
 Introduction
 Aim
 Theory
 classification of fertilizer
 main chemical fertilizers
 significance of the study
 conclusion
 advantage
 disadvantage
 teacher remark
 INTRODUCTION
Fertilization increases efficiency and obtains better
quality of product recovery and agriculture activities.
It is one of the most important ways. Non-organic
fertilizers mainly contain phosphate, nitrate,
ammonium and potassium salts. Fertilizer industry
considered to be source of natural radionuclides and
heavy metals as a potential source. It contains a large
majority of the heavy metals like Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cu
and Ni, natural radionuclide like U, Th and Po.
Fertilization may affect the accumulation of heavy
metals and soil and plant system. Plants absorb the
fertilizer through the soil,they can enter the food
chain. Thus, fertilization leads to water, soil and their
pollution.
 Aim
The goal of research on fertilizer latest to
determine the amount of fertilizer needed to
achieve a commercial crop yield with
sufficient quality that is economically
acceptable for the Grower.
 Theory
A fertilizer is that substance which is used to make soil
more fertile such as manure or a mixture of nitrates. It is
applied to the soils or to plant tissues to supply one or
more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants

Hence, we can say in other words that the fertilizers are

the chemical substances which are directly respondent for
the substantial growth of the plants or crops and being
supply the nutrients in the form of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium etc. and keep the soils fertile.

The goal of research on fertilizer rate is to determine the

amount of fertilizer needed to achieve a commercial crop
yield with sufficient quality that is economically
acceptable for the grower.

Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants. This goal is met

in two ways, the traditional one being additives that
provide nutrients. The second mode by which some
fertilizers act is to enhance the effectiveness of the soil by
modifying its water retention and aeration.
 Classification of fertilizers
The fertilizers are classified on the basis of the nature of
nutrient elements like Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
(NPK) present chemically in the compounds. There are
various nitrogenous chemical fertilizers like ammonium
Sulphate , calcium ammonium nitrate, basic calcium
nitrate, calcium cyanamide (nitrolium) , urea etc.
Obviously these fertilizers supply nitrogen to the soil.
Similarly there are various phosphate chemical fertilizers
like super phosphate of lime, triple super phosphate etc.
and potash chemical fertilizers like potassium chloride,
potassium nitrate, potassium sulphate etc. Thus
phosphatic and potash chemical fertilizers supply
phosphorus and potassium to the soil respectively.

There are also some chemical fertilizers of different

composition like that of nitrogen phosphorus (NP)
fertilizers in which nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers
are mixed up in a definite and proper ratio.

The fertilizers like dehydrogenate ammoniated

phosphate, calcium super phosphate etc are NP
fertilizers. Sometimes NPK fertilizers are
composed to supply nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium all simultaneously to the soil.
 Main chemical fertilizers:
Ammonium sulphate:-This is a nitrogenous
fertilizer which is used for the raising the
production level of crops like paddy, potato etc.
In this fertilizer there is nearly 25% ammonia
which is transformed into the nitrate by the
denitrifying bacteria present in the alkaline soil.
Thus these nitrates are easily absorbed by the
crops and plants. This fertilizer is produced in
India at large scale at Sindri in Jharkhand.

➤Calcium Ammonium Nitrate :- This is

also a nitrogenous fertilizer in which the
amount of nitrogen is about 20 which is
directly absorbed by the plants. On mixing it
in the soil no any side effect appears in
 the soil and due to the extreme solubility in
water it is easily intermixed in the soil.

 Super Phosphate of lime:-This is a

Homogeneous mixture of calcium
dehydrogenate phosphate [Ca H2 (PO4)2]
and Gypsum [CaSO4.2H20] in which 16- 20%
P20S exists. The reactive component of this
fertilizer is calcium dehydrogenate
phosphate which is soluble in water. Another
phosphatic fertilizer is triple super phosphate of
lime which is also used on the behalf of super
phosphate of lime and it is prepared by the
micro powder of bones.

 UREA :- This is obtained by heating

the mixture of carbon dioxide at 125-
150°C and at about 8.5 atmospheric
pressure. In urea there is nearly 46%
nitrogen and this fertilizer is used during
introducing the seed into the soil but
 this fertilizer is never brought in the
contact of the seed. After spreading urea
on the soil, water is supplied 3-4 days
late.

 Calcium Cyanamid :- This is also called

Nitrolim and it is basically a nitrogenous
fertilizer which is supplied in the market as a
mixture of [Ca (CN)2] and carbon. This
fertilizer is used before
introducing seed into the soil but never used
for the growth purposes of the crops.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The Study is beneficial to:

➤ FARMER & GARDENERS: The benefit of this
study will help them to improve the quality of their
product, save time with their work and get a higher
profit.
➤ ENVIRONMENT: This study will help our
environment by helping the soil and plant to sustain
their needs and provide the essential nutrients
required for optimum growth.
AGRO COMPAN : This study will help them to give
a good service to their customer by giving them a
high and good quality product. (Rice, Wheat,
vegetable & fruits).
 COMMUNITY: It half the community to sense
this as a source of income if made into a business.
 CONCLUSION
ADVANTAGES OF FERTILISER

• It increases crop yield and improves poor

quality land.

• Manure improves soil texture, recycles

nitrogen and introduces essential bacteria.

Pasture is improved so animals fatten up

quicker.

• Once marshland is drained, fertilisers can

help reclaim that land for pasture.
Crops grow faster - particularly when hybrid
seeds are used.
DISADVANTAGES OF FERTILISER

•Fertilisers are costly.

• Continuous use of fertilizers in an area can
destroy soil fertility because the organic matter
in the soil is not replenished.

Their addition can have harmful effects on the

soil such as soil acidification, persistence of
toxic organic compounds and accumulation.

• The use of fertilizers on a global scale emits

significant quantities of greenhouse gas into the
atmosphere.
 Bibliography

 https//www.icbse.com
 https//www.chemistry.org
 www.pera.org
 https//www.wikipedia.org
 class 12 Chemistry Lab Manual
 class 12 NCERT Textbook