© Marmara Universitesi Marmara University Yabaner Diller Yaksekokulu School of Foreign Languages Writing Book For A Level Students [Draft/2011-1] istanbul - 2011Marmara Universitesi Yaymevi - 2011 ©. istanbul-TORKIYE. All rights reserved. General Publishing Director: Prof. Dr. Harun Duman ‘Composed and compiled by : Victoria Eryoldas Redaction: stk Cayh-Hilya Kantaret Academic Coordinator : Sema Kutlu Cover: MUSTECABI [Drafti2011-1] Address: Marmara Universitesi Yabanci Diller Yaksekokulu, Goztepe Kampusu Kadikéy-IstanbulSunus Tarihsel gecmisi 1883 yilina_dayanan niversitemiz 20 Temmuz 1982 tarininde Marmara Universitesi adi ali, Onceleri Rekt6ridk bUnyesinde Yabanci_ Diller Bolumd olarak faaliyetini —sGrddren cokulumuz, 01 Mart 2006 tarihinde Marmara Universitesi Yabanci Diler YOksekokulu (MO-YADYO) adint alr Yoksek okulumuzun halihazirdaki statisd zorunlu ve hazifik yabanct dil derslerini vermekle sinitidir. Ozellkle _lisans Gitimlerini zorunlu olarak bir yabanci dilde yyapan fakiltlerin bolamleri. Omegin, Tip Dig Hekimiigi Fakditesi, Muhendislik Fakiltesi, Teknik Egitim Fokaltesi, Itisadi ve [dari Bilimler Fakiltesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakaltesi, AtatOrk Egitim Fakdltesinin yabanct dile egitim yapilan boldmierinde okuyacak Sfrenciier ile kismen yabanci dilde efjiim yapan birimler ve istege bagli hazitlik okuyan Grenciler icin hazirk e@jtimi verimektedir. Bu kitap yukanda zikredilen 8grencilerin yararlanmasi amaciyia hazirtanmisti. 2011 yllinda taslak olarak yayinlanan kitabin ileriki yillarda sil baskisi yapiimasi plantanmaktadr Kitabin hazirtanmasinda emegi gegen herkese tegekkar eder, sadiiklt ve baganil bir egitim-dgretim yi ler, Prof. Dr. Harun Duman ‘Madiir/ Director Introduction With a historical background dating back to 1883, our university was named Marmara University in 1982, At first, being in service with in the scope of the Rectorate as Foreign Languages Department, our school was named Marmara University School of Foreign Languages (MU-YADYO ), in 1 March, 2006. School of Foreign Languages is currently restricted to teaching required and preparatory English classes due to its status. Students who ‘are admitted to foreign language medium undergraduate programs in Medical Faculty, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Technical Education, Schoo! of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Atatirk Faculty of Education are required to take foreign language preparatory classes. Students who are admitted to departments which are partial foreign language medium, and students who opt 1 study preparatory programs, are also admitted to preparatory classes. This booklet is prepared for the aforementioned students to benefit from. This booklet was published as a draft in 2011, and itis planned to be published as a master edition in the following years. | would like to thank everyone who helped and supported us during the preparation of the booklet and wish you all a healthy and a successful academic year.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Most of the text material and exercises provided throughout PART | of this book were taken from Composition Writing: A Guided Composition Text for Beginners through the Pre- Intermediate Level, written by Victoria Eryoldas, Omega, Istanbul 1995. Some of the texts and exercises were taken from the Effective Writing Skills for A Level Students composed and compiled by the same author. The text and exercise material in PART Il is adapted and simplified from the Effective Writing Skills for A Level Students (2006-2011), most of which originated from Our Approach to Writing for B Students (2001-2005) by the same author. thwINTRODUCTION TO WRITING A. The Importance of Writing Language is not a matter of only learning grammar and some vocabulary. Language is a way of communicating or explaining our ideas to other people, either by speaking or by writing. Therefore, the purpose of learning a language is being able to express ourselves to others. Before we can speak or write, we need to be able to put our ideas into some order; that is, we must organize our ideas in such a way that people can easily understand us. ‘As stated above, speaking and writing are the ways by which people can express their ideas and communicate with others. Moreover, writing is a method of preserving, or saving, ideas and information. People can speak face-to-face or on the phone, but the ways of communicating by writing informally have increased in the 21% century: people use faxes, text-mail, and emails today. More formally, * Businessmen write letters and reports to provide information about their firms * Reporters write articles in newspapers to keep the readers informed about the latest local, national and world events * Writers write articles in magazines and books for general knowledge, education, and enjoyment * Scientists write reports about their theories and experiments * Students write essays and reports at school to show they have mastered the language and to show they understand what has been taught As you can see, learning to write is necessary to communicate with other people and provide information. Here students will learn to write essays, or formal compositions, in order to express their ideas in English in an organized way, and later research papers to prepare them for their academic studies. In writing, the smallest unit that is used to express ideas on a particular topic is a "sentence". Sentences make up paragraphs and paragraphs make up essays or articles or chapters ina book. Paragraphs make up: 1 essays, letters, and reports 2. articles (which make up newspapers or magazines) 3. chapters (which make up books) A paragraph is the basic unit in writing so it is necessary to take a closer look at it. It consists of related sentences that develop one main idea. A paragraph may stand by itself. For example, students frequently write a paragraph to answer an exam question. However, normally, a paragraph is one part of a longer piece of writing: ‘There are generally three kinds of paragraphs in composition or essay writing: 1. the introduction paragraph 2. the body paragraph(s) 3. the concluding paragraphWhile we are speaking or writing, we must develop our ideas in a logical way and join} them to each other with necessary connectors so that the listener or reader can understand our, ideas better (i.e., every speech or writing must have unity and coherence). 1. Unity: each sentence must relate to the main idea expressed in the topic sentence (main idea of a paragraph) and develop or explain it. Unrelated (imelevant) sentences spoil the unity, or "oneness", of a speech or piece of writing, 2. Coherence: Sentences in a speech or piece of writing must be connected to each other with the necessary transition signals and connectors to make the ideas more understandable (flow more fluently) (Appendix A) B. Academic Writing Academic writing is the kind of writing that you are required to do at the university. It can be an essay, a research paper or graduation thesis. However, it differs from other kinds of writing (personal, literary, journalistic, and business) in organization and requires more formal language. The purpose of a piece of writing will determine the organizational form you choose. For example, an article or essay that tries to persuade readers that nuclear power plants are unsafe has a different form than an article or essay that explains how a nuclear power plant operates. The persuasive article will be organized in one way, and the explanatory article in another way. In this book, you will learn the basic styles of academic writing. At the beginning of this year, you are going to write without much organization, That is, you will learn to express your ideas using proper grammar and vocabulary. Later in the program, you will start to learn how to organize your ideas so that they can be clearly understood and to learn other writing techniques that are b useful in expressing yourself. Now examine the titles which require different kinds of writing n under the same general topic. General Topic: Nuclear Power Plants How a nuclear power plant is built and operated (process writing) ‘The Chernobyl Disaster (narrative writing) Why hydroelectric energy is better than nuclear energy? (comparative writing) Effects of radioactive fallout (rank order/list of effects) Advantages and/or disadvantages of nuclear energy ‘Should a power plant be built in Akkuyu? (pros and cons writing) avaepe ‘As you can see, all these titles discuss the same general topic, but need different kinds of writing techniques.ad joi nd ot dea of al 3", of al | vith the uently).} Itcan} writing! age. | e. Fer} afe has| . The! In this} ou are} using! ganize} rat are] writing) PART I: GUIDED WRITING Imitating, or copying, is an effective tool for beginners. When students imitate models by. changing information to fit their own situations, they learn * new vocabulary * new structure patterns, and + how to organize their ideasUNIT 1: INTRODUCING YOURSELF Now read the following student compositions: ‘About My School I am Fakhri Melikou. I am eighteen years old. I am from Bursa. Now I am living in the Marmara University dormitory because I am attending Marmara University. I am learning English this year in the Prep School. I will attend the. Tourism Department next year. Marmara University is located in Géztepe. Our classrooms are located in the’ Nihat Sayar Building next to the Uziimcti Building. In my classroom, we have students from many places in Turkey. We have 21 students and two different teachers. One teacher teaches grammar and note taking; the other teacher teaches reading and writing. In conclusion, I am happy to be here this year. I have a lot of new friends at | school and in the dormitory. I hope to learn English this year. The Basaran Family The Basaran family lives* at 53 Ihsaniye Street in Kartal, Istanbul. There are | four members in the family. They are Mr. and Mrs. Basaran and their two children, Ayla and Bilent. ‘The Basaran family lives in an apartment building. They own their flat. It is not luxurious, but it is comfortable. It has two bedrooms, a living room, a kitchen, and a bathroom. The rooms are small. In front of the apartment building, there is a garden, There are many beautiful flowers’ there. There are also flowers around the sides of the apartment building. There is a small. paved yard behind the apartment. | The children play in this yard. *See the Grammar Point on the next page about ‘lives’. imara id the in the have ferent aches ads at | re are | (dren, It is chen, | eisa d the ment. Mr. Basaran works in a television factory. He likes watching sports programs on TV when he has free time. Mrs, Basaran is a teacher in a primary school. She likes children very much. Mrs. Basaran doesn’t have very much time to watch TV. She prepares her lessons for the next day. Ayla and Biilent go to a public high school. They are good students and they study hard. They want to attend a university after they graduate from high school. In conclusion, the Basarans are a very nice family. They are our neighbors. Ayla and Biilent are my friends. Grammar Point Group words (company, family) are seen as singular words in American English. My family lives in Isparta. My family has five members. Group words are usually seen as plural words in British English. My family live in Isparta. My family have five members. Technical Stuff A composition is’a piece of writing that has more than one paragraph. It is divided into three parts: a beginning, or introduction; the middle or body paragraphs; andthe end, or conclusion. My Life My name is Sinan Aslan. I am eighteen years old. I am from Bandirma. Now I live in an apartment building with my friend who is also from Bandirma. I will attend the Industrial Engineering Department next year, but first I’m going to learn English. ‘This year I'm attending the Prep School at Marmara University. Our classroom is located on the second floor in the Nihat Sayar Building. There are 23 students in our class. We have two teachers, one for grammar and listening and one for reading and writing. In the morning, we are studying’ reading and writing skills with (name). Moreover, we are reading articles in our Engineering field for next year. In the afternoon, we are studying grammar and listening skills with (name). I love my class, and I want to learn English well before I start my engineering studies next year.‘There are four members in our family.* My parents have a son and a daughter. My father’s name is Mehmet. He is 47 years old. He was a very good cook six years ago, but he is retired now. He doesn't like to cook meals at home, but enjoys watching football matches on TV and walking. My mother’s name is Hamide. It’s not polite to tell the age of women. She is a housewife. She likes walking with my father, but she dislikes being in places where people smoke. I have a sister; her name is Seval. She is married and has a daughter who is 7 years old. She will start primary’ school next year. My sister likes going to the cinema with her husband. In conclusion, I am an ordinary Turkish university student with a middle class family. My’ family and my university education are very important. I miss my family, but I am happy to be studying English this year. Guided Writing Write a composition of four paragraphs. Follow the models 2 and 3, but change all information that is not correct for you. Take as many structures and words from the models as you need for your composition. Please write about: 1. Your neighbor. (or) 2. About yourself and school. (seé the information below): My Life Introduction paragraph: Write about yourself and where you live now. First body paragraph: information about your school. Second body paragraph: Give information about your parents, your brothers and sisters (if you have any). Concluding paragraph: Write about how you feel about your school and family, or give information about your future plans. *If your family has more than four members, you can divide your third paragraph into two so that you have five paragraphs. The third paragraph will tell about your parents and in the fourth paragraph you can introduce and tell about your brothers and sisters.Vocabulary 1. Jobs housewife, storekeeper, grocer (greengrocer), mechanic, tailor, hairdresser, barber, accountant, lawyer, librarian, optician, reporter, secretary, typist, receptionist, doctor, nurse, dentist, teacher, student, civil servant (government employee), director or manager, clerk, plumber, cashier, salesperson, businessman, mailman (postman), photographer, bus or truck driver, fireman, policeman or policewoman, farmer, fisherman, painter, carpenter, soldier, sailor, military officer, artist (painter), actor or actress (film star), musician, singer, dancer, cook, butcher, electrical engineer, planner, architect, maid, retired. 2. Marmara University Faculties Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Departments of Business Administration / Economics / Intemational Relations / Econometrics and Finance Faculty of Engineering Departments of Computer Engineering / Environmental Engineering / Industrial Engineering / Mechanical Engineering i Faculty of Technical Education ‘Departments of Mechanical Technology Education / Electronics and Computer Education / Electrical Education Atatiirk Faculty of Education Departments of Science Education (Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Maths) and English Language Teaching Faculty of Medicine/ M.U. Medical School / Faculty of Dentistry Faculty of Health Education ' Faculty of Arts and Sciences (Dept. of Archive Studies) Faculty of Communications Faculty of Fine Arts ! Department of Cinema and Television Institute of Higher Learning Department of Nursing Department of Banking & Insurancehe Exercise : Circle the correct form of the verb for each sentence below: 1 2 a 4, “) 6. «I (ike / likes) listening to the radio. . Mr. Demir (live / lives) in Ankara. . My friends (like / likes) going to the movies. My father (work / works) in an office. . We (watch / watches) TV in the evenings. My classroom (has / have) 23 students. Game Exercise Using the following vocabulary, fill-in the exercise about the family tree. grandparents (grandmother, grandfather), grandchildren (granddaughter, grandson), parents (mother, father)(husband, wife), children (daughter, son), sister and brother, baby , uncle, aunt, nephew, niece daughter-in-law, son-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law cousin, Look at the family tree below. Then fill in the missing words in the sentences below. Relatives i Look at the example first. Brian Jones Ms. Pamela Smith David Jones Jonathan Banks Charles Jones Ms. Rita Grey Ms. Pat Jones Ms. Bronwen Price Patsy Jones Helen Jones Guy Jones Mary Jones Samantha BanksBrian is David’s _father. Patsy and Samantha are Charles is Pat's Bronwen is Guy's Pamela is Helen's Rita is David's Jonathan is Patsy's Charles is Jonathan's eee te ee Pamela is Bronwen’s 10. Rita is Mary's 11. Jonathan is Pat's 12. Guy and Mary are Brian’s : 13, Brian is Bronwen's 14, Patsy is Helen's 15, Jonathan is Brian's 16 Guys Davide 17. Guy is Bronwen’: 18, Pat and Jonathan are Samantha's : 19. Mary is Rita's 20. Rita is Brian's : Game Activity: Please prepare your family tree and present it in the classroom. ‘You can bring photographs of your relatives.UNIT 2: NARRATIVE WRITING A. What’s happening now? Please read the following student compositions about what is happening in the classroom and in a student’s house. Activities in the Classroom Tam a student at a large university. Next year, I will attend the Department of Banking & Insurance. Now I'm attending the Prep School, and I’m learning English. I am in the classroom now, but it is break-time. There are many activities in the classroom at the break-time. Some of the students are leaving the classroom. They are going outside because it is sunny today. In the front of the room, the teacher is standing near her desk. Several students are talking to the teacher. They are asking her about the test in the next period. ‘The teacher is giving them some information about the exam. Near the middle of the room, two students are talking about a film. They are laughing because the movie was funny. Another student is using the break-time to study for the exam. He is not listening to the students talking about the film. There are some students in the back of the classroom. One student is reading a newspaper. Another student is writing a composition because he forgot to write it. Two students are talking about the football match on TV last night. In summary, there are many activities in the classroom. The students are coming into the classroom. Now everyone is ready to continue the lesson. It is a place where students study English. Activities in Our House I live with my family in Géztepe. There are five members in my family: my father, my mother, my sister, my grandmother and J. We are at home on Sundays. Today is Sunday. I would like to describe the scene. We are all in the living room except my sister. My father is watching a football match on TV. Iam sitting next to him on the sofa. I am also watching the football match. Near the window, my mother is sewing a dress for my sister and talking to my grandmother. My grandmother is watching her sew the dress. In my sister’s room, which is beside our living room, my sister is studying chemistry and her friend is helping her. She is studying very hard for her exam on Monday. In conclusion, there are many activities in our house on Sunday because everybody is at home on Sundays. 10Guided Writing Write a composition of four paragraphs. Follow the models, but change all information that is not correct for you. Take as many structures and words from the models as you need for your composition. Please describe all activities at a specific time at a park, in your classroom, or at home. Exercise 1: Please rewrite the following sentences. Change want to to would like to. Would like to is more polite and makes your statement into an indirect request. The first one is done for you. I want to see you after class. would li ter I want to use your pencil. I want to ask you a question. I want to go to the cinema. I want to describe the scene. veep Exercise 2: Below is a list of verbs. Write the ‘ing’ form for each: The first one is done for you. 1. sit sitting 8. ask 2. read 9. give 3, make 10. put 4, talk 11. laugh, 5. study 12, use 6. help 13, write 7. listen 14, come uB. Daily Activities RSM Pair Work Activity Each student will tell the other student about what he or she did the previous day. @ Follow Up 1. How did you organize your narrative? Did you explain all the things you did in the morning first, then what you did in the afternoon and finally what you did in the. evening? 2. Or, did you discuss what you did before school, during school and after school? 2. If you organized your narrative in a different way, how did you organize it? Game Exercise First, look at the pictures on the following page. Discuss in class the activities shown in the pictures. Then, using the information in the pictures, fill in the blanks with suitable subject, noun, verb, preposition or article below. Finally, circle all the frequency adverbs in the composition. Maria’s Daily Activities Maria in a small apartment. is on the second floor of an old building. She lives her cousin. Maria a student at Roosevelt University. She psychology. She part-time as a clerk in a department store. Now, let’s take a look at an average day in her life. Maria early every morning. She usually ___a shower and gets. before she has breakfast. She doesn’t usually have much time for breakfast so she only has a piece of toast a cup of coffee. After , she quickly cleans up Kitchen. Then, she for school. She always goes to school bus. Maria arrives at school about 8:30. First, she goes to the cafeteria to meet her friends and have another quick cup of coffee. Then, she goes to class. She is in class - 9:00 1:00. She has a ten-minute at 10:00 and a half-hour break at 11:30. She lunch during her long break, class, Maria goes to work. She works a busy department store downtown. She likes work and she likes to talk to the customers. She works very hard. At 5:00, she working. Then, she takes the bus back It takes her a half-hour to get home. 12the evening, Maria sometimes has dinner with cousin. When her cousin works late, Maria __alone. She likes to listen the radio while she is eating. After dinner, she the dishes. Then, she studies. She usually goes to late because she has a lot of homework. In summary, Maria is a very busy person. She works hard and studies hard. However, she is happy with her life. Maria’s Daily Activities Se ti eee fi we Bae iain = 13My Daily Activities I My name is Kemal Aydin. I live in a three-bedroom house with my friend. I am a student at Istanbul University. I am learning English in the Prep School because I want to be a teacher. I would like to teach electronics and computer science in English. My activities can be divided into weekdays and weekends because I am attending school during the week. weekdays are rather monotonous. I get up early every morning. I get dressed before I eat breakfast. I usually have breakfast with my roommate. We have olives, cheese, and toast for breakfast. After breakfast, I go to school by bus. Our lessons are from 9:00 to 12 noon. We study reading and writing in the mornings. After having lunch, our English lessons continue at 1:00 and end at 3:50. Our class studies grammar and listening in the afternoons. I leave school at 4:00 p.m. After I get home, I usually relax for an hour. Sometimes, I study before dinner. I have dinner with my roommate around 7 o’clock in the evening. After dinner, we clean up the kitchen. I usually wash the dishes and my roommate dries them. Then, I study from 7:30 to 11:00 every weekday evening. After studying and doing my homework, I usually go to bed right away without watching TV because I am very tired. My weekends are different because I have got some free time. I usually get up late and then do some of my homework on Saturday morning. Then, I sometimes watch TV or go shopping to buy something I need. Some Saturdays, my roommate and I go somewhere to relax. For example, one Saturday, we went to the Princess Islands. Another Saturday we traveled by ferryboat up the Bosphorus Straits. On Sundays, I usually meet with my friends from school. Sometimes, we go to the cinema or theater; sometimes we go somewhere to eat and talk together. In the evenings, I generally do my homework. In conclusion, most of my days are rather monotonous, but I enjoy doing different things on the weekends in my free time. I am quite happy to be a student now, and I must work hard to learn English and finish my university education because I want to be a successful teacher in the future. My Daily Activities I My name is Aydin Demir. I live in one of the Marmara University dormitories. 1 am learning English this year in the Marmara University Prep School. Next year I will be attending the Tourism Department. I would like to describe a typical day at school: what I do before class, what I do during class and what I do after class. let's take a what I do before leaving for m ss.I get up early every morning. I get dressed before I eat breakfast. I usually have breakfast in the dormitory cafeteria. We have olives, cheese, and toast for breakfast. Sometimes, they serve eggs. After breakfast, I go to school by bus. 14 |4 my days at scl very much the same. I arrive at Marmara University around 12:30. I sometimes meet with some of my classmates in the canteen and we have tea before class starts. Our lessons start at 1:00 p.m. We study grammar and listening with one teacher and reading, writing and tourism ESP with another teacher. Our lessons finish at 5:15 p.m. Finally, my time after school is very busy. After class, I take the service bus back to my dormitory. We generally have dinner around 6:30 in the cafeteria. Then, the students go to their rooms and study. I study from, 7:30 to 11:00 every weekday evening. 1 do my homework assignments and study. Sometimes, I study vocabulary. After studying and doing my homework, I usually read my emails and chat with my friends online. I usually go to bed around 12 midnight. In conclusion, most of my weekdays are rather monotonous, but I enjoy doing different things on the weekends in my free time. I am quite happy to be a student now, and I must work hard to leam English and finish my university education because 1 would like to work for a tourism agency in the future. Transition Signals For better understanding, your sentences and paragraphs must be linked by the use of transition signals and connectors to make your ideas clear. These transitions are like traffic signals. ‘They guide the reader from one idea to another. Events which take place are written in narrative time order. A good narrative composition must have time connectors; that is, your ideas must be connected by using transition signals and connectors. Transition signals are like traffic signals. They guide the reader from one idea to another. Here is a list of the most ‘common time order transitions. 1. First, second, third, fourth, finally. 2. First, then, next, afterwards (after that, at that point), then, next, eventually, finally. 3, Time connectors: when, before, after, while, unless, as soon as 4, Dates: in February, in 1941 ‘on Monday, on June 30, 1951 (or, on the 30th of June) at the end of the year, at the beginning of 1991, from 1990 to 1993 5:00 p.m., at 7:30, at noon (midnight), at night in the moming, in the afternoon / on (or) at the weekend Times: 15Grammar Point Chronological articles are generally written in the simple present tense. The use of frequency adverbs is very common. Frequency adverbs ‘generally never rarely seldom sometimes frequently often usually —_ always 0% ——*(10% ~—— 15% 30-50% 60% 70% —«90% 100% Horses never drive cars. ‘Babies frequently cry. People rarely talk loudly in the library. Tourists often visit museums. Students seldom watch soap operas on TV. Students are usually on time. Parrots sometimes talk. ‘The sun always rises from the east. Placement of frequency adverbs in the sentence: 1. before normal verbs: I usually get up at 7 o'clock. 2. after “to be" verbs: He is usually late. 3. after the negative (contraction): He doesn’t usually get up early. 3. before "has" and "have": He usually has breakfast at 8 o'clock. Note: These places are the commonly used ones for frequency adverbs. However, some can appear in the beginning or at the end of sentences too. For example, "sometimes" and "usually" can come at the beginning or end of a sentence. Guided Writing Exercise 1: Write about your daily activities: 1. Paragraph 1: Introduce yourself. 2. Paragraph 2: Explain what you do before you come to school. 3. Paragraph 3: Explain what you do at school (in the morning/in the afternoon). 4, Paragraph 4: Explain what you do after school. 5. Paragraph 5: Explain how you feel about your daily activities. Exercise 2: (Optional) Write about the daily activities of your mother or father. 16C. Past Experiences A Marvelous Evening Tam a student at Marmara University in Istanbul. Just like most people, I have had some terrible days and some wonderful experiences in my life. However, I would like to forget my terrible days so I will describe a special day in my life. Last New Year's Eve was a memorable experience. December 31 was a holiday. That day, my mother cooked a lot of dishes for the evening meal. She prepared all our favorite dishes. My father bought nuts, drinks, fruit, and several kinds of dessert. My younger sister and I set the table. In the evening, we all sat around the dining room table and had a delicious New Year's Eve meal. We watched the New Year's programs on television while we ate. I ate a lot of turkey and rice. When my mother brought the desserts and fruit, we decided to wait for ‘a while because no one could eat anything more. Each television channel had a special New ‘Year's program, but we liked the one on Show Television best. At midnight, we tumed off the lights and lit the candles. Everyone wished each other a happy New Year and we all drank champagne. Then we had our desserts and gave our New Year's gifts to each other. Tn summary, we spent a wonderful time together. I will always remember last year’s celebration with my family. A Frustrating Day Most people have unforgettable days. These can be wonderful days or terrible, frightening experiences. Yesterday was not a typical day for me. It was a difficult and frustrating day. In the morning, I was late for school. In the afternoon, I had difficulty getting home. In the evening, I was exhausted because I had to do all the work at home. Yesterday morning, I had a lot to do so I was late for school. I live with my friends in aflat. Each day one of us is responsible for taking care of the flat. It was my turn yesterday. First of all, I got up late. Therefore, I had to prepare breakfast quickly for everyone. After we had breakfast, I cleaned up the kitchen. I also washed the dishes and dried them. As a result, T was late for school. When I came to class, my teacher was angry with me. Because I was late, I missed what the teacher had explained in the first lesson; therefore, I could not understand the following lesson. ‘The afternoon and evening didn’t pass well either. In the afternoon, I had problems getting home. I usually get home in about 15 minutes, but yesterday I returned home in about an hour. The bus I was on broke down and we all had to get off the bus and wait for another one to come. The rest of the day did not pass any better. After I arrived home, I started to fix dinner for my roommates. Nobody helped me so I fixed dinner myself. After we ate dinner, I 17washed and dried the dishes. I was exhausted so I collapsed into one of the armchairs. I fell asleep so I did not do my homework or watch television. I also missed the nightly discussion with my roommates about daily events. To sum up, it was a terrible day. I hope that I will not have another day like this one! A Memorable Trip My family lives in Ankara, There are three members in our family: my father, my mother and I. Last summer, we decided to visit our relatives in Mersin. They have a daughter three years older than I am. We had not seen them for a long time so we were all looking forward to seeing them. It was a wonderful trip. It was a Friday morning when we left home., We spent Thursday afternoon preparing for our trip. My mother packed our suitcases. My father got the car ready. He had a hard time putting all the luggage in the trunk of the car. I ran around asking my mother and father questions about my cousin. The next morning, we got up early and had a quick breakfast. We left home at 6:30 in order to get an early start. It took us ten hours to get there. They had been watching from their window. When we drove up to their apartment, everyone ran out to greet us. I hugged and kissed my aunt, uncle and cousin. We were all very tired so we went to bed early. We stayed for five days and had a wonderful time. They live near the beach so we spent a lot of time swimming everyday. My cousin took us around the city. We saw many famous places there. In the evening, my cousin and I enjoyed cycling together along the sea coast. My parents enjoyed their stay with my aunt and uncle too. They spent most of the time talking about the past. When it was time to leave, we were very unhappy. They asked us to stay longer, but we had to return. My father had to go to work two days later. We said goodbye and asked our relatives to come and visit us. When we arrived home, we were tired but happy to be back. ‘We alll agreed that it was a memorable trip. Exercise 1: Below is a list of the infinitive form of the verbs. Write the past tense forms in the blanks. The first one is done for you. 1. have had 1.is ot 12, clean 3. arrive eee 13. wash 4. cook ae 14: spend 5. prepare 15. miss 6. get 16. come 7. bring as 17. fall asleep 8, decide a 18. leave emote | ree 19. take 10. ask 20. break down 18Exercise 2: Please change the verb to the simple past tense in the sentences below. You may have to change other words to the past tense. The first sentence is done for you. 1. Every moming, I get up at 7:00 a.m. Yesterday morning, I got up at 7,00 a.m. 2. Every morning, I dress and then prepare my breakfast. ee 3. After school, I relax and have something to eat. 4, [attend three class periods in the afternoon. 5, Tleave school at 5:00 p.m. every weekday. Free Writing Assignment Write about a memorable (funny, exciting, or frightening) experience. 19UNIT 3: DESCRIPTIVE WRITING A. Describing a Place (Spatial Order) MEM Pair Work Activity One student will describe the following picture to the other student, who will not have his or her book open. The listener can try to draw a picture of what the other student is describing. @yu.. Up 1, Show the picture to the student who listened to the description of the room. Does the picture match the description (or drawing)? 2. Did the speaker give the information in some kind of order—like from right to left or left to right? 20ee Now study the layout plan and read the student composition: Parents’ Bedroom Ure] Entrance Home Sweet Home My family lives in an apartment building on Demir Street in Bostanci. ‘There are three rooms in our flat: a sitting room and two bedrooms. Let us take a look at the layout of my flat and my room. First, Jet us look at the floor plan of our flat. After you enter the house, there is a small hall. On the right of the hall, there is a bathroom. The kitchen is beside the bathroom. My parent’s bedroom is at the end of the corridor on the right. On the left near the entrance, there is a sitting room. My room is at the end of the corridor on the left. Now, you are in my room. There are pictures of famous people on all the walls. ‘There is a window opposite the door. Our clothes closet is on the left near the door. My bed is against the left wall beside the closet. My books are on a bookcase next to my bed. Near the bookcase, there is a round table. The table is in front of the window. My brother's bed is on the right near the window. In conclusion, our home is comfortable, but my brother and I share a room together. I hope that we can have a larger flat one day so that we can have our own rooms. 21Grammar Point 1. Showing existence: There is a kitchen on the right of the hall. On the right near the door, there is a bathroom. 2. Showing possession: (you can't use a "there is/are" statement) ‘WRONG: Opposite the entrance door, there is my bedroom. CORRECT: My bedroom is opposite the entrance door. Technical Stuff Descriptive writing is generally used to give the reader a picture of an object, a place or a person. One way to organize the information in a descriptive way is to use spatial (space) order. Using spatial order means putting the details in a logical organization of space or location. This organization is frequently used to describe a place to someone else. Imagine that your friend is blind, How would you describe your house, a painting, or the inside of a building to him or her? ‘You would need to describe the objects by space relationships. Spatial organization can describe details in several different ways: You describe the place or object: 1. from left to right or from right to left: It can be used to describe a room or a painting. 2. from top to bottom or bottom to top: It can be used to describe a painting, a building with several floors, any body (living or non-living) including yourself, a statue, or an animal. 3. from the front to the back or from the back to the front: It can be used to describe the inside of a house or shop (with only one floor), a park or classroom. 4, from the center to the outside or the outside to the center: It can be used to describe your, house, the location of a store, a restaurant, a park in relation to its surrounding neighborhood, or an object like a computer.Essential Vocabulary Prepositions to Show Location or Spatial Order Prepositions Phrases (Groups of Words) on, at, in on the left, on the right, in the middle under, to the right, to the left over, above on the top of, at the top of, on the side of inside, outside at the bottom of opposite in front of, in the back of, in the middle of, beside, next to across from, near at the end of among, between at the comer, on the comer of behind, in back of up / down the street (river) Descriptive Spatial Order Vocabulary around There is a cafe (a)round the corner. near The bookstore is near the cafe. next to Next to the bookstore, there is a great restaurant. beside Beside the restaurant is a bank. in front of ‘There are mailboxes and a money machine in front of the bank. behind ‘There is a parking lot behind the bank. on the right The kitchen is on the right of the entrance. on the left {As you enter, the living room is on the left. under The subway runs under the bookstore, restaurant, and bank. opposite There is a drug store opposite the bank. on the corner ‘The bank is on the corner of Broadway and Main Street. by I walk by a park everyday on the way to work. through I walk through a park everyday on the way to work. (inside it) inside / outside ‘Are the children playing inside or outside the house? at the top of Please write your name at the top of the paper. Exercise 1: The word after ‘is’ or ‘are’ determines which to use. If it is plural, use ‘are’ but if it is singular, use ‘is’. For example, there are 15 trees in the park. There is a fish pond in the park. Please fill in the blanks with either there is or there are. ____ 22 students in this classroom. a lot of roses in this park. ‘one teacher in the classroom. a large park in Uskiidar called Dogancilar Park. many trees in the park. a supermarket near my apartment building. 2 students and a teacher in the classroom. FAVA8. In the shopping center, some clothes shops, some shoe shops, and a pharmacy. 9. Inthe park, ___some flowers, some trees, some benches and a fish pond, 10. one teacher and 22 students in the classroom, Exercise 2: Use the correct preposition in the blanks below. at in on for through opposite _beside near Osman is sitting the classroom now. like to buy gifts my family and friends at New Year’s. Do you live your school? I walk the park when I go to school. live Gazi Muhtar Pasa Street. ‘There is a park my house. I can see it from my living room window. avaene ex Our classroom is_> your classroom. Do you hear us? ' Orhan lives_________15 Giinesyolu Street. : Technical Stuff Another important point when you describe the inside of a room, a building or a floor of a building is to have a fixed starting place. When you describe your room, start with the door. Then you can describe it from right to left or left to right more easily. When you are describing a house, you can use the entrance door, and describe which rooms are on the left, which rooms are on the right and which rooms are opposite the door (if any). When you are ina shopping center, you start with the entrance of the shopping center and then describe each floor. Burger King like to eat with my friends. Sometimes, we enjoy going to Burger King in Kadikéy. Most people that go there are young. However, it is also a convenient place for people to have lunch after shopping. Burger King is a famous fast food chain. The one in Kadikéy near the fish market has two floors. On the first floor there is a service counter with cash registers on the left of the entrance. Young people take the orders quickly behind the counter, put the items on the trays and take their money. There are some tables outside where people sit when the weather is nice. Burger King is very crowded. Therefore, people cannot always find an empty table outside easily so they go to the second floor. It has many tables and chairs. This fast food cafeteria is a modern and very comfortable place, but it is expensive. There are different kinds of people eating there. J enjoy eating there with my friends. 24 _‘A Shopping Center of Baki Tam ilkham Agayev from Azerbaijan. I am a student in the Prep School of Marmara University this year. I am from Baki, There are about two million people living in Bakit They all need a lot of shops in order to meet their daily needs. Therefore, there are a lot of big and small shops in Bakii. However, the largest and the most famous shopping center in Bakil is near the music school and central bazaar downtown. This shopping center has two main floors; each floor has a different purpose. ‘As you go into the entrance on the first floor, there is a restaurant on the left. It is a popular place for shoppers to eat after they finish shopping. It is small, but it is clean and nice, On the right side of the entrance, there is a supermarket. It is always very crowded with shoppers. There is an escalator to the second floor near the entrance. On the second floor on the left of the escalator, there is a drugstore and a clothes shop. ‘Atthe drugstore, you can buy toothpaste, aspirin, soap and shampoo. In the clothes shop, you can buy clothing, of course, and hats and shoes. On the right of the escalator, there is a pet shop and a stationery store. ‘The pet shop sells many interesting animals, including parrots, monkeys, Japanese fish, and so on. The stationery store is very large and sells books, school supplies, and art materials. In conclusion, a lot of people come to this shopping center because they can find everything they need there. More importantly, most of the shops are inexpensive. Dogancilar Park ‘There is a large park in Uskiidar called the Dogancilar Park. It is across the street from a private elementary school. It covers an entire square block. I would like to describe this park to you. ‘The park is well-known and beautiful. There are benches all around the park. There is fan entrance at each comer of the park. As you enter the park at the corner where the traffic signal is, there are many trees. Next to the trees, there is an exercise center. Many kinds of exercise equipment are available there. There are many people there everyday exercising. It is very crowded. Next to the exercise equipment, there is a place for children to play. ‘There are swings, see-saws, and a slide with a sand-box. On the left side of the park, there are many paths. There are many bushes and roses in the park. In the spring, there are lovely tulips along the paths. In the summer, there are many kinds of flowers. The paths from each comer of the park Iead to the center of the park. There is a pond in the middle of the park with gold fish in it. Itis a sunny day today and there are many people in the park. Some of the people are sitting on the benches in the shade of the trees and talking to their friends. Some people are ooking at the fish in the pond. There are all kinds of people. Some people look happy and some look sad. Some people are young and some are old. There are a lot of children swinging and sliding. Others are riding their bicycles or running and jumping along the paths. The children’s mothers are watching them. on,In summary, this park is a wonderful place to spend the afternoon, There are different kinds of people and different kinds of flowers to look at. Writing Assignment 1. Write a descriptive paragraph about your flat (house) and your room according to the outline below. (or) 1. Give information about the location of your house, flat or dormitory. 2. Describe by space all the rooms of your house, flat or dormitory. 3. Describe by space what is in your room. 4, Describe your ideas or feelings about where you live. 2. Write a descriptive composition about a place (a shop, a restaurant, or a park) in Istanbul or in your hometown, 26 peunrerineeeeB. Describing a Person ‘A. Pair Work Activity Each student will describe themselves to their partner. Darn Up Did you explain yourself in some kind of organized way (such as physical appearance, personality and interests) or just mention things about yourself as they came to you? Now read the following edited student composition: Self-Portrait: A Student Composition ‘My name is Ibrahim Cetin. I'm 19 years old. I am from Canakkale. My family lives there, but I live in Istanbul now because I’m attending Marmara University here. I'm attending the Prep School this year. Next year I will attend the Economics Department. I ‘would like to describe my appearance, personality and interests. ‘There is nothing unusual in my physical appearance. I’m | meter 72 cms tall. As you can see, I’m medium height. I weigh about 60 kilograms. I am somewhat thin but I think I have anormal weight. I have straight blond hair and green eyes. I have a straight nose. My face is narrow. Thave an interesting personality. I’m usually quiet and shy, but sometimes I'm very talkative. I usually speak very little; however, sometimes I like to play jokes on my friends. I enjoy being with my friends. I usually go out with my friends at the weekends. I think I’m an honest man. I never lie and I don’t like people who lie. My family and my friends also think I’m honest. In fact, honesty is one of the most important things for me. Ihave a wide variety of interests. I usually do exercises for my health. I go running every Sunday. I also like playing football and basketball in my free time. I like reading books and listening to music. I like pop music—especially Jennifer Lopez. I enjoy reading science fiction books in my spare time. This year I am going to read a lot of English novels so I can learn English well. In conclusion, I believe that I am a typical Turkish student. I think that I’m a good son and I love my family very much. If I graduate from the university successfully, I will try to find a good job and work hard for people in Turkey and all over the world, o7Xs Technical Stuff As mentioned earlier, descriptive writing can be used to describe a place or a person. In the student composition above, each paragraph in the body discusses a different subject or part of the person. Paragraph 2 (the first body paragraph) describes the student’s physical appearance. Paragraph 3 describes the student's personality traits. Paragraph 4 describes the student’s interests. Guided Writing Write about yourself according to the outline below: First paragraph: Introduce yourself and what you are doing now. ‘Second paragraph: Describe your physical appearance. ‘Third paragraph: Describe your personality. Fourth paragraph: Describe your interests. Fifth paragraph: Explain what you hope to do in the future. Essential Vocabulary 1, Physical appearance: BUILT: husky x slight built; tall x short or medium in height; slim = thin x fat = overweight. EYES: color: brown, blue, green, violet, hazel, black, honey in color. expression: beady, smiling, flashing, empty, staring, sad, bulging NOSE: straight, crooked, Greek nose. HAIR: color: auburn, brunette or brown, dark, white, gray, blond(e) kind of hair: curly, wavy, straight, bald, receding length: short, medium, long, shoulder length FACE: shape: round, square, pear-shaped, egg-shaped, oval, broad, narrow, heart-shaped, moon-shaped, angular, bony expressions: scowling, frowning, worried, pained, blank, vivacious, delicate, lively, peaceful, placid FACIAL HAIR: eyebrows: thick, arched, neatly-plucked, uneven beard: stubby, five o'clock shadow, goat's beard MOUTH: full-lipped, thin-lipped, set (a set smile) TEETH: large, prominent, protruding VOICE: booming, rasping, squeaky, harsh, deep, growling COMPLEXION = light x dark, pale HANDS: pudgy, slender oRA. Hair, face, skin and complexion bald with recbes He used to have black hair, but now it’s gone grey, almost white. He used to have a lot of hair, but now it’s receding; he will probably be bald in 10 years. What kind of person would you like to go out with? Blonde, fair, dark or ginger-haired/red-haired? She has such beautiful auburn (red) hair! Note: Fair and dark can be used for hair, complexion or skin. B. Height and build D acather plump or lim woman an obs peson Stout an tposive] Inegnve, very ft) Fat sounds impolite so we often say a bit overweight. If someone is broad and solid, we can say they are stocky. A person with good muscles can be well-built or muscular. ' C. General appearance ‘She's a very smart and elegant woman, always well-dressed. Her husband ! is quite the opposite; he is very scruffy and untidy-looking. } He's very good-looking, but his friend's rather unattractive. ‘A: Do you think beautiful women are always attracted to handsome men? | B: I don’t; I don’t think first impressions matter most. 29Exercise 1: Answer these remarks with the opposite description: Example: I thought you said he was the short, chubby one. ‘No. quite the opposite: he’s the tall, thin one. 1. Was that his brother—the dark-skinned, wavy-haired one? No, quite the opposite, his brother's 2. She's always quite well-dressed, so I've heard. What! Who told you that? She’s 3. Texpected the tour-guide to be thin and young? However, 4, [heard your new boss is handsome and has long thick hair? No, quite the opposite, he’s 2. Personality or character: A. Intellectual capacity Positive: intelligent, bright, clever, smart, shrewd, able, gifted, talented Negative: stupid, foolish, half-witted, simple, silly, dumb, cunning, crafty, sly B. Attitudes toward life Looking on either the bright side or the dark side of things: Optimistic x pessimistic Outward-looking or inward looking (j.e., to the world around one or to one’s own inner world): extroverted x introverted Calm or not calm with regard to attitude to life: relaxed x tense Practical, not dreamy in approach to life: sensible or down-to-earth Feeling things very intensely, easily hurt: sensitive C. Attitudes towards other people Enjoying other people’s company: sociable or gregarious Disagreeing with others: quarrelsome or argumentative Taking pleasure in others’ pain: cruel or sadistic Relaxed in attitude to self and others: easy-going or even-tempered D. Personality traits: Some traits can be either positive or negative depending on your point of view. The words in the right hand column mean roughly the same as the words in the left-hand column, except that they have negative rather than positive meanings.POSITIVE NEGATIVE Determined obstinate, stubborn, pig-headed ‘Thrifty, economical miserly, mean, tight-fisted, penny-pincher Self-assured self-important, arrogant, conceited Assertive aggressive, bossy Original peculiar, weird, eccentric, odd Frank, direct, open blunt, abrupt, brusque, curt Broad-minded unprincipled, permissive Inquiring . inquisitive, nosy Generous extravagant Innocent naive Ambitious pushy Exercise 2: Do you think that the speaker likes or dislikes the people that s/he is talking about below? 1, Donna’s very thrifty. 5. Dick’s quite bossy. 2. Molly’s usually frank. 6. I find Dave self-important. 3. Donald’s quite broad-minded. 7. Don’t you think Jim’s nosy? 4, Sam can be aggressive. 8. Jill is very original. Now, rewrite the eight sentences and give the opposite impression. Example: Donna’s very stingy. 3. Pleasant and unpleasant feelings: ‘A. Happiness and unhappiness: You feel... Cheerful when life is looking quite bright and positive. You are happy. Grateful when someone has done you a favor. Delighted when something has happened that gives you great pleasure, when you hear news of someone’s good fortune, for instance. Miserable when everything seems wrong in your life. Fed-up when you have had enough of something disagreeable. You can be fed up with someone's rudeness or improper behavior, for instance. Depressed when you are miserable over a long period of time. Depression is considered an illness in some severe cases. Frustrated when you are unable to do something that you want to do. Confused or mixed up when you cannot make sense of different conflicting feelings or ideas; mixed up is more colloquial. 31B. Excitement, anger and anxiety: You feel . Excited when you are expecting something special to happen (before a party). Enthusiastic when you have very positive feelings about something (a new project) Furious when you are extremely angry. Anxious when you are afraid and uncertain about the future. I am so anxious about the results of my exams that I can’t sleep. Nervous when you are afraid or anxious about something that is about to happen. I always feel nervous when I have to go to the dentist. Worried when negative thoughts are.constantly going through your head, i Upset when something unpleasant has happened to disturb you. It combines feelings i of both sadness and anger. | 32,i UNIT 4: CHRONOLOGICAL WRITING Process Writing Every day we perform many activities in a process, that is, series of steps carried out in.a definite order. Many of these processes are familiar and automatic, such as loading a film in a camera, using a machine, driving a car, or making an omelet. We are rarely aware of the sequence of steps that make up each activity. In other cases, while leaming how to use our new video camera, we may have to learn a whole series of steps involved in the process while trying to operate it. Transition Signals For better understanding, your sentences and paragraphs must be linked by the use of transition signals and connectors to make your ideas clear. ‘These transitions are like traffic signals, They guide the reader from one idea to another. To clearly show the order of the steps of a process, use either (I) transition signal words or (2) time clauses. (e.g.: After the water boils, add the spaghetti to the water.) Both techniques can be used in the same paragraph. For a complete list of transition signals, see Appendix 1. Process Sequence Transition Signals ‘Time Clause Signals First, First, when Second, Then, before Third, Next, after ete. Afterwards, while Finally, (After that/At that point) as soon as Then, Finally, How to Use a Washing Machine Do you think washing your clothes with a washing machine is easy? You probably think you do not need any instruetions on how to use a washing machine or how to wash clothes. T thought it was easy to use a machine last week too. However, I learned that it was not. My parents were out and my sweater was dirty. I wanted to wear it the next day. I took some dirty clothes I found in the bathroom, and my sweater, put some soap into the soap compartment and started the ‘machine. An hour later, I opened the door and took out the clothes. They were all a strange purple color. Then, I found some purple socks in the machine. I wondered what my mother would say when she saw her white blouse because it was now purple. Then, I looked at my sweater and it looked very small. In fact, it was about two sizes smaller. My mother came home and looked at the clothes. I was lucky. She did not get angry. However, she told me that washing can be easy when you follow certain instructions.First, you have to separate your clothes into three groups: white, colored and delicate* clothes. You must wash these groups separately. Second (Then), put one group of clothes in the machine (white, colored or delicate clothes). After you close the door, add the proper amount of detergent in the compartment for soap. Third (Next), set the control for the type of clothing you want to wash and the proper temperature control setting. For example, the white wash requires a longer program with a higher washing temperature. You must set the temperature at the 40” setting. The colored wash can be set at 30°, but it can be for a shorter wash program. Most important of all, delicate clothes* like my sweater made of wool should not be washed in hot water, or they will shrink! Delicate clothes can be put on the shortest program. Finally, push the start button, In conclusion, if you follow these instructions correctly, you can have clean clothes. Your clothes also will not shrink or change color. Good luck! How to Make Rice ; Tam a university student living with a roommate in our own apartment this year. Therefore, we are learning to cook. Here is an easy recipe for making rice You can make perfect rice by following these steps. First, prepare the following ingredients: 3 cups (water glasses) of rice, 125 grams of margarine, I tomato (grated or chopped), % teaspoon of salt and 3 cups of water. Then, check the rice for stones. Next, melt the margarine in a cooking pan. At this point, add the grated tomato, salt, rice, and water to the pan. Cover the pan and cook the rice on a low heat until the water disappears completely —for about 20 minutes. Finally, remove the pan from the fire and place a thin cloth or piece of paper between the lid and’ the pan for two minutes. The extra moisture will collect on the paper so that the rice will be fluffy. and not stick together. ‘You are now ready to serve your rice. Good luck! Exercise 1: Fill-in the blanks with suitable process transitions. Expansion of Volume Experiment A very simple experiment can be done to show that water expands its volume after it freezes, All you need is an empty glass jar and some water. . fill half the jar with water. mark the outside of the jar at water level. . Put it in the freezer until the water freezes. _____, take the jar out of the freezer. , observe the new water level, You will sce that the level of the frozen water is higher. This proves that water expands when it freezes, **delicate clothes (like wool clothes) can be damaged if not washed properly 34