MODULE 8

This module was designed and written with you in mind. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Write research findings
• Draw conclusions
• Make recommendations
• Cite sources and write the bibliography

Writing the
Lesson
Bibliography

Citing Sources and Writing the Bibliography

Intellectual honesty should be practiced at all times in research writing.
A researcher must remember that all ideas that were taken from a source of
information must be acknowledged. As a golden rule, researchers must always
cite all the sources that were used in the study in their research papers. Citing
sources is necessary to prevent plagiarism, an intentional or accidental act of
copying the works and writings of another person without properly crediting or
properly acknowledging the author or writer of the source (Babbie, 2013;
Neuman, 2007). Plagiarism, according to Gibaldi (2003), is committed if a
researcher does the following:
 a. Taking notes that do not distinguish the summarized and
paraphrased texts from the directly quoted texts and present the quoted
texts as if they are the researcher's own words
b. Directly copying and pasting a text from the Internet and including
the said text in the research paper without quotation marks or without
citing the source
c. Citing facts without mentioning the source of the information
d. Summarizing or paraphrasing someone's wording without
acknowledging the source
e. Copying a part of a text (phrase or concept) from the source without
acknowledging the source and its author
f. Paraphrasing or using someone's arguments, idea, or theory
without acknowledging the source
g. Acquiring a research paper, copying its content, and submitting it
to your teacher.

Plagiarism can be avoided by identifying the sources of every text that is

directly quoted, paraphrased, and summarized in the paper. This will help the
researcher in determining the sources of the texts used in the study c (Gibaldi,
2003).

Purposes of Citing Sources

• To give credit to the original author of a work
• To promote scholarly writing
• To help your target audience identify your original source

Forms of Citation
• In-text Citation requires the writer to cite the details of the reference
used in a certain part of his or her essay. The format of in-text citations
vary per style.
• Reference Citation refers to the complete bibliographic entries of all
references used by the writer. Found at the last part of the paper.

• The two forms are dependent on each other. Once source is cited intext,
it should also appear in the reference part.
 There are different ways to cite sources within the body of the research.
The American Psychological Association (APA) style uses the in-text citation.
This contains the surname of the author, the publication year of the source, and
the specific pages where the information can be found. It is written at the end
of the sentence.

Example:
According to a study, 60% of the people in the community smoke (Sean, 2014,
p. 60).

An in-text citation can also be included as part of the text. The name of
the author is stated in the sentence, and it is followed by the publication year
of the source and the page number where the information can be found in the
source.

Example:
According to Sean (2014, p. 60), 60% of the people in the community smoke.

When the page of the source is not included, you can cite the year of the
publication of the literature.

Example: According to Sean (2014), 60% of the people in the community

smoke.

The full citation of the source can be found in the reference list of the
paper.
In the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, the sources are
acknowledged by placing brief parenthetical citations in the text. The
parenthetical citation contains the surname of the author and the page number
where the information can be found in the source. The full citation of the source
used within the text is included in the reference list of the paper.

Example:
In the survey conducted, there are about 60% of the people in the community
who smoke (Sean 60).

The other citation format is the footnote system. This is usually used in
historical studies that require the complete citation of a source. The number of
footnote indicates the sources cited in the paper. Footnotes are printed at the
bottom of each page of the research paper.
 Sometimes, endnotes are used instead of footnotes. The sources which
are indicated by numbers within the text are printed at the end of chapter of a
research paper.

Example:
Peter Sean, Smoking Problems (Quezon City: S&G Publications, 2014). p.
60.

Citing sources in the bibliography is important so that the researcher will

not be accused of plagiarism or intellectual dishonesty. It is also done to credit
the author of a work whom you have used as a reference. When citing a work in
the bibliography, a number of basic rules must be remembered.

The following rules must be observed making a bibliography:

1. Your bibliography or reference list should appear at the end of the paper.

2. Sources cited in the research paper must appear in the reference list.

3. When listing sources in your working bibliography, all the facts of

publication must be recorded. Gibaldi (2003, pp. 38-39) provides examples of
the facts of publication of books, journal articles, internet sources, and
newspaper or magazine articles that must be recorded.

Book
a. Author Full name (last name. first name)
b. Full title (including any subtitle)
c. Edition (if mentioned in the source)
d. Number of the volume (if the book in a multivolume work)
e. City of publication
f. Publisher's name
g. Year of publication

Internet Source
a. Author's name
b. Title of the document
c. Full information about any previous or simultaneous publication in print
form (if available or applicable)
d. Title of the scholarly project database, periodical, or professional or
personal site (it available or applicable)
e. Name of the editor of the scholarly project or database (if available or
applicable)
f. Date of electronic publication or last update it available or applicable)
g. Name of the institution or organization sponsoring or associated with the
site (it available or applicable)
h. Date when the source was accessed
i. Network address or URL

Article in a Scholarly Journal a.

Author's name
b. Title of article
c. Title of the journal
d. Volume number
e. Year of publication
f. Inclusive page numbers of the article

Newspaper or Magazine Article a.

Author's name
b. Title of the article
c. Title of the periodical
d. Date of publication
e. Inclusive page numbers of the article

4. The bibliographic entry starts with the author's or authors' name's

(surname first, followed by the first name and the middle initial).

5. The reference list must be alphabetically arranged according to the

surnames of the first author of each work cited.

6. Italicize the title of the books and journals.

7. The four common bibliography citation formats are the Modern Language
Association (MLA) style, American Psychological Association (APA) style, the
Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Sociological Association (ASA) style.

Additional Notes: 1. Intellectual honesty should be practiced at all times in

research writing.

2. Researchers must always cite all the sources that were used in the study
in their research papers.
3. Citing sources is necessary to prevent plagiarism, an intentional or
accidental act of copying the works and writings of another person without
properly crediting or properly acknowledging the author or writer of the source
(Babbie, 2013; Neuman, 2007).

4. Plagiarism can be avoided by identifying the sources of every text that is

directly quoted, paraphrased, and summarized in the paper. This will help the
researcher in determining the sources of the texts used in the study c (Gibaldi,
2003).

5. Citing sources in the bibliography is important so that the researcher will

not be accused of plagiarism or intellectual dishonesty.

DIRECTIONS: Examine each example, and determine whether or not the

information provided in the right-hand column represents proper citation of
the source material.

Material from the original source “Example” sentence and Reference

list citation from a student paper

We interpret the absence of significant Survey responses indicate that the

differences in sentences for hate and general public does not favor more
non-hate crimes in our study as an severe punishment for hate crimes than
indication of both a general concern for for other kinds of crime. Such
proportionality in sentencing and a responses may demonstrate the public’s
tendency to focus on the immediate regard for “proportionality in
harm caused by an offense, rather sentencing and a tendency to focus
than on more long-term and/or on the immediate harm caused by an
widespread harm (e.g., the offense, rather than on more
terrorizing effects of hate crimes on longterm and/or widespread harm
other members of the target (e.g., the terrorizing effects of hate
community). In the language of crimes on other members of the
sentencing, proportionality generally target community)” (Steen & Cohen,
means that punishment is meted out 2004, p.
in proportion to the harm caused by 118).
 an offense. Proportionality is also
taken as an indicator of equalitypeople Reference
who are convicted of similar offenses
will receive similar treatment by the
, S., & Cohen, M. A. (2004). Assessing
courts. It is possible that many of our
the public’s demand for hate crime
respondents equated the hate crime
with the non-hate crime for one of two penalties. Justice Quarterly: JQ, 21(1),
reasons. First, they may have focused 91-124. Retrieved November 6, 2006
on the immediate harm caused by the from the Criminal Justice Periodicals
crimes, which was identical in both database.
scenarios. Second, they may not have
interpreted the hate crime scenario as
a hate crime, since hate crimes that
receive wide publicity (thereby
becoming the standard by which
people define hate crimes) are
generally those that fit the racial
animus model and that cause physical
harm to the victim (e.g., the murders of
James Byrd and Matthew Shepard).

[Block quote from Steen, S., & Cohen,

M. A. (2004). Assessing the public’s
demand for hate crime penalties. Justice
Quarterly: JQ, 21(1), 91-124.
Retrieved November 6, 2006 from the
Criminal Justice Periodicals database.
Quote appears on p. 118.]

Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column?

Yes___ No___

Please explain briefly:

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Part 1
Diretions: Make the bibliography for your research paper. Follow the correct
format and citation style.
Part 2
Directions: Format the details provided utilizing APA in-text citation guidelines.

Details:
Authors: Jestoni P. Carpio, Jerome C. Pagacpac, Jessa A. Mamerto,
Jholina Q. Valentin, Francis Clare B. Baltazar
Date: November 26, 2020
Idea: Science is a systematized body of knowledge based on fact or truth
that governs our lives.
 1. One Author

1.1. Author Heading Format

1.2. Idea Heading Format

2. Two Authors

2.1. Author Heading Format

2.2. Idea Heading Format

3. Three and Above Authors

3.1. Author Heading Format

3.2. Idea Heading Format

Part 3
Directions: Format the details provided utilizing APA in-text citation guidelines.

Details:
Journal: Journal in Science Education Title: Proposed Supplementary
Materials in Earth Science for Senior High School Learners
Authors: Jestoni P. Carpio, Jerome C. Pagacpac, Jessa A. Mamerto,
Jholina Q. Valentin, Francis Clare B. Baltazar
Date: November 26, 2020
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 121-133

1. One Author

2. Two Authors

3. Three and Above Authors

Guidelines for the Activity:

1. Using your academic or scientific articles, make a matrix of citations in
preparation for research writing. The 1st column must be labeled “In-text
Citations” while the 2nd column must be labeled “Reference Citations”.
2. Choose only one representative from your group who will present and
explain your article/s as well as your matrix of citations.
3. The preparation time for this task is 10 minutes while presentation time
is 5 minutes only.
Our Cited Sources:
In-text Reference
Components of Slide Presentation:
1st – Introductory Slide (Group, Names)
2nd – Yell
3rd – Outputs
4th – Concluding Slide