PROJECT TITLE – DROnE

makIng

Submitted by – Alok Kumar Pradhan

Roll no – 124CE0026

CONTENT……….

Topic Pg no
General components and their usage 03

Sensor used 05

Ideas Pg no
 Voice-Controlled Autonomous 06
Navigation
Emergency Mid-Air Flip Correction 07

Swarm & Cooperative Functionality 08

Autonomous Path Mapping in 09

Drones
Shape-Shifting Airframe for one failed 11
motor/propeller

General components and their usages

Frame
The frame is the structural foundation of the drone. It
holds all components together and ensures durability.
Frames are typically made from carbon fibre, plastic, or
aluminium for a balance of strength and lightweight
properties.
Motors
Brushless DC motors are commonly used in drones due
to their efficiency and high power-to-weight ratio. Each
motor is responsible for spinning a propeller to
generate thrust.
Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs)
ESCs regulate the power delivered to the motors. They
control the speed of each motor based on the flight
controller’s input, ensuring stable flight.
Propellers
Propellers convert motor power into thrust. They come
in various materials, including plastic and carbon fibre,
and their size and pitch affect flight performance.
Flight Controller
The flight controller is the brain of the drone. It
processes input from sensors and the pilot’s commands
to adjust motor speeds for stable flight.
Battery and Power Distribution Board (PDB)
Most drones use lithium-polymer (LiPo) batteries for
high energy density. The PDB distributes power from
the battery to different components such as ESCs, flight
controllers, and sensors.
Transmitter and Receiver
The transmitter (remote controller) sends control
signals to the drone, while the receiver onboard the
drone interprets these signals for movement control.
 GPS Module
A GPS module allows the drone to determine its precise
location, enabling autonomous navigation and return-
to-home (RTH) functionality.
Camera and Gimbal (Optional)
Drones used for photography or FPV racing include
cameras. A gimbal stabilizes the camera, reducing
vibrations for smooth footage.

GENERAL SENSOR USED

SENSOR DESCRIPTION

Accelerometer - Measures acceleration forces, helping the drone

determine its orientation and movement

Gyroscope Measures angular velocity to detect rotational motion.

It works alongside the accelerometer to maintain
stability.

Magnetometer Acts as a digital compass to help determine the drone’s

heading, improving navigation accuracy.

Barometer Measures atmospheric pressure to estimate altitude,

aiding in stable hovering and altitude hold features.
Ultrasonic Used for obstacle detection and altitude
Sensor measurement, especially in low-altitude flights.

Optical Flow Uses a downward-facing camera to detect ground

Sensor movement and assist in position hold without GPS.

Infrared (IR) Can be used for obstacle avoidance and collision

Sensors detection by measuring infrared reflections.

Lidar (Light Provides precise distance measurement by using laser

Detection and pulses, improving obstacle avoidance and
Ranging) Sensor terrainfollowing capabilities.

IDEAS
01 Voice-Controlled Autonomous Navigation
The AirWave Drone is an AI-powered, voice-controlled UAV that responds to
spoken commands, enabling hands-free autonomous navigation and task
execution. With cutting-edge speech recognition, computer vision, and
AIdriven flight control, the drone can execute complex missions based on
verbal instructions.
How It Works

1. Voice Command Recognition o The drone is equipped with AI-based

Natural Language Processing (NLP) to understand and process verbal
commands.
o Example: Saying "Fly right, then go straight until you find a
blackboard, take a picture, and return." prompts the drone to
execute the task autonomously.

2. AI-Powered Navigation o Uses GPS, LiDAR, and obstacle-avoidance

sensors to navigate through various environments. o Can recognize
 landmarks, objects, or specific targets like a blackboard, a person, or
a designated location using computer vision (CV) and machine
learning (ML) algorithms.

3. Object Recognition & Interaction o Integrated camera with AI-based

image processing allows the drone to detect objects in real-time.
o Example: It can scan for a blackboard, take a high-resolution
photo, and return to the user with the captured image.

4. Real-Time Feedback & Decision Making o The drone can confirm

actions verbally or via a mobile app interface.

02 Emergency Mid-Air Flip Correction

The AutoRecover system is an advanced stability and recovery mechanism
designed to correct a drone’s orientation mid-air after an unexpected flip, tilt,
or instability due to wind, obstacles, or control failure. It ensures the drone
regains stable flight autonomously, preventing crashes and enhancing safety.
How It Works

1. Real-Time Orientation Monitoring o The drone continuously tracks its

orientation using gyroscopes, accelerometers, and an Inertial
Measurement Unit (IMU).
o If it detects an abnormal tilt or flip beyond safe limits, it
automatically triggers recovery protocols.

2. Instant Thrust Recalibration o Using PID control algorithms, the drone

modifies motor speeds dynamically to counteract imbalance and
restore level flight.
o If upside-down, the system executes an emergency 180° or 360°
corrective flip to reposition itself.

3. Adaptive AI Flight Control o AI-based flight controllers assess

environmental factors such as wind speed, obstacles, and drone
weight distribution to fine-tune the recovery process.
 o The system prioritizes energy-efficient correction manoeuvrers to
avoid excessive battery drain.

4. Failsafe Mechanisms o If the drone is too low or the flip is too severe,
the system deploys an emergency soft-landing protocol to minimize
damage.
o In critical failures, an optional parachute or airbag system (if
installed) can be triggered.
Key Features
• Automatic Mid-Air Recovery – Corrects unexpected flips or instability.
• Gyro-Stabilized Flight – Continuous monitoring ensures stability.
• AI-Optimized Motor Thrust Adjustment – Minimizes energy use while
recovering.
• Emergency Soft-Landing System – Engages if full recovery is not
possible.
• Fast Response Time – Acts in milliseconds to prevent crashes.
.
Use Cases
• High-Wind Conditions – Prevents loss of control in strong gusts.
• Obstacle Collisions – Recovers after accidental impact with objects.
• Freestyle & Racing Drones – Enables safe recovery from aggressive
manoeuvres.
• Search & Rescue Missions – Ensures drones remain operational in
unpredictable environments.

03 Swarm & Cooperative Functionality

Swarm & Cooperative Functionality in Drones
The Swarm & Cooperative Functionality feature allows multiple
drones to work together autonomously in a synchronized
manner. Using AIdriven coordination, inter-drone
communication, and real-time decisionmaking, the drones
collaborate efficiently to complete complex tasks.
How It Works
• Inter-Drone Communication
Drones exchange data using radio signals (RF), Wi-Fi, Li-Fi,
or 5G networks, allowing them to coordinate movements,
share sensor data, and make collective decisions in real
time.
• Formation Control & Synchronization
AI-powered algorithms enable swarm intelligence, allowing
drones
to adjust their positions dynamically, fly in formations, and
avoid collisions.
• Task Allocation & Role Distribution
Each drone is assigned a specific role based on mission
requirements.
Example: In a search-and-rescue mission, one drone maps
the area, another scans for heat signatures, while a third
relays data back to the command centre.
• Adaptive Behaviour & Obstacle Avoidance
Drones continuously analyse surroundings using LiDAR,
cameras, and ultrasonic sensors to avoid obstacles and
reroute if necessary. If one drone fails, others reconfigure
their roles to maintain mission success.
Key Features
• Autonomous multi-drone coordination for efficient task
execution.
• AI-driven task sharing to optimize workflow.
• Collision avoidance and self-repairing swarm networks.
• Scalable operation from small groups to large formations.
• Multi-mode functionality for mapping, surveillance, or
performances..
 04 Autonomous Path Mapping in Drones
Autonomous Path Mapping enables drones to navigate and map
environments independently without human intervention. Using
AIpowered algorithms, real-time sensor data, and SLAM
(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping), the drone can
analyse its surroundings, create detailed maps, and optimize
flight paths.
How It Works
• Sensor-Based Environmental Scanning
The drone continuously scans the environment using
LiDAR, depth cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and GPS to
detect obstacles, terrain changes, and landmarks.
• SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping)
The drone builds a real-time 3D map of its surroundings
while simultaneously determining its own position within
that map. This allows it to navigate unknown areas safely
without preloaded maps.
• AI-Driven Path Optimization
Machine learning algorithms process the scanned data to
identify the most efficient flight path, avoiding obstacles
and minimizing energy consumption.
• Real-Time Adaptive Navigation
If new obstacles appear, the drone dynamically
recalculates its path to continue mapping without
interruption.
• Data Storage & Transmission
The mapped data is either stored onboard for post-mission
analysis or transmitted in real-time to a remote station for
immediate use.
Key Features
• Fully autonomous navigation and mapping.
• Real-time 3D map generation using SLAM.
• AI-driven path planning and obstacle avoidance.
 • Can function in GPS-denied environments (e.g., indoors,
caves, or dense forests).
• Ability to transmit or store mapping data for further
analysis.

05 Shape-Shifting Airframe for one failed motor/propeller

A Shape-Shifting Airframe allows a drone to dynamically
change its structure and configuration mid-flight, adapting to
different conditions and adjusting during failed motor. This
advanced capability enhances maneuverability,
aerodynamics, and versatility, making drones more efficient
in diverse applications.
How It Works
• Modular & Flexible Frame Design
The drone's airframe is built with articulating arms,
foldable wings, or morphing surfaces that can adjust in
real-time. These structures may use smart materials,
actuators, or servo motors to transform their shape.
• AI-Controlled Adaptive Transformation
Sensors and AI-powered flight controllers analyze wind
conditions, speed, altitude, and obstacles to determine the
best structural adjustments. The drone autonomously
alters its shape to optimize efficiency.
• Multi-Mode Operation
Depending on the situation, the drone can switch between
different flight modes:
o Compact Mode – Reduces size for tight spaces or
high-speed maneuvers.
o Wide-Wing Mode – Expands wings for energy-efficient
gliding.
o Hover Mode – Adjusts frame for maximum stability
during stationary tasks.
 • Aerodynamic Efficiency & Energy Optimization
The ability to reshape improves drag reduction, lift generation,
and power efficiency, allowing the drone to fly longer on less
energy while maintaining stability.
Key Features
• Real-Time Shape Adaptation – Adjusts structure for
different flight conditions.
• Multi-Mode Functionality – Switches between speed,
endurance, and stability modes.
• Smart Material Integration – Uses shape-memory alloys or
morphing composites.
• AI-Driven Control System – Optimizes airframe
adjustments for maximum efficiency.
• Enhanced Durability – Resists damage by adapting to
environmental stress.