Dynamics

Engr. Jayson Z. Ferolin, RCE, RMP

Instructor
Dynamics
DYNAMICS – the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies is motion

BRANCHES OF DYNAMICS:

Kinematics
The geometry of motion. This term is used to define the motion of a particle or
body without consideration of the forces causing the motion.

Kinetics
The branch of mechanics that relates the force acting on the body to its mass and
acceleration.
Motion of Bodies
I. Translation
• The motion of a rigid body in which a straight line passing through any
two of its particle always remain to be parallel to its initial position.

II. Rotation
• The motion of a rigid body in which the particles move in circular paths
with their centers on a fixed straight line called the axis of rotation.

III.Plane Motion
• The motion of a rigid body in which all particles in the body remain at a
constant distance from a fixed reference plane.
Kinematics

Scalars Vectors
Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Distance vs Displacement
+ 13 m west
Distance = 17m
- 4 m west Displacement = +9m

Distance is how much ground an object has covered while moving, regardless of
direction. It's like measuring the total length of the path you walked, even if you took
turns or backtracked.
Displacement is how far an object is from its starting point in a straight line, including
the direction. It’s the shortest distance between where you started and where you
ended up.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛2 − 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛1

 Speed vs Velocity
Speed Velocity
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠ҧ = 𝑣ҧ =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
+100 m E
250 𝑚
𝑠ҧ = = 50 𝑚Τ𝑠 - 150 m W
−50 𝑚
5𝑠 𝑣ҧ = = −10 𝑚Τ𝑠
5𝑠
t=5s

• Speed is how fast something is moving, but it doesn’t care about the
direction. It’s just the distance covered over time.
• Velocity is speed with direction. It tells you how fast you're moving and where
you're going.
Examples:
During a 3s time interval, a runner’s How far can a cyclist travel in 2.5
position changes from x1=50m to hours if her average velocity is 18
x2=30.5m. What was the runner’s km/h?
average velocity?
Examples:
During a 3s time interval, a runner’s How far can a cyclist travel in 2.5
position changes from x1=50m to hours if her average velocity is 18
x2=30.5m. What was the runner’s km/h?
average velocity?
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑎𝑣𝑒. 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 30.5𝑚 − 50𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 19.5𝑚

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒. 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 15 𝑘𝑚Τℎ 2.5ℎ
−19.5𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝒎
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = −𝟔. 𝟓 𝒎Τ𝒔
3𝑠
Translation Motion
Elements:
S = distance vo = initial velocity
v = velocity t = time
g = acceleration due to gravity
g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
a = acceleration

A. RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION – travels in a straight path

Case 1: UNIFORM MOTION (a=0)

𝑆
𝑺=𝒗𝒕 𝑣=
𝑡
Rectilinear Translation
Case 2: NON UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION (variable acceleration)
𝒅𝑺 = 𝑽 𝒅𝒕 Where α may be a function of velocity v, time t, or
𝒅𝑽 = 𝒂 𝒅𝒕 distance s, and v may be a function of time t or
𝑽 𝒅𝑽 = 𝒂 𝒅𝑺 distance s

Case 3: UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION (constant acceleration)

𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟏
𝒔 = 𝒗𝒐𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔
Problem 1
Initially, the car travels along a straight road with a speed of 35 m/s. If the
brakes are applied and the speed of the car is reduced to 10 m/s in 15 s,
determine the constant deceleration of the car.
Problem 1
Initially, the car travels along a straight road with a speed of 35 m/s. If the
brakes are applied and the speed of the car is reduced to 10 m/s in 15 s,
determine the constant deceleration of the car.

Given:
V0 = 35 m/s 𝑣1 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
V1 = 10 m/s 10 = 15 + 𝑎(5)
t = 5s
𝒂 = −𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
Find:
a=?
Problem 2
A ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 15 m/s. Determine the
time of flight when it returns to its original position.
Problem 2
A ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 15 m/s. Determine the
time of flight when it returns to its original position.

Given:
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡
V0 = 15 m/s
V1 = 0 m/s 0 = 15 + (−9.81)𝑡

Required: 𝑡 = 1.529𝑠 × 2 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠

t=?
𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟓𝟖 𝒔
Problem 3 & 4
• Naa sa chatgpt!!
Problem 3
A particle travels along a straight line with a speed v = (0.5t3 - 8t) m/s,
where t is in seconds. Determine the acceleration of the particle when t =
2 s.
• A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at a rate of
2m/s? for 10 seconds.
• What is the car's final velocity after 10 seconds?
• How far does the car travel during this time?
• A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 25
m/s. Assuming the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s? and
air resistance is negligible:
• How high does the ball go?
• How long does it take for the ball to reach its highest point?
• What is the total time the ball is in the air?
Problem 3
A particle travels along a straight line with a speed v = (0.5t3 - 8t) m/s,
where t is in seconds. Determine the acceleration of the particle when t =
2 s.
𝑣 = 0.5𝑡 3 − 8𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡 a= = 1.5𝑡 2 − 8
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 2 𝑠

𝑎 = 1.5 2 2 − 8
𝑎 = −2 𝑚/𝑠 2
Problem 4
The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x = t4 + 10t2 + 8t + 12,
where x and t are expressed in inches and seconds, t = 1s.
a) Determine the position
b) Determine the velocity
Problem 4
The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x = t4 + 10t2 + 8t + 12,
where x and t are expressed in inches and seconds, t = 1s.
a) Determine the position
b) Determine the velocity
Problem 5
A mango falls from a branch 5 meters above the ground. With what speed
in meters per second will it strike the ground? Assume g = 10 m/s2
Problem 5
A mango falls from a branch 5 meters above the ground. With what speed
in meters per second will it strike the ground? Assume g = 10 m/s2
Problem 6
The motion of a particle is given by the equation s = 2t4 – t3/6 + 2t2 where s
is in feet and t in seconds. Compute the values of v and a when t = 2 sec.
Problem 6
The motion of a particle is given by the equation s = 2t4 – t3/6 + 2t2 where s
is in feet and t in seconds. Compute the values of v and a when t = 2 sec.
Problem 7
A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft during the 10th sec
of its motion and 18 ft during the 12th sec of its motion. Find its initial
velocity and its constant acceleration.
Problem 8
A motorcycle starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at a rate
of 3m/s2. How long will it take for the motorcycle to reach a
velocity of 18m/s, and how far will it have traveled by then?
Problem 9
A particle moves along a straight line with an acceleration given
by a(t) = 6t m/s2? where t is in seconds. If the particle starts from
rest at t = 0:
a. What is the velocity of the particle after 4 seconds?
b. How far does the particle travel during this time?