EMT

First Aid Training

First Aid Training

Oct 22
 Aims of First Aid

P reserve life

P revent worsening

P romote recovery

Who’s Who?

Baby
0-1 year

Child
1 - 18

Adult
18+
 When calling Emergency
Medical Services
In the UK Call 999 or 112 in a Emergency
and
111 for Non Emergency situations

In Europe call 112

In USA call 911

Make sure you activate the speaker function on the

phone so you can follow the instructions but deliver
rst aid to the casualty.
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 Whats in a First Aid Box?
Everything inside needs to be t for purpose and in
date.

Other useful items

Saline Solution, Foil Blanket, Burns dressing Disposal

ice packs, micro pore tape, and scissors

Not suitable

Potions, lotions and sprays

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Priorities of treatment
Primary Survey

Look all around

Approach from feet, give them a

verbal command then see if they
respond to pressure

Head tilt and chin lift

Normal breathing (look listen

and feel for 10 secs)
 Airway

When the airway is closed the tongue falls

back and blocks the airway

A head tilt and chin lift must be performed

This frees the tongue and opens the airway

On a baby you must maintain a neutral airway,

Tilting the airway too far back on a baby can
block it.

Breathing
Look (at their chest raise and fall) listen and feel (on your
cheek) for normal breathing.

An Adult will breathe approximately 2-4 times in 10

seconds.

A baby will breathe 8-10 times in 10 seconds

 They are breathing

Unconscious
Secondary Survey
The secondary survey is a quick Head to Toe check looking for
any clues to explain why they are unconscious, and removing
any sharp objects from pockets that might hurt them when in the
recovery position.
 Recovery Position
If the casualty is breathing and we have performed the secondary survey
we must roll the casualty into the recovery position. The recovery position
keeps the airway open and drains any vomit.

1. Kneel next to the casualty. Place the

casualty’s arm that is next to you 90
degrees to their body with a slight bend
(as show in the photo).

2. Lean over the casualty and reach for

their hand. Link your hand with theirs
and place it against their cheek that is
closest to you. Do not let go of this hand.

3. With your other hand, lift the

casualty’s knee so the foot is at on the
oor. Then push gently on the knee
towards you and they will roll over

4. Make sure the knee is 90 degrees to

the body and remove your hand from
theirs. Finally open the airway by
tipping the chin back

Recovery position for a baby is slightly

different. Hold the baby in your arms, head
lower than bottom to drain vomit and
airway open (neutral position)
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 Recovery Position

Task

When do you place a

casualty in this When they are unconscious, breathing
position? and do not have injuries

To keep the airway open.

Priorities? To prevent them from choking on vomit
and uids in their mouth

Important things to Do not give them a pillow.

remember Do not give them anything to eat or
drink. Put a pregnant person onto their
left hand side
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 Chain of Survival

1. Early Recognition and call for help

Recognise those at risk of cardiac arrest and call for
help in the hope that easily treatment can prevent
arrest

2. Early CPR
Start CPR to buy time until advanced medical help
arrives

3. Early defibrillation
Automated External Defibrillators (AED) give an
electric shock to reorganise the rhythm of the heart. If
you have access to one - use it. The earlier the AED
is used the greater the chance of the casualty
surviving.

4. Post resuscitation care

Provide professional help in order to restore the
Unconscious ADULT life-support

CHECK FOR DANGER

D Make sure it is safe for you and the casualty

CHECK FOR RESPONSE

R Squeeze the shoulders to see if the casualty
responds to pressure.

SHOUT FOR HELP

OPEN AIRWAY
A Open the airway using head tilt and chin lift

CHECK NORMAL BREATHING

B Look, listen and feel for normal breathing for up
to 10 seconds

ARE THEY BREATHING NORMALLY?

Y N
RECOVERY POSITION
FOR ADULT CALL 999 AND ACTIVATE
SPEAKER ON PHONE
Make sure you open the
airway by titling the head
back and lifting the chin.
Monitor breathing..
CPR 30 COMPRESSIONS
AND 2 RESCUE BREATHES
Push down on the centre of
CALL 999 the chest with 2 hand,
5-6cm of the chest depth,
100-120 bpm x 30

Open the airway and pinch the

nose, seal your mouth over
theirs and blow twice.

Continue CPR 30:2

EMT First Aid Training : [email protected]

1
Unconscious CHILD life-support

CHECK FOR DANGER

D Make sure it is safe for you and the child

CHECK FOR RESPONSE

R Squeeze the shoulders to see if the casualty
responds to pressure.

SHOUT FOR HELP

OPEN AIRWAY
A Open the airway using head tilt and chin lift

CHECK NORMAL BREATHING

B Look, listen and feel for normal breathing for up
to 10 seconds

ARE THEY BREATHING NORMALLY?

Y N
RECOVERY POSITION 5 RESCUE BREATHES
FOR CHILD Open the airway and pinch the
nose
Make sure you open the
airway by titling the head Seal your mouth over theirs
and blow then look away to
back and lifting the chin. check the chest has risen
Monitor breathing..

CALL 999
30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS
AND 2 RESCUE BREATHES
Push down on the centre of
the chest with 1 hand,

1/3 of the chest depth x 30 at

the speed of 100-120 bpm
then give 2 rescue breathes If you are alone perform
CPR for 1 MIN before
calling 999

EMT First Aid Training : [email protected]

1
Unconscious BABY life-support

CHECK FOR DANGER

D Make sure it is safe for you and the baby

CHECK FOR RESPONSE

R Tickle the baby’s feet to stimulate them

SHOUT FOR HELP

OPEN AIRWAY
A Open the airway (neutral alignment for a
newborn) using head tilt and chin lift

CHECK NORMAL BREATHING

B Look, listen and feel for normal breathing for up
to 10 seconds

ARE THEY BREATHING NORMALLY?

Y N
RECOVERY POSITION 5 RESCUE BREATHES
FOR BABY Open the airway
Lay the baby on its side Seal your mouth around their
mouth and nose
(or hold in yours arms)
with the head lower than
the bottom to allow vomit
to drain away.

30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS
CALL 999 AND 2 RESCUE BREATHES
Push down on the centre of
the chest with 2 fingers

1/3 of the chest depth x 30 at

the speed of 100-120 bpm
then give 2 rescue breathes
If you are alone perform
CPR for 1 MIN before
calling 999

EMT First Aid Training : [email protected]

1
 Heart Attack

Heart attacks occur when there is a sudden blockage in the

blood supply to the heart muscle.

Pale, cold clammy skin,

Pain in chest, shoulders, jaw, back
Signs and
Dull/crushing pain
Symptoms
Anxiety
Shortness of breath

Call 999 instantly

Treatment reassure the casulty
Ask if they have any medication
Loosen tight clothing
Place in W position
Monitor vital signs

When do I Instantly
dial 999?
 Adult and Child
Choking
Your aims are to remove the obstruction and to arrange urgent removal to
hospital if necessary.

If the obstruction is mild:

• Encourage them to continue coughing

• Remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth.
If the obstruction is severe:

• Give up to five back blows

• Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction.

If the obstruction is still present:

• Give up to five abdominal thrusts

• Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction.

If the obstruction does not clear Dial 999 (or 112) for an ambulance

Continue until help arrives.

 Baby Choking
Your aims are to remove the obstruction and to arrange urgent removal to
hospital if necessary.

If the obstruction is mild

• Remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth.

If the obstruction is severe:

• Give up to five back blows

• Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction.

If the obstruction is still present:

• Give up to five chest thrusts

• Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction.

If the obstruction does not clear Dial 999 (or 112) for an ambulance

Continue until help arrives.

 Epilepsy/Seizures

A sudden burst of excess electrical activity in the brain - causing a

temporary disturbance. A seizure also called a convulsion or t
consists of involuntary contractions of many of the muscles in the
body.
Some people may have absence seizures

Sudden loss of consciousness

Possible loss of bladder control
Signs and
Casualty becomes rigid
Symptoms
Saliva may appear
Convulsive movements begin

Allow them to have their seizure

Protect the casualty to make sure they do not injury
Treatment themselves more - protect the head
Note what time the seizures started
Once the seizure has stopped place them in the
recovery position if they are breathing

Call 999 if the casualty is unconscious for more than

When do I
10 minutes
dial 999?
Having repeated seizures
If it is the casualty rst seizure
If they seizure lasts more than 5 mins
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 Anaphylaxis

A severe allergic reaction of the body’s immune system. It causes

chemicals to be released in the blood which widen the blood
vessels and cause air passages too narrow.

Breathing becomes dif cult

Signs and Blotchy patches on the skin
Symptoms Swelling around the face
Feeling of terror

999 instantly
Treatment Ask if they have an epi pen
Help the casualty sit in a comfortable position
Monitor vital signs until more quali ed help
arrives.

Auto Injector Pens

Jext Epi Pen Emerade

Time 10 seconds 3 seconds 5 seconds

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Bleeding
 Bleeding

When someone is bleeding you are aiming to control

the bleed to prevent and minimise the effects of
shock, and minimise infection. To control the bleed
you must use direct pressure unless there is an object
in the wound when indirect pressure must be applied.

Put on disposable gloves.

Ask the casualty to sit down or lay down.
Ask the casualty to put pressure on the
wound
Using a sterile dressing apply direct pressure
to the wound.

Bandage the pad or dressing firmly to control

bleeding, but not so tightly that it stops the
circulation to fingers or toes.

If blood seeps through the bandage, apply a

2nd one. If blood comes through the 2nd
one, take them both off and start again.

Treatment for shock.

YOU NO LONGER NEED TO ELEVATE

THE WOUND
Treatment of burns

1. Run a burn under COOL running water

for 10 minutes unless its a chemical
burn. Chemical burns need to be placed
under the tap for 20 minutes

2. Remove any jewellery that is NOT

attached to the burns. Jewellery can
restrict the blood ow

3. Cover with cling lm to prevent

infection. Seek medical help if the burn is
on a baby or child, bigger than 50p,
deep and on the face, hands, feet and
genitals.
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 Soft Tissue Injuries

Sprains occur when the ligaments are over stretched

across a joint - typically the ankle or wrist.

Strains occur when the muscle is torn.

 Treatment of Fractures

Fractures must be immobilised to reduce the potential of further

damage to the injury. Use a support sling for a broken arm and
a elevation sling for a broken collar bone or to elevate a bleed.

Support Sling

Elevation Sling
 Head Injuries
Signs and symptoms and treatment

Pain,
Vomiting,
Blood or clear uid coming from ears or nose
Memory loss
Swelling
Dif culty in walking or coordination
Unconscious
Glazed
Treatment

Treat the bleeding and give and icepack for swelling

When to call the ambulance

When they are knocked out or have a skull fracture but you should always
advice a child or baby to seek medical attention.

Asthma
The muscles of the air passages contract and go into spasm as a
result making it dif cult to breathe out.
Dif culty in breathing
Wheezing
Signs and Dif culty in speaking
Symptoms Coughing
Distress/anxiety
Blue tinge to lips
Allow them to take their inhaler
Keep the chest open
Treatment Blow out for longer than in
Help the casualty use their inhaler - some have a
spacer

What I should not Never leave them alone

do Never take them to colder air
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 Diabetes
Diabetes is a long term condition where the body fails to produce
suf cient amounts of the hormone insulin, which controls the bodies
blood sugar levels. When the levels are not managed correctly one of
two types of attacks can happen

Sickle Cell
Sickle cell disease is the name for a group of
inherited conditions that affect the red blood cells.
What is sickle cell?
Sickle cell disease mainly affects people of African,
Caribbean, Asian and Eastern Mediterranean origin

Painful episodes , An increased risk of serious

Signs and Symptoms infections, Anaemia, Delayed growth, Lung
problems

Drinking water
Treatment Pain relief
Blood transfusion
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 Poisoning

4 Ways of being poisoned

• The mouth through ingestion

• The mouth and nose through inhalation

• The eyes through absorption

• The skin by injection or absorption

Treatment of Corrosive Substances

Check the airway and their breathing.

Be prepared to resuscitate (use a face shield)
Call for an ambulance
If the casualty is conscious, keep them sat up and give them sips of water
to dilute.

Treatment of Non Corrosive Substances

Encourage the casualty to rest

Offer them plenty of bland fluids to drink
Try to establish the source of the poisoning in case medical assistance is
required
Call for an ambulance if their condition deteriorates
 Effects of Heat and Cold

Normal Body
37 degrees
Temperature

Signs and Symptoms Treatment

Raised temperature Remove the casualty to a cool place

Headache, dizziness Lay the casualty down
Signs of shock: Raise the casualty’s legs
Pale, clammy skin Allow casualty sips of water (isotonic
Heat
Rapid, weak pulse drinks are also of bene t)
Exhaustion
Rapid, shallow breathing If casualty does not show signs of
Cramps in the limbs or recovery, contact the emergency
stomach. services.

Call 999/112
Headache and dizziness,
Cool the casualty rapidly using the
possible confusion
fastest methods possible:
Flushed, warm and dry
Removing excessive clothing
skin
Whole body immersion from the neck
Slow response
Heat Stroke down in cold water
Rapid pulse.
Cold shower
Nausea,vomitting
Covering the casualty in a wet sheet
Temperature of 40
When cooled, replace with a dry one
degrees or above
Continue to monitor.

When the body Move the casualty indoors or

temperature has dropped somewhere warm.
below 35 degrees Celsius Once sheltered remove wet clothing,
you cold suffer from Warm them up slowly, with body heat,
Hypothermia then keep adding layers.
Hypothermia Loss of control of limbs If possible give them warm drinks or
Uncontrollable shivering high energy food to help warm them up
that suddenly stops
Stiff muscles
Weak, irregular or no
pulse
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 Spinal Injuries

Recognition:

• Pain in the neck or back

• A ‘stepping’ of the spine
• In amma on of the back region
• Loss of movement in the limbs
• Loss of sensa on in the hands/feet
• Loss of bladder/bowel control
• Impaired breathing

Turn a casual if:

•
• You need to leave to contact the emergency services
• You need to leave to deal with other casualty's
• You cannot maintain an airway.
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 Embedded objects in Nose, Eyes, +
Ear

Treatment

Reassure the casualty, ask them to breathe through their mouth.

Nose Do not ask them to blow (they might sniff). Seek medical
attention

Ear Reassure the casualty, seek medical help

Ask the casualty to blink under a tap, wash the eye with sterile
solution.
Eyes
If there is a object embedded in the eye you must keep the eyes
still which means covering both eyes.
Reassure the casualty and seek medical help.

Meningitis
Meningitis is an in ammation of the protective membranes
that cover the spinal cord and brain (the meningitis).
What is Meningitis? Meningitis is usually caused by a virus or bacteria and the
resulting in ammation can cause damage to the spinal cord
and brain

Headache that can be severe, Generally feeling unwell/

Fever, Fatigue and irritability, Stiff neck and joint an muscle
Write down signs
pain, Dislike of bright lights, Convulsions/seizures
and symptoms and
A rash that does NOT fade when a glass is rolled over
treatment
Bulging or tense soft spot on the baby head Drowsy, oppy
and unresponsive , Unusual crying (high pitched), moaning

Most important thing DO NOT WAIT FOR THE RASH TO APPEAR - call 999
to remember: If you are in doubt seek medical help urgently
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