ECE 10C

Fall 2020
Slide Set 4
Instructor: Galan Moody
TA: Kamyar Parto

Important Items:
Last week
• Driven RLC circuits • HW #3 due Friday, 11/6
• Lab #3 due 11/6
This week • Midterm next week
• Sinusoidal input to RLC • Format TBD
• Impedance method • HW 2 grading by Thurs
Quiz Time!

Q1 [2 points]. What is the magnitude and phase of the complex number 𝑍 = 3𝑒 𝑗 0 + 4𝑒 𝑗 𝜋/2 ?
(a) 𝑍 = 4, 𝜑 = tan−1 4/3
(b) 𝑍 = 5, 𝜑 = tan−1 3/4
(c) 𝑍 = 5, 𝜑 = tan−1 4/3

Q2 [3 points]. In the figure below, the three curves represent the frequency dependence of the impedance
for a capacitor, an inductor, and a resistor. Label which curve corresponds to which element. [HINT #1:
the impedance Z of an element can be thought of as its “resistance”, which allows us to apply a
generalization of Ohm’s law V = I×Z to each element.] [HINT #2: how do the capacitor, inductor, and
resistor behave at DC, i.e. as 𝜔 → 0 rad/s?]

(a) 1 = R, 2 = L, 3 = C
(b) RCL
(c) LRC
(d) LCR
(e) CRL
(f) CLR
HW 2 Problem 4

1. Find i(0-) and v(0-).

2. Find i(0+) and v(0+). Find v(t) and tc.
3. Find v(inf), tr. Find v(t). Find max rate.
4. Find optimal L for shortest tr. Find rate.
HW 2 Problem 4

1. Find i(0-) and v(0-).

2. Find i(0+) and v(0+). Find v(t) and tc.
3. Find v(inf), tr. Find v(t). Find max rate.
4. Find optimal L for shortest tr. Find rate.
HW 2 Problem 4

1. Find i(0-) and v(0-).

2. Find i(0+) and v(0+). Find v(t) and tc.
3. Find v(inf), tr. Find v(t). Find max rate.
4. Find optimal L for shortest tr. Find rate.
HW 2 Problem 4

1. Find i(0-) and v(0-).

2. Find i(0+) and v(0+). Find v(t) and tc.
3. Find v(inf), tr. Find v(t). Find max rate.
4. Find optimal L for shortest tr. Find rate.
HW 2 Problem 4

1. Find i(0-) and v(0-).

2. Find i(0+) and v(0+). Find v(t) and tc.
3. Find v(inf), tr. Find v(t). Find max rate.
4. Find optimal L for shortest tr. Find rate.
HW 2 Problem 4

1. Find i(0-) and v(0-).

2. Find i(0+) and v(0+). Find v(t) and tc.
3. Find v(inf), tr. Find v(t). Find max rate.
4. Find optimal L for shortest tr. Find rate.
Transient Analysis

We care about the exact response of a system at all times t:

input signal output signal

• We can use what we’ve learned with 1st and 2nd order ODEs to
calculate the system’s response.
• A different method: impedances. We treat a complex circuit as a
bunch of elements that appear similar to resistors.
Transient Analysis

What we’ll go over today:

1. Sinusoidal input to RC circuit

2. Expressing source and response as complex numbers
3. Transient + steady state solution
4. Concept of “impedance”
1. Allows us to use a generalized version of Ohm’s law for R’s, L’s, and
C’s. Easier method to analyze circuits, and no more (almost) ODEs!
2. Need to understand how to get to these generalized expressions
and impedance method, then we can use it to analyze complex
circuits.
Let’s Go Back to Our RC Circuit…

We want to find vc(t) when v(t) = V*u(t) and vc(0-) = V0.

Solution Steps
1. Use node method to find the ODE describing vc
2. Find homogeneous solution vch (set the source to zero)
3. Find the particular solution vcp
4. The total solution is a sum of the homogeneous solution and the
particular solution. Use the initial conditions to solve for the
unknown constants.
Sinusoidal Input – A Review (covered in Chpt 10)

We can use this same method to solve for vc(t) with a sinusoidal input:

𝑣𝑖 −𝑣𝑐 𝑑𝑣𝑐 𝑑𝑣𝑐

Node analysis: −𝐶 = 0 → 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑐 + 𝑅𝐶
𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑣𝑐 = 𝑣𝑐ℎ + 𝑣𝑐𝑝 𝑣𝑐ℎ = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶

Particular solution?

𝑑𝑣𝑐𝑝
𝑉𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑣𝑐𝑝 + 𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑡
Sinusoidal Input – A Review (covered in Chpt 10)

For particular solution, “guess” sinusoidal response:

Our guess: vcp must be some combination of sines and cosines

𝑣𝑐𝑝 = 𝐾1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐾2 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑑𝑣𝑐𝑝
𝑉𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑣𝑐𝑝 + 𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑡

𝑉𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐾1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐾2 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑅𝐶𝜔𝐾2 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑅𝐶𝜔𝐾1 sin 𝜔𝑡

Remaining Steps (see page 558)

1. We find K1 and K2 by equating sine and cosine terms

2. We use trig equalities to convert solution to a single cosine
3. We find A1 from homogeneous sol’n using the initial conditions
Sinusoidal Input – A Review (covered in Chpt 10)

We can use this same method to solve for vc(t) with a sinusoidal input:

𝑉𝑖
𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 + cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑
1 + 𝜔𝑅𝐶 2

transient steady state

solution solution
(vch) (vcp)
Transient vs. Steady State Analysis

The term transient response and steady state response arise naturally
in the context of sinusoidal inputs

When the input sine wave is switched on, the system takes a while to
“settle down” to a perfect sine wave response at the same frequency…

𝑉𝑖
𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 + cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑
1 + 𝜔𝑅𝐶 2
Let’s Make Our Lives Easier with Complex Numbers

• A complex number in Cartesian form:

Im{Z}
Z = X + jY = |Z|ejf (polar form)
Re(Z) = X
Im(Z) = Y
Z

|Z| 𝑍 ∗ = 𝑋 − 𝑗𝑌 = 𝑍 𝑒 −𝑗𝜑
Y 𝑍 = 𝑍 × 𝑍∗ = 𝑋2 + 𝑌2

𝜑 = tan−1 𝑌/𝑋
𝜑
𝑋 = 𝑍 cos 𝜑
X Re{Z}
𝑌 = 𝑍 sin 𝜑
Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

Easy to multiple/divider in exponential form:

𝑍1 𝑍2 = 𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑒 𝑗𝜑1 𝑒 𝑗𝜑1 = 𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑒 𝑗 𝜑1 +𝜑2

Im{Z}

Z1Z2
Same with division:
|Z1||Z2|
𝑍1 /𝑍2 = 𝑍1 𝑒 𝑗𝜑1 / 𝑍2 𝑒 𝑗𝜑1 = 𝑍1 / 𝑍2 𝑒 𝑗 𝜑1 −𝜑2

Z1 Z2 And inversion:

𝜑1 + 𝜑2 1 −𝑗𝜑
1/𝑍1 = 𝑒 1
𝑍1
Re{Z}
In-Class Exercise

Calculate the magnitude and phase of:

𝑎
𝑍=
1 + 𝑗𝑏𝜔
In-Class Exercise

Calculate the magnitude and phase of:

𝑎
𝑍=
1 + 𝑗𝑏𝜔

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑍 = 𝑍 × 𝑍∗ = =
1+𝑗𝑏𝜔 1−𝑗𝑏𝜔 1+𝑏2 𝜔2
In-Class Exercise

Calculate the magnitude and phase of:

𝑎
𝑍=
1 + 𝑗𝑏𝜔

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑍 = 𝑍 × 𝑍∗ = =
1+𝑗𝑏𝜔 1−𝑗𝑏𝜔 1+𝑏2 𝜔2

For the phase, Need form like:

𝑍 = 𝑋 + 𝑗𝑌
In-Class Exercise

Calculate the magnitude and phase of:

𝑎
𝑍=
1 + 𝑗𝑏𝜔

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑍 = 𝑍 × 𝑍∗ = =
1+𝑗𝑏𝜔 1−𝑗𝑏𝜔 1+𝑏2 𝜔2

For the phase, Need form like:

𝑍 = 𝑋 + 𝑗𝑌
𝑎 1−𝑗𝑏𝜔 𝑎−𝑗𝑏𝜔
𝜑 = tan−1 𝑌/𝑋 = =
1+𝑗𝑏𝜔 1−𝑗𝑏𝜔 1+𝑏2 𝜔2

𝜑 = tan−1 𝑌/𝑋 = tan−1 −𝑏𝜔/𝑎

Sometimes written as, or asked for, in polar coordinates, i.e. 𝑟∠𝜑 = 𝑍∠𝜑
Back to our RC circuit

Let’s analyze it now using complex exponentials:

𝑉𝑖 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑗𝑉𝑖 sin 𝜔𝑡

Replace the source of 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑡 with the form:

𝑣෥𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

We can see that: 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒{𝑣෥𝑖 𝑡 }

Idea! Let’s replace the sinusoidal source and the response with
complex exponentials, work through the math, and then just take the
real part of the complex response at the end
Complex Exponential Drive

was
𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑡

𝑉𝑖
𝑣෤𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶
Complex Exponential Drive – Particular Solution

• No waveform or response that you actually measure will have a “j”

associated with it. It’s a mathematical “trick” to make analysis easier.
• Let’s find the particular response:

𝑉𝑖
𝑣෤𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑖
𝑣𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑣෤𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶
Complex Exponential Drive – Particular Solution

• No waveform or response that you actually measure will have a “j”

associated with it. It’s a mathematical “trick” to make analysis easier.
• Let’s find the particular response:

𝑉𝑖
𝑣෤𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑖
𝑣𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑣෤𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶

• First, convert 𝑣෤𝑐𝑝 𝑡 to polar form: Z = |Z|x ejf

• Let’s find the particular response:

Complex Exponential Drive – Particular Solution

Thus, the particular solution to the 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖 cos 𝜔𝑡 drive is:

𝑉𝑖
𝑣𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑣෤𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 = 𝑉𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑡 + ∠𝑉𝑐
1 + 𝜔𝑅𝐶 2

−𝜔𝑅𝐶
𝜑 = ∠𝑉𝑐 = tan−1
1

Finally, our total solution is the sum of homogeneous and particular:

𝑉𝑖
𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 + cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑
1 + 𝜔𝑅𝐶 2
A Key Observation to Make Everything Easier…

𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖
𝑣෤𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝑐 = = 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔
1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑅𝐶𝑠

Let’s rewrite Vc:

1/𝐶𝑠
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉
𝑅 + 1/𝐶𝑠 𝑖
Looks just like a voltage divider expression!
A Key Observation to Make Everything Easier…

𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖
𝑣෤𝑐𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝑐 = = 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔
1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑅𝐶𝑠

Let’s rewrite Vc:

1/𝐶𝑠
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉
𝑅 + 1/𝐶𝑠 𝑖
Looks just like a voltage divider expression!
The Concept of Impedance

Let’s see what these “boxes” are and what we can do with them!

• For a capacitor, let’s assume the voltage and current are of the form:

• We know that:

• So we can write a simple algebraic expression of:

Generalization of Ohm’s Law for Sinusoidal Steady State

Resistor: 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 → 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅
1 1 1
Capacitor: 𝑉 = 𝐼 → 𝑍𝐶 = =
𝑠𝐶 𝑠𝐶 𝑗𝜔𝐶

Inductor: 𝑉 = 𝑠𝐿𝐼 → 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑠𝐿 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿

The Concept of Impedance

Impedance: A generalization of resistance for sinusoidal steady state inputs.

Associated with each element is a characteristic impedance that affects
the flow of current/voltage drop across the element, analogous to a resistor.

We can now analyze complex circuits with R’s, C’s, and L’s using our
standard tools, like KVL, KCL, Node method, and treat each element in
the circuit using Ohm’s law with it’s characteristic impedance.
Ohm’s law is easier to use for evaluating circuits. No more ODE’s! (mostly)

Generalization of Ohm’s Law for Sinusoidal Steady State

Resistor: 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 → 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅
1 1 1
Capacitor: 𝑉 = 𝐼 → 𝑍𝐶 = =
𝑠𝐶 𝑠𝐶 𝑗𝜔𝐶

Inductor: 𝑉 = 𝑠𝐿𝐼 → 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑠𝐿 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿

A New Circuit with “Boxes”

We can redraw the circuit, replacing resistors with R boxes, capacitors

with 1/Cs boxes, and cosine sources by their amplitudes

1/𝐶𝑠
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉
𝑅 + 1/𝐶𝑠 𝑖
Looks just like a voltage divider expression!

(1) Replace components with complex impedance

(2) Replace sources with their amplitudes and phases (remove time dep.)
(3) Solve for complex v, i amplitudes, then add back in time dep. at end
The Concept of Impedance

Impedance: A generalization of resistance for sinusoidal steady state inputs.

Associated with each element is a characteristic impedance that affects
the flow of current/voltage drop across the element, analogous to a resistor.
THURSDAY

• Summary of our new impedance method and how to use

• How to convert sources, write out sinusoidal inputs as complex amplitudes

• How to determine complex amplitudes of voltage and current

throughout the circuit

• Reconstruct the total time-domain signal

• Examples.