Unite, POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, Power quality problems in distribution systems: Transient and Steady stato variations in voltage and frequency. Unbalance, Sags, Swells, Interruptions, Wave-form Distortions: harmonics, nolse, notching, dc-offsets, fluctuations. Flicker and its measurement, Uinee2 : “TRANSMISSION LINES AND SERIES/SHUNT REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION , Basic of AC Transmission. Analysis of uncompensated AC transmission lines. Passive Reactive Power ~ Compensation. Shunt and series compensation at thé mid-point of an AC line - Comparison of Series and ‘Shunt Compensation. STATIC SHUNT COMPENSATORS = - Objectives of shini compensatic ‘Methods of controllable VAR generation, Static Var Compensator, its characteristics, TCR, TSC, FC-TCR configurations, STATCOM, basic operating principle, control approaches and characteristics.” i Tee aed ARAL ‘STATIC SERIES COMPENSATORS Objectives of series compensator, variable impedance type of series compensators, TCSC, TSSC-operating Principles and contrél schemes, SSSC, Power Angle characteristics, Control range and VAR rating, Capability to provide reactive power compensation, external control. COMBINED COMPENSATORS Introduction to Unified Power Flow Controller, Basic operating principles, Conventional control capabilities, Independent control of real and reactive power. . @ scanned with OKEN Scanner® syllabus POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: Power quality problems In distribution systems: Transient anv Steady state vxations in voltage and reuency. Unbslance, Ss, Sel, Inirrpton, Waveform Distt: harmoni noise notching dots tuations licker and is measurement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ‘T_ Tronsient and Steady state voriations in voltage and frequency TF Power Quality problem TF Concepts of Sags, Swells and Interruptions ‘FP Waveform Distortions TF _ Concepts of harmonics, noise, notching, de-offsets and fluctuations T Concepts of Flicker. and itt measurement INTRODUCTION Power quality ina general way is defined atthe Finest of electrical power supplied to consumers. There can be various problems de to which power quality deteriorates an there ri be diferent causes for hose problems. Hence there wil be various slions 10 improve power quality depending on the type of problem. This unit covers vatious power quality problerts such aé Voltage Sag, Swell, Voltage Fctvations, Transients, Interruption and Waveform Distortions such as hormonis, noise, notching, de-ofiets, fuctvations, Flicker and its measurement. ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS @ scanned with OKEN Scanner‘POWER QUALITY AND FACTS [JNTU-HYDERABAD] Qt. Whats power quality? Model Papers, f(a) Power.quality in a peneral way ig defined as the ftness of electrical power supplied to consumers. However, there can be different definitions based on different perspectives. For example, manufacturers of electrical equipments define power quality as those features of electrical power supply which are needed for proper working of equipments. Whereas power suppliers define Front the point of view of electricity consumers, power quality is defined as, “any power irri or frequency deviation that resulls in fuilure or misoperation of customer equipment”. Q2. What is tite most common power quality problem? Ans: ‘The most common power quality problem is voltage sag. It is the RMS reduction in A.C voltage from half of a cycle to 2 few seconds duration. It is mainly caused due, utility (or) by the customer loads. Voltage sags can be either single phase (or) ‘three phase and Will be from 3 to 30 cycles. The voltage sag lasting Yor 3 eyeles is shown in figure. v BS eycle tog 4 Q3. What are power quality disturbances? List out trie different types of power quality disturbances. Ans: , Model Papert, a1(0) “The factors that re threats to power gualit are called power quality disturbances, According to IEEE 1159 — 1995, the power quality disturbarices are classified into seven categories as follows. 1. Transients * Long. duration variations : Voltage Imbalance Waveform distortions Voltage fluctuations and ‘ Power frequency vatiations. Q4.__List the most commonly used terms in power quality. Ans: ‘Model Papert, Q1(b) ‘The most commonly used terms to describe (or) measure power quality are as follows, ‘Coupling and crest factor Distortion factor Sag Swell {nterruption’and transients Harmonies Power disturbance Surge and recovery time, et. “\ WARNING: BAwALR roxPhotocopying this boo a CRIMINAL ot ‘Anyone fond guy is UABLE to fate LEGAL proceedings) ) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUNIT-1. (Power Quality Probienis in Distribution Systems) 3 ee SA RY Ereblonte tn Diageo veteran Q5. Discuss the terms sag and swell. wa ‘Model Papers, aio) » Sag Decrease in rim.s voltage or current to an interval between 0.1 and 0.9 pu for a time duration between 0.5 cycles to | minute is known as sag. ‘Atthough the term sag is not formally defined as inthe case with the term dip whichis defined by TEC, used éommonly to describe a short duration voltage decrease by manufactirers, end-users and utilities. Swell : : TInerease in m.s voltage or current to an interval between 1.1 and 1.8 pu at power frequency for a duration between 0.5 eycles to 1 minute i3 swell, Swells are also a result of system fault conditions just like sigs but their appearance is less. Swells ‘ean also occur during a single line-to-ground fault whcn the temporary voltage rises on the uifaulted phase, during large load switching off or during a large capacitor bank energizing. During a fault condition, fault location, grounding and impedance of the system will define the severity ofa swell characterized by magnitude and duration, Q6. Differentiate voltage sag and voltage swells. has long been An: * Voltage Sag 4 Yoltage Swells : 1] The momentary decrement of voltage outside the | 1.] The momentary increment of voltage outside the usual ‘usual tolerance is called voltage sag. toleranée is called voltage swell. 2.| The span of itis the time difference between the | 2.| The span ofitis the time difference between starting and starting and end point of it. E end point of it. 3.| The main catises for voltage sag are equipment | 3.| The main causes for voltage swell are energizing of failure, short circuits, energizing of heavy loads, capacitor banks, shut down of large loads, transients etc. single L-G, L-L and symmetrical faults etc. : 4.| The effects caused due to voltage sag are lois of | 4.| The effects caused by it are lightings and screens, ¢fficiency and disconnection in electrical rotating flickering loss of data etc. ‘machines, tripping of contractors etc. 3 : Q7._ What are the sources of voltage sags, interruptions and voltage swells? Ans: : Model Papers, aia), 1. __ Voltage Sag 3 og Voltage Saps ‘The main causes of voltage sags are short circuits, equipment failure, industrial plants, lightning strikes, energizing of heavy loads, single L-G faults, L-L and symmetrical faults. 2,” Interruption Causes of interruption include malfunctions of controls, 3. ¢. Voltage Swell, ‘ “Themain causes of voltage swells are energizing of capacitor banks, shut down of large loads, unbalanced faults, transients ind power frequency surges. , 8. Define and classify harmonic distortion. Ans: ilure of equipments or any power system faults. Harmonic distortion is the change in the waveforms of the supply voltage from the sinusoidal voltage: In other words, harmonie distortion is the production of harmonic frequencies by an electronic system when a signal is applied atthe input. In general, there are two types of harmonic distortions, 1. Even-order harmonic distortion 2. Odd-order harmonic distortion. |. Even-order Harmonic Distortion Ifthe frequencies of distortion are even multiples ofthe fundsimental frequency, then such harmonic distortions are known as even-order harmonic distortions. 2 Odd-order Harmonic Distortion Ifthe frequencies of distortion are odd multiples of fundamental frequency, then such harmonic distortions are known as odd-order harmonic distortions. (Qs rec TRUM ALLAN-OWE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS JESUS) Nl @ scanned with OKEN Scanner*4 POWER QUALITY AND FACTS [JNTU-HYDERABAD] Q9, + Mention the harmonic sojirras from Industrial loads, 4 ia aU i ‘Ans: ‘The Various harmonic sourzes from industrial loads are, 1.” Three phase power converters (AC drives sails Bh ©) Dcatives. | f abst j : 2. “Arcing devices ; a 3. Saturable'devices Seanad ee fae ».Q10. Define and list out the different types of waveform distortions, i er ‘Ans: 18s the five primary types of waveform distortion, i . A steady state deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequericy is kriown as waveform distortion. The following are 1... Harmonies a ‘ ‘ 2, Intecharmonics : : : 3. | DCoffset ary < SEEPS 4. Noise . eae Nee i Be et oe 5. Notching. Beemer woe : ef QI1.__Define and classify, long duration voltage variations. 7 Ans: tas ; nat } Any ims deviations at power frequencies which are longer than one minute in duration are known as long duration voltage Variations. The limits of steady state’ voltage tolerance expected on a power system are ‘defined by ANSI C84.1 and when these ts are exceeded for over 1 minute by voltage Variations then these voltage variations are Said to be of long duration. ‘Based on increase in percentage of :n,s A.C voltage, long duration voltage variations are classified into three types: They are, s i @ Over voltages * + Gi) Under voitages " “' Gii)” Sustained imerruptions eee Q12. Define the terms : x (2). Voltage fluctuation ia fag (i) Flicker ; 2 @. _ Voltage Fluctuation ‘: ! e @ a3. Ans: is defined as that pat ofthe change in a variable which disappears during transition from one steady state operating cond ‘Any systematic or random variations of voltage ina power system whese magnitude stays within the range of 0.9 to 1.1 pu Slams Voltage fluctuations. Variation of voltage magnitude will also Tead to Nariation in the total_power flow to the 2quipment and jf these variations are large the equipments performance will be affected, Flicker” : Pea _ Flicker is the term lised to define the impact of voltage variations on lamps, the effects of which are visible to hum: re Flicker is the result of voltage fluctuations on lamps and is measured ith respect to the sensitivity of human eye, The term ‘voltage flicker’ is also commonly used to define licker gecuring due to yolage Nicuation, Flicker intensity isa quantity introduced for measuring the severity of flicker which occurs due to fluctuations. ‘Write short notes on transients, ‘The term transient is used to define an undesirable event in power system analysis. According to IEEE standards transient to another". | WARNING: Xerx?hotocpying of hs book's « CRMANAL act. Anyone fund guts ABLE to fae LEGAL Broceedings. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(UNIT-1 (Power Quality Problems in Distribution Systems) : : e pacer CRO CUOINY.PrObLoMnS in Diattbtlon System) * oe ES Any sudden deviations in voltage or current levels are transients and their lasting time ranges from 200 millionth of second to nearly halls. nd Tass ca SoCu as Toad TTA ally wi. i Tighining elecHostate discharge ec. ‘The term Surge is also used many times in place of transient. By most utility engineers, surge may also be considered as transient resulting from a lightning stroke, End tisers also use this synonym frequently for problems ranging from sags to swells to interruptions in power supply, ‘ : ites 3 ‘Transiénts can be classified into two broad categories. They are, “i. Impulsive Transients 2. Oscillatory Transient, Q14, List the various sources of transient overvoltages. ~ “Kine: Lo : | ‘The various sources of transient overvoltages in a utility system are as follows, Capacitor switching jf Lightning . ’ : . f 3... Magnification of capacitor switching transients és 4, Ferroresonance Sea hohe ie 1 S.__ Other switching transients. I . List the principles to be followed to protect overvoltages from lightning stroke. 24 The following are the fundamental principles followed to protect load equipments from overvoltages. 1, Limiting voltage across sensitive insulation a fi 2." Preventing surges from entering the loads version of surge currents away from the loads vist 4, Blocking completely or partially the surges from flowing between grounds 5. ~ «Creating bonds between grounds at the equipment aes 6. Applying limiting and blocking principles to create a low-pass filters. ‘Q16, What are the devices which are used for over voltage protection? ‘The devices which are used in a utility system to protect the system from overvoltages are as follows, Surge arresters and transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSS) Isolation transformers ‘ Low-pass filters Low-impedance power conditioners Utility surge arrester, Q17. Whats interruption? ‘Ans: ‘An interruption is a phenomenon wherein there is no electrical supply to the custot ‘referred to as‘an interruption. On the basis ofthe duration of interruption, they are class _ Short interruptions Long interruptions. Interruptions are an outcome of one of more outages in a system, Q18. Explain the Impact of voltage sag on process control equipment. Ans: Process control equipment is often extremely sensitive to voltage sags and equipments have been reported to trip when the voliage drops below 800/0 for a few cycles. The result of the tripping of process control equipment can be enormous, for example, the tripping of a small relay can cause the shutdown of a large chemical plant, eading to loss in production. Voltage sag thas a great impact on large power equipments, while for low-power equipments there is remedy such as feeding from a UPS, or by adding extra capacitors, or by some backup battery the voltage tolerance can be improved easily. O- we @ scanned with OKEN ScannerPOWER QUALITY AND FACTS [JNTU-HYDERABAD] ESSAY QUESTIONS Wit! SOLUTIONS" i TOWER QUALITY PROEi DISTRIBUTION. Sys “State bal Vaniarions in, Vourace Ano Frequency Un ALANCE fe Q19. What is power quality and what Is voitage quallty? Expiain how the jower ‘quality is equal to voltage quality. : ‘Ans: : : 7 ‘ | Model Paper, a2(e) Power Quality ; : : For answer refer Unit-I, Ql. ‘Voltage Quality : Voltage quality is the significant form of describing power quality. It includes both steady state power quality Variations ‘andYemporary disturbances that impact the loads, It can also be described asthe quality ofthe product delivered by the utility to the customers. : Hide Power. Quality is Equal to Voltage Quality’ a ‘Generally power is the améunt of energy delivered and is proportional tthe product of voltage ard current. It is difficult ‘to define this quality of power as the power supply system can control only the voltage quality, it fias no control over the currents drawn by the particular loads. Therefore, the power quality standards ae helpful to control the supply voltage within certain limits, Even though the generator provides complete sine-wave voltage, the curren through the impedance causes voliage disturbances, For example, the current duc to short circuit causes the voltage to sag or disappear completely. Hence, in order to understand the ‘basis of power quality problem the phenoménon of current along with véltage must be considered, # Q20. Expl the importance of power quality. 4 ap oR. : i Why we are concerned about the power quality ? ‘Whether it be a utility personnel, customers or load equipment manufacturers, all have serious concerns about the power’ ‘quality with the main concern being the economic impact. i For industrial customers, the quality of power that is being delivered can have direct economic impact. With continuous technological advancements, industries are opting for modem equipments which are more automated, ‘electronically controlled ‘and more sensitive to the supplied voltage. This makes them more concerned absit the power quality as even fninor disturbances {in the supply cari have major impact on the equipments. Not only ths, any production shut-dowm due to failure of equipiménts ot power outage will lead to huge losses for industrial customers: Residential customers are sometimes sensitive about power problems like during an online transaction where they may face incomplete or wrong transactions de to power disturbances, Although residential customers do not suffer from any direct losses due to power quality problems, they can make utilities lose its customers and switch to other suppliers. f 5 For electric utility, maintaining eustomer confidence ard meeting their expectations are mote important thesé days, as competition between utility providers exist. Utilities will have financial impact if theif customers are not satisfied withthe power quality and shift to other competing power suppliers. For load equipment manufacturers, power quality isan important factor as good power quality will lead to longer life of| the equipments making customers satisfied. With today’s competitive market, customers mostly opt for lowest cost and elie ‘products. Thus, manufacturers need 10 produce equipments Which are cost effective, reliable and which can withstend minor disturbances in power system. { WARNING: XeroxPotoeopying ofthis book CRIMINAL act Anyone found uit LIABLE te face LEGAL proceai @ scanned with OKEN Scanner