Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Software Testing

1.1 Manual Testing
1.2 Automation Testing
1.3 White Box Testing
1.4 Black Box Testing
1.5 Grey Box Testing

2. Types of Software Testing

2.1 Functional Testing
2.2 Non-Functional Testing
2.3 Unit Testing
2.4 Integration Testing
2.5 System Testing
2.6 Performance Testing
2.7 Usability Testing
2.8 Compatibility Testing
2.9 Incremental Testing
2.10 Non-Incremental Testing
2.11 Top-Down Testing
2.12 Bottom-Up Testing
2.13 Load Testing
2.14 Stress Testing
2.15 Scalability Testing
2.16 Stability Testing

3. Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)

4. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Models

4.1 Waterfall Model
4.2 RAD Model
4.3 Spiral Model
4.4 V-Model
4.5 Agile Model
4.6 Prototype Model

5. Software Engineering Basics

5.1 Software Processes
5.2 Risk Management
Types of So ware Tes ng: Detailed Q/A Guide

1. What is Manual Tes ng?

Manual Tes ng is a process where testers manually execute test cases without using any automa on
tools. It helps iden fy bugs and ensures the so ware meets user requirements. Example: Tes ng a
login form manually by entering various creden als.

2. What is Automa on Tes ng?

Automa on Tes ng uses tools to execute test cases automa cally, reducing human interven on. It is
suitable for repe ve tasks like regression tes ng. Example: Using Selenium to test an e-commerce
website's checkout process.

3. What is White Box Tes ng?

White Box Tes ng, also known as clear box or structural tes ng, involves tes ng internal structures
or workings of an applica on. Example: Tes ng individual code units for func onality.

4. What is Black Box Tes ng?

Black Box Tes ng focuses on tes ng so ware func onality without knowing its internal code
structure. Example: Verifying output based on input without knowledge of how the code processes
data.

5. What is Grey Box Tes ng?

Grey Box Tes ng is a mix of Black and White Box Tes ng, where the tester has par al knowledge of
the internal workings of the applica on. Example: Tes ng a web applica on with knowledge of its
database structure.

6. What is Func onal Tes ng?

Func onal Tes ng ensures that so ware func onali es work according to requirements. Example:
Checking if a search bar returns correct results.

7. What is Non-Func onal Tes ng?

Non-Func onal Tes ng evaluates performance, usability, reliability, and other non-func onal
parameters of the so ware. Example: Checking how quickly a web page loads.

8. What is Unit Tes ng?

Unit Tes ng tests individual components or modules of the so ware to ensure they work as
intended. Example: Tes ng a specific func on in a program.

9. What is Integra on Tes ng?

Integra on Tes ng verifies the interac on between integrated modules or components. Example:
Checking data flow between a front-end form and the database.

10. What is System Tes ng?

System Tes ng validates the complete and integrated so ware system to ensure it meets
requirements. Example: Tes ng a banking system for all its features like money transfer and balance
inquiry.
11. What is Performance Tes ng?

Performance Tes ng measures the responsiveness, speed, and stability of an applica on under a
workload. Example: Tes ng how a website performs with 1,000 simultaneous users.

12. What is Usability Tes ng?

Usability Tes ng evaluates how user-friendly and intui ve the so ware is. Example: Checking if users
can navigate a website easily.

13. What is Compa bility Tes ng?

Compa bility Tes ng ensures so ware works across different environments, such as opera ng
systems and browsers. Example: Verifying a web applica on works on Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.

14. What is Incremental Tes ng?

Incremental Tes ng tests modules step by step, ensuring each addi on integrates smoothly with
previous ones. Example: Tes ng new features in a messaging app as they are added.

15. What is Non-Incremental Tes ng?

Non-Incremental Tes ng involves tes ng the en re system at once a er all modules are integrated.
Example: Tes ng a completed applica on for overall func onality.

16. What is Top-Down Tes ng?

Top-Down Tes ng starts tes ng from the top-level modules and integrates downward. Example:
Tes ng an e-commerce system by star ng with the checkout module.

17. What is Bo om-Up Tes ng?

Bo om-Up Tes ng starts with lower-level modules and integrates upward. Example: Tes ng a
payment system by star ng with the database connec on.

18. What is Load Tes ng?

Load Tes ng measures how a system performs under expected user loads. Example: Tes ng a cket
booking site during peak hours.

19. What is Stress Tes ng?

Stress Tes ng evaluates the system’s robustness by tes ng it beyond normal opera onal capacity.
Example: Pushing a website to handle 10,000 users simultaneously.

20. What is Scalability Tes ng?

Scalability Tes ng determines how well the system scales with increasing workloads. Example:
Checking how a cloud storage system expands to accommodate more users.

21. What is Stability Tes ng?

Stability Tes ng ensures the so ware performs consistently over me under normal condi ons.
Example: Running a server for 48 hours to check its reliability.
This guide provides clear and concise defini ons for each type of so ware tes ng. Let me know if
you need further details or a downloadable PDF version.
 Software Testing Interview Questions for Freshers

What is Software Testing?

Software testing is the process of evaluating and verifying if a software product does what it is supposed to do. It aims at

finding faults and improving software in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and usability.

What are the Different Types of Software Testing?

There are various types including Manual Testing, Automation Testing, White Box Testing, Black Box Testing, Grey Box

Testing, Functional Testing, Non-Functional Testing, Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, Performance

Testing, Usability Testing, Compatibility Testing, Incremental Testing, Non-Incremental Testing, Top-Down Testing,

Bottom-Up Testing, Load Testing, Stress Testing, Scalability Testing, and Stability Testing.

What are the Different Phases of the Software Testing Life Cycle?

The six phases are: Requirements Analysis, Test Planning, Test Case Development, Test Environment Setup, Test

Execution, and Test Closure.

What are the Different Levels of Testing?

The four main levels are Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, and Acceptance Testing.

What is use case testing?

A testing technique to identify test cases that cover the entire system from start to end. It helps identify gaps and

manage complexity by focusing on specific usage aspects.

What is a traceability matrix?

 Software Testing Interview Questions for Freshers

Also known as Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM), it traces requirements proposed by the client to the system. It

ensures all requirements are covered in test cases.

Why is software testing important?

It improves software quality, reduces risks, ensures security, satisfies customers, is cost-effective, enhances

development processes, and determines software performance.

What is a test case?

A document specifying test data, preconditions, expected results, and post-conditions for a specific test scenario. It

helps in uncovering errors and improving software quality.

What does a test plan consist of?

A test plan includes: Test Plan Identifier, Introduction, Test Items, Features to be Tested, Features Not to be Tested,

Approach, and other relevant details.

 Software Engineering Tutorial: Comprehensive Q/A Guide

What is Software Engineering?

Software engineering is the systematic application of engineering approaches to the development of software. It involves

methodologies, tools, and techniques to ensure software is reliable, efficient, and meets user requirements.

What are Software Processes?

Software processes are structured sets of activities required to develop a software system. These include specification,

design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.

What is SDLC?

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software

development process, including planning, designing, building, testing, and deploying software.

What is the Waterfall Model?

A sequential model where each phase must be completed before moving to the next. Best for projects with well-defined

requirements.

What is the RAD Model?

The Rapid Application Development model emphasizes quick development and iteration with user feedback.

What is the Spiral Model?

A risk-driven model combining iterative development and risk assessment.

 Software Engineering Tutorial: Comprehensive Q/A Guide

What is the V-Model?

Also known as the Verification and Validation model, it maps development stages to corresponding testing phases.

What is the Agile Model?

An iterative and incremental model emphasizing flexibility, customer feedback, and rapid delivery.

What is the Prototype Model?

This model involves creating a working prototype early in the development process to refine requirements and

expectations.

What is Project Management?

Project management involves planning, organizing, and managing resources to achieve specific project goals within

constraints like time, scope, and budget.

What are Software Metrics?

Metrics measure aspects of software processes, products, and projects. Examples include size-oriented metrics,

complexity metrics, and information flow metrics.

What is the COCOMO Model?

The Constructive Cost Model estimates software development effort, cost, and schedule based on project size and

complexity.
 Software Engineering Tutorial: Comprehensive Q/A Guide

What is Risk Management?

Risk management identifies, analyzes, and mitigates risks that may impact a project's objectives.

What are Risk Management Activities?

Activities include risk identification, assessment, prioritization, mitigation, and monitoring.

What is Software Design?

Software design specifies the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data of a system.

What are Coupling and Cohesion?

Coupling is the degree of interdependence between modules, while cohesion is the degree to which elements of a

module belong together.

What is User Interface Design?

Designing interfaces that ensure user-friendly interaction between users and software.

What is Coding?

The process of converting designs into executable software using programming languages.

What is Software Quality?

Software quality ensures the software meets user requirements, is reliable, and functions efficiently.
 Software Engineering Tutorial: Comprehensive Q/A Guide

What is Software Maintenance?

Software maintenance involves updating, modifying, and improving software after delivery to correct faults or enhance

performance.

What are Software Reliability Models?

Models like Jelinski-Moranda and Goel-Okumoto measure reliability to predict software performance over time.

What is the Six Sigma Approach?

A data-driven approach focusing on process improvement and defect reduction to improve software quality.