U ltimate Strength Design

Flexure Design of Beams

Reference:
Design of Reinforced Concrete 9th Edition by J.C Mccormac
Reinforced Concrete Design Lectures by Engr. I.R Bonzon
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 / 2015 Edition

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
Introduction
since 1963, the ultimate strength design method has rapidly gained
popularity because;

- it makes use of a more rational approach than does working stress

design

- a more realistic consideration of safety is used

- it provides more economical designs,

Advantages of USD Method
•More rational approach than WSD

•More realistic consideration of safety is used

•Provides more economical designs

Advantages of USD Method
More rational approach than WSD

➢It takes into consideration the nonlinear shape

of the stress-strain diagram.
Advantages of USD Method
More realistic consideration of safety is
used

➢Load factors are present in strength design

➢More consistent theory all through out the

design
Advantages of USD Method
Provides more economical designs

➢Flexible designs

➢Percentage of steel varies

Assumptions in using USD Method
➢plane sections before bending remains plane after bending.

➢at ultimate capacity, strain and stress are not proportional.

➢strain in the concrete is proportional to the distance from

the neutral axis.

➢tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural

computations.
Assumptions in using USD Method
➢the ultimate strain of concrete is 0.003.

➢the modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel is 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.

➢the maximum compressive stress in the concrete is 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 .

➢the ultimate tensile stress in the reinforcement must not

exceed the specified tensile stress of steel, 𝑓𝑦
Types of RC Beam Failures
•Balanced Section

•Under-Reinforced Concrete Beams

•Over-Reinforced Concrete Beams

Types of RC Beam Failures
Balanced Section

Reinforced concrete beam sections in which the tension steel

also reaches yield strain simultaneously as the concrete
reaches the failure strain in bending are called balanced
sections.

(Insert Video)
Types of RC Beam Failures
Under-Reinforced Concrete Beams

Area of the tension reinforcement used in the beam is less

than that required for the balanced strain condition.

(Insert Video)
Types of RC Beam Failures
Over-Reinforced Reinforced Concrete Beams

Concrete crushes before steel yields and concrete

failure is sudden since it is a brittle material.

(Insert Video)
Derivation of Beam Expression

The ultimate strength design takes into consideration of the

non-linear shape of the stress-diagram.
Derivation of Beam Expression

Whitney replaced the curved stress block with an equivalent

rectangular block of intensity 0.85𝑓’𝑐 and depth 𝛼 = 𝛽1 𝑐, as
shown. The area of this rectangular block should equal that of
the curved stress block, and the centroids of the two blocks
should coincide.
Derivation of Beam Expression
Derivation of Beam Expression

Where:
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis at ultimate strength

a = depth of the compression block

𝛽1 = numerical coefficient used for the relationship of “c” and “a”
Derivation of Beam Expression

𝛽1 𝑐 = 𝑎
Derivation of Beam Expression
When: (NSCP, Sec.410.3.7.3)
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 < 28𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 > 28𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 −
7

but;
𝛽1 ≥ 0.65
Derivation of Beam Expression

𝐶=𝑇

𝐶 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
Balanced Steel Percentage, 𝜌𝑏
via Ratio and Proportion, we can;

600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
Since C = T;

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏
By multiplying “d” in both numerator and denominator

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑑
But the steel percentage can be calculated as;

𝐴𝑠
𝜌= (NSCP, 408.1)
𝑏𝑑
Balanced Steel Percentage, 𝜌𝑏
𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏 𝑑
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐′
Since 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 ;

𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏 𝑑 600𝑑
′ = 𝛽1
0.85𝑓𝑐 600 + 𝑓𝑦
The balanced steel ratio is now;

600 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1
𝜌𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
Maximum Steel Percentage, 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
According to NSCP 2015, Section 409.3.3 (Reinforcement Strain
Limit in Non-Prestressed Beams), for non-prestressed beams
with Pu<0.10f’cAg, εt shall be at least 0.004. Based on this, the
suggested maximum steel ratio is.

3 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝛽1
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
7 𝑓𝑦
Maximum Steel Percentage, 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

When;

𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦 → Tension Steel Yields; (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 )

𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 → Tension Steel does not Yield; (𝑓𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦 )
Minimum Steel Percentage, 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
Sometimes because of architectural or functional requirements, beam dimensions
are selected that are much larger than are required for bending alone. Such
members theoretically require very small amount of reinforcing. There is actually
another possible mode of failure that can occur in very lightly reinforced beams. If
the ultimate resisting moment of the section is less than its cracking moments, the
section will fall immediately when a crack occurs without any warning.

𝑓𝑐′ 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (NSCP, Sec.410.6.1)
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

*choose the higher value between the two equation

Load Factors
In the ASCE-ACI report, all of the factors of safety in ultimate strength design was
provided for extensibility in the load factor. That is, the service loads were increased
by some multiple and the idealized capacity, or ultimate strength, of the member
had to be equal to or greater than this assumed loading.

Idealized Capacity (Ø𝑈) = Ultimate Load

Load Factors (NSCP, Sec.409.3)

Idealized capacity (ϕU) = ultimate load (c1ω1 + c2ω2)

U = 1.2D + 1.6L (1)

U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W) (2)
U = 0.9D + 1.3W (3)
U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E (4)
U = 0.9D + 1.1E (5)
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H (6)
U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.4T + 1.7L) (7)
U = 1.4(D + T) (8)
Load Factors (NSCP, Sec.409.3)

where;
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
H = earth pressure
T = structural effects brought about by
settlement, creep, shrinkage, expansion
or temperature change.
Strength Reduction Factors
The purpose of the strength reduction factors are as follows;

➢ Uncertainties of materials strength

➢ Approximations in analysis

➢ Possible variations in dimensions

➢ Placement of Reinforcement

➢ Workmanship
Strength Reduction Factors
Strength Reduction Factors 409.4.2
1.) Tension Controlled 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005

∅ = 0.90

2.) Compression Controlled 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.002

∅ = 0.65

3.) Transition Zone 0.002 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005

250
∅ = 0.65 + 𝜀𝑡 − 0.002
3
USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
The present design of reinforced concrete structures is based on the concept
of providing sufficient strength to resist hypothetical overloads. The nominal
strength of a proposed member is calculated, based on the knowledge of the
member and material behavior. The nominal strength is modified by a strength
reduction factor, ϕ, less than unity, to obtain the strength.
USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

𝐶 = 𝑇
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (NSCP, sec.410.3.7.1)
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠

𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑑− = 𝑇 𝑑−
2 2

𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛
USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

2
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑 1−
1.7𝑓𝑐′

Note - This formula is only applicable when (fs = fy)

USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Singly Reinforced Beam

1.) Identify if the tension steel will yield or not (𝜌, 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝛽1 )

2.) Determine the height of the compression block (a, c)

3.) Compute for the value of 𝑓𝑠

4.) Compute for the reduction factor needed (𝜀𝑠 , ∅)

5.) Get the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )

6.) Get the ultimate moment (𝑀𝑢 )

 Get the value
get the value
of “a”
of “c”
(C=T)
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝐶

Yields
𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦
Determine the
Determine if Get the value of Identify the Get the Ultimate
the tension the actual stress in reduction nominal Moment
steel yields steel, 𝑓𝑠 factor needed, moment in the Capacity of
(strain diagram) ∅ beam, 𝑀𝑛 the beam,
𝑀𝑢
Not yield
𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦

Get the value

of “c” get the value
(C=T) & of “a”
(Strain Diag) 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝐶
USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
Example 1: Investigation
Calculate the design moment strength of a
rectangular section that has a width of 250 mm 550 mm
and an effective depth of 550 mm and it is 4-20mm ∅
reinforced with 4 20-mm ϕ bars.

Given:
𝑓𝑐′ = 21.00 Mpa
250 mm
𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 1: Investigation
Calculate the design moment strength of a rectangular section that has a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of
550 mm and it is reinforced with 4 20-mm ϕ bars.
𝑓𝑐′ = 21.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 1: Investigation
Calculate the design moment strength of a rectangular section that has a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of
550 mm and it is reinforced with 4 20-mm ϕ bars.
𝑓𝑐′ = 21.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 1: Investigation
Calculate the design moment strength of a rectangular section that has a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of
550 mm and it is reinforced with 4 20-mm ϕ bars.
𝑓𝑐′ = 21.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 1: Investigation
Calculate the design moment strength of a rectangular section that has a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of
550 mm and it is reinforced with 4 20-mm ϕ bars.
𝑓𝑐′ = 21.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
Example 2: Investigation
A 5.0 m span cantilever beam has an effective
cross-section of 300 mm x 450 mm and is 400 mm
reinforced with 6-28mm  bars. If the super 6-28mm ∅
imposed dead load is equal to 4.76 kN / m,
determine the allowable uniform live load on the
beam. Assume steel cover to be 50 mm.

Given: 300 mm
𝑓𝑐′ = 28.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 2: Investigation
A 5.0 m span cantilever beam has an effective cross-section of 300 mm x 450 mm and is
reinforced with 6-28mm  bars. If the super imposed dead load is equal to 4.76 kN / m,
determine the allowable uniform live load on the beam. Assume steel cover to be 50 mm.
𝑓𝑐′ = 28.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 2: Investigation
A 5.0 m span cantilever beam has an effective cross-section of 300 mm x 450 mm and is
reinforced with 6-28mm  bars. If the super imposed dead load is equal to 4.76 kN / m,
determine the allowable uniform live load on the beam. Assume steel cover to be 50 mm.
𝑓𝑐′ = 28.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 2: Investigation
A 5.0 m span cantilever beam has an effective cross-section of 300 mm x 450 mm and is
reinforced with 6-28mm  bars. If the super imposed dead load is equal to 4.76 kN / m,
determine the allowable uniform live load on the beam. Assume steel cover to be 50 mm.
𝑓𝑐′ = 28.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 2: Investigation
A 5.0 m span cantilever beam has an effective cross-section of 300 mm x 450 mm and is
reinforced with 6-28mm  bars. If the super imposed dead load is equal to 4.76 kN / m,
determine the allowable uniform live load on the beam. Assume steel cover to be 50 mm.
𝑓𝑐′ = 28.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 2: Investigation
A 5.0 m span cantilever beam has an effective cross-section of 300 mm x 450 mm and is
reinforced with 6-28mm  bars. If the super imposed dead load is equal to 4.76 kN / m,
determine the allowable uniform live load on the beam. Assume steel cover to be 50 mm.
𝑓𝑐′ = 28.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 2: Investigation
A 5.0 m span cantilever beam has an effective cross-section of 300 mm x 450 mm and is
reinforced with 6-28mm  bars. If the super imposed dead load is equal to 4.76 kN / m,
determine the allowable uniform live load on the beam. Assume steel cover to be 50 mm.
𝑓𝑐′ = 28.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
Example 3: Investigation
The cross-section of 6.0 meters simply supported
span is 300 mm x 500 mm and is reinforced with
6-25mm  bars position in two rows, as shown. 6-28mm ∅ 500 mm
Determine the allowable uniform live load that
the beam can accommodate considering the
total acting dead load is equal to 20kN/m.

Given: 300 mm

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 Mpa

𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
Example 3: Investigation
The cross-section of 6.0 meters simply supported span is 300 mm x 500 mm and is reinforced
with 6-25mm  bars position in two rows, as shown. Determine the allowable uniform live load
that the beam can accommodate considering the total acting dead load is equal to 20kN/m.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa

Example 3: Investigation
The cross-section of 6.0 meters simply supported span is 300 mm x 500 mm and is reinforced
with 6-25mm  bars position in two rows, as shown. Determine the allowable uniform live load
that the beam can accommodate considering the total acting dead load is equal to 20kN/m.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa

Example 3: Investigation
The cross-section of 6.0 meters simply supported span is 300 mm x 500 mm and is reinforced
with 6-25mm  bars position in two rows, as shown. Determine the allowable uniform live load
that the beam can accommodate considering the total acting dead load is equal to 20kN/m.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa

Example 3: Investigation
The cross-section of 6.0 meters simply supported span is 300 mm x 500 mm and is reinforced
with 6-25mm  bars position in two rows, as shown. Determine the allowable uniform live load
that the beam can accommodate considering the total acting dead load is equal to 20kN/m.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa

Example 3: Investigation
The cross-section of 6.0 meters simply supported span is 300 mm x 500 mm and is reinforced
with 6-25mm  bars position in two rows, as shown. Determine the allowable uniform live load
that the beam can accommodate considering the total acting dead load is equal to 20kN/m.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa

USD – SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
Example 4: Design
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam have a
simple span of 6.0 meters. It carries a dead load
moment of 120 kN-m, a live load 160 kN-m, and
a moment due to effect of earthquake of 280kN-
m. Design the beam. Steel cover = 50 mm

Given:
𝑓𝑐′ = 35.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
Example 4: Design
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam have a simple span of 6.0 meters. It carries a dead load moment of 120 kN-m, a live
load 160 kN-m, and a moment due to effect of earthquake of 280kN-m. Design the beam. Steel cover = 50 mm
𝑓𝑐′ = 35.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
Example 4: Design
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam have a simple span of 6.0 meters. It carries a dead load moment of 120 kN-m, a live
load 160 kN-m, and a moment due to effect of earthquake of 280kN-m. Design the beam. Steel cover = 50 mm
𝑓𝑐′ = 35.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
Example 4: Design
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam have a simple span of 6.0 meters. It carries a dead load moment of 120 kN-m, a live
load 160 kN-m, and a moment due to effect of earthquake of 280kN-m. Design the beam. Steel cover = 50 mm
𝑓𝑐′ = 35.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
Example 4: Design
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam have a simple span of 6.0 meters. It carries a dead load moment of 120 kN-m, a live
load 160 kN-m, and a moment due to effect of earthquake of 280kN-m. Design the beam. Steel cover = 50 mm
𝑓𝑐′ = 35.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
Example 4: Design
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam have a simple span of 6.0 meters. It carries a dead load moment of 120 kN-m, a live
load 160 kN-m, and a moment due to effect of earthquake of 280kN-m. Design the beam. Steel cover = 50 mm
𝑓𝑐′ = 35.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
The steel that is occasionally used on the compressive side of beams is called
compression steel and beams with both tensile and compressive steel are
referred to as doubly-reinforced beams.
USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Compression steel is not normally required in sections designed by the
strength method because the use of the full compressive strength of the
concrete decidedly decrease the need for such reinforcement.
USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Occasionally, however, beams are limited to such small sizes by space or
aesthetic requirements that compression steel is needed in addition to tensile
steel.
Located at the center of
gravity of the area of
compression.

Located at the compression

bars

Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0

𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 ′ = 𝑇
USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
To get the Nominal Moment Capacity (𝑀𝑛 ) of the beam, simply take a moment
on the point where the tension bars are located.
USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
The maximum area of tension steel bar is equivalent to;
𝑓𝑠′
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 + 𝐴𝑠 ′ Used for
𝑓𝑦
design
USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Doubly Reinforced Beam

1. Assume that the compression and tension steel yields

2. Determine the height of the compression block (a, c)

3. Identify if the compression and the tension steel will yield or not (𝜀𝑠′ , ε𝑠 )

4. Compute for the value of 𝑓𝑠 and 𝑓𝑠′

5. Compute for the reduction factor needed (𝜀𝑠 , ∅)

6. Get the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )

7. Get the ultimate moment (𝑀𝑢 )

 If correct, proceed to

Assume that both

tension and Using the Determine the
compression steel strain Identify the Get the Ultimate
bars yield Get the value diagram reduction nominal Moment
(𝜀𝑠′ > 𝜀𝑦 ) of “c” and “a” check if the factor needed, moment in the Capacity of
& assumptions ∅ beam, 𝑀𝑛 the beam,
(ε𝑠 > 𝜀𝑦 ) are correct 𝑀𝑢

If not, get the required

value of “c” to satisfy
the condition of the
compression and
tension bars
USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Example 1: Investigation
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width 1200𝑚𝑚2
of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. 600 mm
The steel covering both of the top and bottom
reinforcements is 50 mm. It is reinforced for 4000𝑚𝑚2
tension with 4000𝑚𝑚2 and for compression with
1200𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the permissible ultimate
moment capacity of the beam
300 mm
Given:
𝑓𝑐′ = 25.00 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 1: Investigation
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. The
steel covering both of the top and bottom reinforcements is 50 mm. It is reinforced for tension with
4000𝑚𝑚2 and for compression with 1200𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of
the beam

𝑓𝑐′ = 25.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 1: Investigation
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. The
steel covering both of the top and bottom reinforcements is 50 mm. It is reinforced for tension with
4000𝑚𝑚2 and for compression with 1200𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of
the beam

𝑓𝑐′ = 25.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 1: Investigation
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. The
steel covering both of the top and bottom reinforcements is 50 mm. It is reinforced for tension with
4000𝑚𝑚2 and for compression with 1200𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of
the beam

𝑓𝑐′ = 25.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 1: Investigation
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. The
steel covering both of the top and bottom reinforcements is 50 mm. It is reinforced for tension with
4000𝑚𝑚2 and for compression with 1200𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of
the beam

𝑓𝑐′ = 25.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 1: Investigation
A doubly reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm. The
steel covering both of the top and bottom reinforcements is 50 mm. It is reinforced for tension with
4000𝑚𝑚2 and for compression with 1200𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of
the beam

𝑓𝑐′ = 25.00 Mpa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 2: Investigation
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the
beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the steel
bar equivalent to 65 mm.

Given:
𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 MPa
𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa
Example 2: Investigation
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the
steel bar equivalent to 65 mm.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 2: Investigation
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the
steel bar equivalent to 65 mm.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 2: Investigation
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the
steel bar equivalent to 65 mm.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 2: Investigation
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the
steel bar equivalent to 65 mm.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 2: Investigation
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the
steel bar equivalent to 65 mm.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 2: Investigation
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the
steel bar equivalent to 65 mm.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 2: Investigation
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the
steel bar equivalent to 65 mm.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

Example 2: Investigation
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown. Use concrete cover of the center of the
steel bar equivalent to 65 mm.

𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 MPa 𝑓𝑦 = 420.00 MPa

USD – DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Example 3: Design
A rectangular beam is limited to a width of 300
mm, an effective depth of 400 mm and a total
depth of 450 mm. The beam carries a live load of 450 mm
40 kN/m and a total dead load of 20 kN/m on a
simple span of 6.0 meter. Determine the
necessary reinforcement assuming an effective
cover of 50 mm.
300 mm

Given:
𝑓𝑐′ = 30.00 Mpa
𝑓𝑦 = 400.00 MPa
USD - T BEAM
Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of slabs and beams that
are placed monolithically. As a result, the two parts act together to resist loads.
In effect, the beams have extra widths at their tops, called flanges, and the
resulting T-shaped beams are called T beams.
USD - T BEAM
Effective Flange Width: (NSCP 2010 Section 408.13.2)
Interior Beam (Symmetrical Section)
1
− 𝑏𝑓 = 4 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
− 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 16𝑡
1
− 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑏

Edge Beam (Beams with Slab on side only)

1
− 𝑏𝑓 = 12 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
− 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝑡
1
− 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑏

*choose the smallest value of 𝑏𝑓

USD - T BEAM
Effective Flange Width: (NSCP 2015 Table 406.3.2.1)
Interior Beam (Symmetrical Section)
𝑙𝑛
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 +
4
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 16𝑡
𝑠𝑤1 + 𝑠𝑤2
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 +
2

Edge Beam (Beams with Slab on side only)

𝑙𝑛
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 +
12
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝑡
𝑠𝑤
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 +
2

*choose the smallest value of 𝑏𝑓

Where:
𝑙𝑛 - length of clear span measured face-to-face of supports, mm.
𝑠𝑤 - clear distance to the adjacent web
𝑡 – slab thickness
 USD - T BEAM
Cases of analysis of T-Beams
Case 1: When “a” is located in the thickness of the flange (a < t)
 USD - T BEAM
Cases of analysis of T-Beams
Case 2: When “a” exceeds the value of the thickness of flange (a < t)
USD – T BEAM
Steps in determining the Moment Capacity of a Singly Reinforced T-Beam

1. Determine the effective width of the flange (𝑏𝑓 )

2. Assume that the tension steel will yield

3. Determine the area of the flange (𝐴𝑓 )

4. Using Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0, determine the area of the compression block (𝐴𝑐 )

5. Determine if the “a” exceeds the value of the flange thickness

6. Check if the tension steel yields (𝜀𝑠 , ε𝑦 )

7. Compute for the reduction factor (∅)

8. Compute for the nominal moment (𝑀𝑛 )

9. Compute for the ultimate moment capacity (𝑀𝑢 )

USD – T BEAM
Example 1: Investigation
The floor system shown has a simple span of 6.0
meters and clear spacing of beams to be 1.50
meters. Find the effective flange width for the
end beam and interior beam
USD – T BEAM
Example 2: Investigation
The T-beam in the floor system shown has a slab
thickness of 100 mm which is supported by 6.0
meters span length beam cast monolithically with
the slab spacing of beams are 2.0 meters o.c and a
web width of 300 mm and effective depth of 600
mm. The beam is reinforced with 5-25mm ∅ bars.
Find the ultimate capacity of the beam.