Data Dictionary (DDIC)

DDIC is a central repository where we create and maintain repository objects related to
particular Data base.
Objects of DDIC are,
• Data base table
• Views
• Data type
• Domain
• Type group
• Search help
• Lock object
change document
it is used to record the changes done in the document such as data element data type, data
element length
No input history
if this indicator is set then user cannot get input history in the input fields

1.Data base Table: A database table is an object type in DDIC which stores the
actual data in the form of rows and columns. The name of the custom table
in DDIC must start with a letter z or y and can have a maximum of 16
characters.

Components of Database table,

Delivery Class: Controls the transportation of table data when installing or

upgrading in client copy and when transporting between client systems.

Types of Delivery class are

A – Application table (master and transaction data)

C – Customer table i,e the data is maintained by customer only
L – Table for storing temporary data
G – Customer table, SAP may enter the new records without over writing
existing record
E – System table wits own namespace for customer entries.
S – System table whose data changes as program changes
W – System table whose data is transported between its own objects

Data Browser / Table maintenance: This option is used to allow us that

whether we want only to display the data or also want to maintain the data.
Here the data maintenance means creating, deleting, or updating the data.
We have three options,
Display/maintenance allowed: SE16 allows display and maintenance for
this dictionary object. SE54 allows generation of maintenance dialog and
SM30 allows display and maintenance function.
Display/Maintenance allowed with restriction: SE16 allows display but
maintenance is not allowed for this dictionary object. SE54 allows generation
of maintenance dialog, SM30 doesn’t allows display and maintenance
function.
Display/Maintenance not allowed: SE16 allows display and doesn’t
maintenance for this dictionary object. SE54 doesn’t allows generation of
maintenance dialog and SM30 also doesn’t allows display and maintenance
function.
Field Name: The name which we provide to each field in the table is known
as the field name that consists of a maximum of 16 characters. Like the table
name, it must start with a letter, and can have a letter, numbers, and
underscore.
Key Flag: It specifies whether that field belongs to the Key field or not.
Intial Value: -Select this flag if a field to be inserted in the database is to be filled with initial
values. The initial value used depends on the data type of the field.

Group : -
Field Length: It defines the number of characters that can be entered into
the field.
Decimal Places: It specifies how many digits are permitted after the
decimal point, and it can only be used for the numeric data types.
Short text: It specifies the meaning of the field entered within the table.
short description specifies the meaning of the objects or fields in the DDIC.
Currenecy/ quantity fields :-
ReferanceTable: -
A reference table is specified for fields containing currency amounts (date type CURR) or
quantities (data type QUAN). This must be a field ( reference field) with the currency key
format (data type CUKY) or format for quantity units (data type UNIT).

Field Label: Field labels are used to assign text information to data
elements.

The text information related to the data element is referred to by the field &
is displayed on the screen in place of the field name.

➢ Two types of Filed Labels:

1. Short, Medium, & long fields.

2. Header Field.

Data class: It defines the physical area in the data base where the created
table going to be stored.
Here we have got

Data Class Description

APPL0 Master Data, Transparent Tables
APPL1 Transaction Data, Transparent Tables
APPL2 Organizing & Customizing

Master Data: The data which is accessed frequently and updated rarely.
Transaction data: The data which is updated frequently.
Organizational / Customizing data: the data which is defined during
system initialization and updates rarely.
Buffer: It is a cache memory in application layer of R/3 architecture where
frequently accessed data will be stored.
Options available are
Buffering not allowed: it specifies the The data in the table will not be
buffered.
Buffering allowed but currently switched off: buffering principally
allowed but now buffering will be off.
Buffering is switched on: The data in the table will be buffered.

Buffering type
Single record buffering: with this kind of buffering, only records of a table
which are accessed are loaded into the buffer.
Generic area buffering: In read access to a record of generically buffered
table, whose all left justified part of the key corresponds are loaded into the
buffer.
You use generic buffering to load in the buffer all the records whose generic
key fields match with the accessed record of the table.
Fully buffering: with the full buffering either complete table or none of the
table will be in buffer. If read access is made to a record, all the records of
the table will be in buffer.

Single record buffer: Only first record or records which are read will be
stored in the buffer
• Fully buffered: All the records will be stored in the buffer
• Generic Area: The key field’s data is called generic area. Only generic
area data i.e. key fields data will be stored in the buffer.
• it is Especially used for Text Table.
How to avoid Buffering: ->By using "BYPASS BUFFERING" statement in
select query. it will go fetch the records directly from database tables and
skip from buffer.
->BY using Aggregative functions, they are not considered Buffer.
Ex: MAX,MIN,AVG,SUM and Count.

Log data changes: If we tick on this checkbox, any data changes we have
made will be recorded in log table. T-code for see log table Scu3 or OY18.
• If we select this check box what ever the changes we made on the
data will be recorded in the log tables.

We can specify the data type and length of the field without using data
element by clicking on predefined type.

Text Table:
Text table is a table that contains all the primary key fields of the
main table along with language field(SPRAS). The text table contains a text
field for the description in different languages.
tEXT TABLE IS FOREIGN KEY TABLE WHICH IS USED TO DISPLAY THE
CONTENTS OF CHECK TABLE IN DIFFERENT LANGAUGES

The cardinality of is 1:N with respect to the main table. That means for a
single record in the main table there can be N number of records in the text
table.

Types of Tables
• Transparent table: Exhibit one to one relationship i,e data base table
has one table corresponding to the table created in the DDIC. This
table contains application data like master data and transaction data.
In transparent tables, the database table has the same name and the
same number of fields with field names as the data dictionary table.
 • Pool table: The pooled table in ABAP shows the many-to-
one relationship with the table definition in the database, which means
for a single table defined in the SAP database, there are various tables
in the ABAP dictionary. The names of the tables stored in the Dictionary
and the database must be different. The SAP database stores all the
Pooled tables in a single table, which is known as a table pool. The
tables in the data dictionary may or may not have primary key field
in common. They are used to store the system data, such as
system configuration information, historical data, etc.

• Cluster table: Cluster tables are similar to the Pooled tables, as they
also show the many-to-one relationship with the table definition in
the SAP database. All the cluster tables are stored in a single table in
the database, and that table is known as a table cluster. The tables in
the data dictionary must have at least one primary key field in
common, and the table is usually accessed simultaneously. They are
used to store the system data, such as system configuration
information, historical data, etc.

Difference between transparent, pool and cluster table,

Transparent table Pool table Cluster table

Exhibit one to one Exhibit many to one Exhibit many to one

relationship relationship relationship

Medium sized table Small sized table Large sized table

Append structure Doesn’t allow append Allows append

allowed

Buffering allowed Buffering allowed Buffering not allowed

(buffering option is
there but when click
on type of bufering
while activating we
 will get ERROR Like
table is
cluster ,buffering is
not allowed

Contains application Contains system data Contains system data

data and customizing data

Secondary index can Secondary index can’t Secondary index can’t

be created be created be created

TMG is allowed TMG is not allowed TMG is not allowed

It supports both open Supports only open Supports only open

and native SQL SQL SQL

Foreign Key Relationship

Foreign keys are used to establish the relationship between the different
tables present in the ABAP Dictionary. We can create value checks for input
fields using the foreign keys. Value checks are required to validate the values
of some fields in a table with the values of other fields of different tables. The
table that contains the foreign key is called a foreign key table.
Below are the two requirements for creating a foreign key relationship:

• The fields used in the check table for the validation must be the
primary keys.

• The foreign key fields in the foreign key table and primary key fields in
the check table must be of the same domain so that it can ensure that
both fields are compatible with data type and length.

Primary key is a field that uniquely identifies the rows in a table by one or
more columns. The primary key field cannot have a NULL value or duplicate
values.
The foreign key relationship is about relating or connecting two different
tables in order to avoid redundancy and perform table validations in
ABAP.

• Field Level Validation: In this method, we perform the field level

validation by using the check table concept.

• Domain-Level Validations: Domain level validation can be

performed by restricting entries at the domain level with the help of
the value table of that domain and fixed values of the domain.

pdf: -

Value Table :- value table is validatdation at domain level.which is defined

in the domain defination and it isused to provide F4 help for all the fields
which refers to the domain.

(Foreign key

The foreign key relationship is about relating/connecting/create two different

tables is to avoid redundancy and perform table validations or to Maintain
Data Consistence in ABAP.

Purpose of Foreign key: -

The purpose is to validate the data being entered in one table (foreign key
table) by checking against list of possible values in another table.

Check table:- A table which stores master data is called a check table.

Foreign Key Table :- A table which is linked with check table for validating
its own data is called foreign key table.

When do we go for FKR?

Whenever one Data table is dependent on other Data Table then we go for
FKR b/w 2 tables.

Use of Foreign key:- Foreign keys are used to establish the relationship
between the different tables present in the ABAP Dictionary.

▪ We can create value checks for input fields using the foreign keys.

▪ It connects two tables by assigning the foreign key field of one table to the
primary key field of another table.

Types Of Foreign Key: There are 3 types

1. Non key fields/candidates:

2. Key fields/candidates:

3. Key fields of a text table:

1. Non key fields/candidates: The foreign key fields are neither primary
key fields of the foreign key table nor do they uniquely identify a record of
the foreign key table (key candidates). For this reason, the foreign key fields
do not (partially) identify the foreign key table.

2. Key fields/candidates: The foreign key fields are either primary key
fields of the foreign key table or they already uniquely identify a record of the
foreign key table (key candidates). The foreign key fields therefore (partially)
identify the foreign key table.

3. Key fields of a text table: The foreign key table is a text table for the
check table, that is the key of the foreign key table only differs from the key
of the check table in that it has an additional language key field. This is a
special case of the type Key fields/candidates.)

The cardinality of the foreign key is used to specify the allowed rows in the foreign
key table for the corresponding value in the check table. It is defined while creating
the foreign key relationship.
 It can be expressed as X: Y relationship, where X is used for the check table,
and Y is for the foreign key table.

• n=1
For each dependent record there is exactly one record of the check table.
• n=C
There can be records in the foreign key table which do not reference any record of the check
table.

• It specifies that the records contained within the foreign table may not
correspond to any record of the check table.

• m=1
For each record of the check table there is exactly one dependent record.
• m=C
For each record of the check table there is at most one dependent record.
• m=N
For each record of the check table there is at least one dependent record.
• m = CN
For each record of the check table there are any number of dependent records

The possible values for X can be:

• X=1: It specifies that a check table has a single record for each record
of the foreign key table.

• X=C: It specifies that the records contained within the foreign table
may not correspond to any record of the check table.
The values for Y can be:

• Y=1: It specifies that for each record in the check table, only one
record is allowed in the foreign key table.

• Y=C: It specifies that the maximum one record of the check table can
 exist for the foreign key table.

• Y=N: It specifies that for each record of the check table, at least one
record of the foreign key table should exist.

• Y=CN: It specifies that any number of independent records of the

foreign key table may exist for each record of the check table.
Foreign Key Field Type Description

This can be selected as the semantic attribute options.

• Not But we need to choose any of the below options if we are
Specified defining the foreign key for maintenance view, help view,
or lock objects.
It specifies that in the foreign key table, the foreign key
• No Key fields are not part of the primary key fields and cannot
fields uniquely identify the row of the foreign key table.

It specifies that the foreign key fields are part of the

• Key fields primary key fields in the foreign key table.

It defines that the foreign key table behaves like a text

• Key fields table for the check table and contains the language
of a text description of the value.
table

hana vaersion : - 2.00.052

Primary Index: The primary index is a unique index constructed from the
key fields of the primary key. It is always created automatically in SAP ABAP.
A maximum of one record exists in the table for each combination of index
fields.

Secondary Index: Alongside the primary index defined using the primary
key, both unique and non-unique secondary indexes can be created for a
database table. Creating secondary indexes usually improves the
performance of database reads that evaluate the indexes of the database.

Purpose of Index: - (In SAP ABAP, indexes are used to avoid the duplicate
data and improve the performance while accessing the table.)

Disadvatages of Secondary index : -it will put load on the database

system because every time we insert, delete and modify the records it has to
updated in the database and more creation of secondary index is leads to
performanace issue.
When the database is accessed, the optimizer of the database system
checks whether a suitable index exists and uses it if appropriate. The index
selected depends on the platform, which means it is possible in ABAP
Dictionary to define to which database systems a non-unique secondary
index is applied or not:
• Index in all database systems
The index is created on every database.
• In selected database systems
The database systems can be defined using a selection list or an
exclusion list with up to four entries each.
• No database indexes
The index is not created on any database. This setting makes it
possible to delete existing secondary indexes from the database.
Unique secondary indexes are always created and then no longer CAN be
deleted from the database.
IF WE SELECT THIS FLAG THE INDEX IS ALWAYS CREATED AND NO LONGER CAN be THEN DELETED
THE INDEX IN DATABASE.

extension index : - we can create the data and cannot be modified.

we can enhanced the iindex

after changing the version or updating the data the previous data will not be lost during the process

secondary index:- we can be create the index and can be modified

we cannot be enhanced the index

after changing the version or updating the data, the previous data will be lost during the process.

2. Views: Views are the data dictionary repository objects in ABAP, which are
used to view the data of several tables in one place.

A view is similar to the database table, but it does not contain any physical
data; instead, it derives data from different tables and acts like a virtual
table. Since it does not physically store any data, and the database only
contains the view definition, hence it takes very little space in the database.
Append View : -

Append view is used to enhancement of views in the SAP ABAP which means
we can only be enhance the new fields to the existing view.

Types of Views are,

1. Database View: If a view is created on one or more tables by combining

the fields using inner join, such a view is called a Database view. Since this
view uses the inner join, it only combines the matching records from the
table. In this view, we cannot perform any maintenance operation on table
data; instead, we can just read the data but if we done database view for
single table we can perform read as well as maintenance operation.

2. Projection: If a view is created on a single table, then it is called as

Projection View. Using this type of view, we can minimize the fields by
projecting only required fields and rest fields will be filtered out. This view
allows us to read and also maintain the data.
3. Maintenance Views: The maintenance view is created on two or more
tables by using the outer join concept in DDIC. It allows us to maintain and
read the data of the table. This view is suitable for the custom tables (z or y)
only and should not be used with the Standard SAP tables, as it may create
the inconsistency problem while changing the record. It allows us to maintain
the data of several tables for one application at a time.
What is TMG?
SAP Table Maintenance Generator (TMG) is a tool, used to create a table
maintenance program, which can be customized
, to be used by the end users to maintain the table for example, user can
create a new entry in the table, can change the existing data, and can delete
the data.
Why we go for TMG?
In production systems, the end-users generally won't be having access to
SE11 or SE16 transaction code. So, if they need to maintain this table, they
need an alternate way to do so. The benefit of Table Maintenance Generator
is that the restriction can be put on each field column and also gives end-
users to change or modify multiple entries at the same time.
Authorization Group: The authorization group allows extended
authorization protection for particular objects. The authorization groups are
freely definable. The authorization groups usually occur in authorization
objects together with an activity.
Function Group: It is like a container which contains several function
modules.
Function Module: Function modules are ABAP routines that encapsulate
program code and provide an interface for data exchange.
Maintenance Screen: In one-step maintenance only one maintenance
screen (overview screen) is processed at run time. Entries are displayed here
in the form of lists. An entry should be able to be displayed in one line of the
screen.
In two-step maintenance an additional maintenance screen (single screen)
is processed at run time, as well as the overview screen. A single entry is
displayed on the single screen. The single screen can be called from the
overview screen by function key, for every entry.

one step :- in one step only one maintenance screen is processed at run
time.
in one step entries are displayed here in the form of lists.
in one step overview screen number is madatory
in one step in the overview screen itself we can maintain the data and add
entries also.

two step : - in two step there are two maintenace screen at runtime i,e
overview screen and single screen .
A single entry is diplayed on the screen.
in two step both overview and single screen is mandatory
in two step in the overview screen we can maintain the data,
if we want ad new entries it take us to single their we can add the new
entries

function group should be activated in the SE80

We have to give Authorization group.

Abap consultant are responsible for implementing the softwares and

enhancment and modifications
the applications and also connect with client and taking the requirement
from the
Recording routine:
• Standard recording routine (any entries changes will trigger to save
to a transport request)
• No, or user, recording routine (any entries changes will not trigger
to save to a transport request. Thus, manual input is required for all
systems for example DEV, QAS and PRD)
TMG Events:

4. Help Views: The help view is created on two or more than two tables,
specifically for the "Search-helps" in DDIC, and we cannot execute it directly.
It combines the data by using an outer join. It allows us only to read the
data, and we cannot maintain the data in this view. It can be used as a
selection method in search helps.
Difference between database view, projection view, maintenance view and
help view,
Database View Projection Maintenance Help View
View View
database view is projection view maintenace maintenace
applicable for is applicable for view is view is
single as well as single table apllicable for apllicable for
multiple tables moth than one moth than one
also tables tables

Works on Inner
join
No joins

Works on Outer Works on Outer

join join
Display and Display and Display and Only displaying
maintenance maintenance maintenance of data
possible for possible possible
single table but
not possible for
more than one
table
This view can be This view can’t This view can’t
created for pool be created for be created for
 or cluster table pool or cluster pool or cluster
table table
Append view is Append view is Append view is Append view is
possible possible not possible not possible
TMG is not TMG is not TMG is possible TMG is not
possible possible possible
Foreign key FKR is not FKR mandatory FKR mandatory
relationship is required
not mandatory
delivery class delivery class delivery class
are not present delivery class are present here are not present
here are not present here
here
data browser is
data browser is not present in
data browser is present in the the help view
present in the data browser is Maintenance
Database view present in the view
Projection view

search help is search help is search help is

possible search help is not possible possible
possible

3.Data Types: The data type object is used to create the user-defined data
types in ABAP Dictionary, such as data elements, structures, and table
type.
1. Data element: The data element is an object that specifies the
semantic information of the field, such as description, labels, etc.

• Elementary Type:
Elementary type refers to the data type that contains semantic
attributes, such as data type, length, and the number of decimal
places. These data types can be assigned in two ways to a data
element:

• By assigning a predefined ABAP Dictionary type: A data

element can be assigned using the predefined types such as
CHAR, NUMC, etc.

• By assigning a domain: It specifies that a data element

inherits the properties or technical attributes of the predefined
 domain. A domain can be used with multiple numbers of data
elements.

• Reference Type:
The reference type describes the single field that has references for
global classes and interfaces with the multiple numbers of data
elements.
2. Structure: Structures are data objects (comprised of components of any
data type) that are saved in sequence in the memory. The data type of a
structure is a structured type or a structure defined in the ABAP HYPERLINK
"javascript:call_link('abenabap_dictionary_glosry.htm')" HYPERLINK
"javascript:call_link('abenabap_dictionary_glosry.htm')"Dictionary.
• Flat structures do not contain any deep components. They only
contain components with flat data types, such as elementary
types c, n, d, t, decfloat16, decfloat34, f, i, int8, p, x, plus b, s (or
structures with these types).
• Flat character-like structures are flat structures that contain
only character-like components.
• Nested structures contain at least one substructure. A nested
structure is flat or character-like, depending on the attributes of all of
the components.
• Deep structures contain at least one deep component, at any nesting
level. Possible deep components include strings, internal tables, boxed
components, data references, or object references.
Type Category in the Dictionary
When defining components of a structure in the ABAP Dictionary, the
following can be used: Typing Kind:
Type - installed or user-defined type (elementary, structured or table type)
Type Ref to - Reference Type- Type Ref to is set automatically if you input
a class, an interface or the generic references OBJECT or DATA as the
component type. If you input as the component type a reference type that
has already been defined in the dictionary, a blue arrow appears in the Dtype
column.
Type ... boxed - Boxed Component with a structure-like dictionary type.
Two ways to add structure to a table,
Include structure: Here we type. . INCLUDE in field column and give
structure name in data element column. We can go for include structure for
only custom table we can’t add include structure to standard table.
Append Structure: Here we click on append structure button at the top and
we create the append structure. This structure is applicable for both custom
as well as standard table.
Difference between Include and Append structure,
Include structure Append structure
Applicable for only custom tables. Applicable for both standard and
custom tables.
Adds anywhere in the table field. Adds at the end of the table.

Include structure can be global as This is only local structure.

well as local.

It is possible to add additional field It is not possible to add additional

manually after include. field manually after appending

Difference between table and structure,

DB Table Structure

Table stores data physically and Structure contains data only during
permanent data run time

Table has technical settings. Doesn’t contain technical setting.

DB table must have primary key Primary key is not mandatory

We can provide secondary index Doesn’t contain secondary index

Delivery and maintenance setting Delivery and maintenance setting

is present is not available.

We can create views We can’t create views

no input history: -
If this indicator is set, the SAP GUI uses to handle the input history of a screen input field is
switched off.

3.Table type: A table type is a type that describes the structure and
functions of an internal table in the ABAP program. It can be used in the
ABAP program analogously to types that are predefined in the ABAP program
or defined directly in the ABAP program to define data objects and types.

4. Domain: A domain is one of the fundamental objects of the ABAP data

dictionary, which is used to define the technical attribute of the fields
such as data type, length, and value range of values accepted by a
field. It is assigned to a data element and can be reused in the field.

Output characteristics of Domain

Output length: Which defines the number of characters should be present

in display screen.

Conversion Routine: The data that we enter in the SAP system is not
stored in the original format in the SAP database, and it needs to be
converted into the format compatible with the SAP database.

Sign: If we want to enter negative values in input field, we need to tick this
checkbox.

Lower case: If we tick this check box the characters we enter will display as
it is else the default case is Upper case.

or

If we select this indicatorthe checter that we entered will be displayed as it is

without conversion else sap will convert to Uppercase.

Fixed value and intervals: We can assign some fixed values for data types
and length, to a domain. These fixed values are helpful in providing some
input checks for the fields on a screen. The fixed values can also be used as
the source of the input help (F4) for the fields. These values can be created
by defining either single values or the lower and upper limits of the fields.
5. Type Group: A type group is an ABAP program managed by ABAP
Dictionary that is initiated by the statement TYPE-POOL and that contains
ABAP statements for defining globally visible data types, constants,
and macros.
6. Search Help: This option allows us to create the help document for the
user so that the user can know what values should be filled into the input
field values. It can be accessed using the F4
Types of search help are,

1. Elementary search help: An Elementary search help defines the

standard flow of an input help. Which defines the from where the data
displayed in the hitlist come from.

Selection Method: The possible entries for a field displayed in the hit list
are determined at runtime by selection from the database. The selection
method describes the database object from which the data is read. Database
table or view can be defined as selection method.

Dialog type: The dialog type defines the dialog steps executed for an input
help. There are the following dialog types:

• Immediate value display: The hit list is displayed immediately after

the input help has been called. This option is advisable if the hit list
usually contains only a few entries.

• Dialog with value restriction: The dialog box for restricting values is
displayed immediately.

Select this option if the list of possible entries is normally very large.
Restricting the set of data to be processed increases the clarity of the hit list
and reduces the system load during value selection.

• Dialog depends on value set: If the hit list contains less than 100
entries, it is displayed immediately. If the hit list contains more than
100 entries, the dialog box for restricting values is displayed.

Hot key: The hot key permits the user to select an elementary search help
from the collective search help directly in the input field with the short
notation. The restrictions can also be entered directly in the dialog box for
restricting values. Letters and digits are allowed as hot key.

Search help exit: A search help exit is a function module for making the
input help process described by the search help more flexible than possible
with the standard version.

and also used to filter and ,modify the elementary search help to collective
search help
Search help parameter: This is a field from the source of data. The fields
from the table are listed in the selection list. The fields participating in the
search help would be entered, one field in each row.
• Import − This field is a checkbox for indicating whether a Search help
parameter is an import parameter. The export or import is with
reference to the search help.
• if we check this flag then the value will be displayed into the hitlist

import : - that value will not get dislayed in the hitlist.

export : -the value will not get transfer to hitlist

• Export − This field is a checkbox for indicating whether a Search help

importing the field values from database to hit list (selection list)

parameter is an export parameter.

The export will be transfer of field values from the selection list to screen
fields (input fields).

• LPos − Its controls the physical position of Search help parameter or

if we check this check bpox then the value will be transfer to the hitlist

field in the selection list. If you enter a value 1, the field will appear in

• SPos − It controls the physical position of Search Help parameter or

the first position in the selection list and so on.

field in the restrictive dialog box. If you enter a value of 1, the field will
appear in the first position in the restrictive dialog box and so on.
• SDis: If this flag is set, the search help parameter appears in the
selection popup window for restricting values as a pure display field.
• Modify: Normally the parameter gets the data element from the field
of the selection method having the same name. If the data element of
this field changes, the search help is automatically adjusted, i.e. the
data element is also changed there. Assigning another data element,
Set the Modified flag. You can now enter values for field Data element.
You can enter a new data element, but it must have the same data
type length and number of decimal places as the previous one.
This cancels the link between the data element of the search help
parameter and the data element of the corresponding field of the
selection method.
Default Value: A default value of the right type can be assigned to a
parameter of a search help. The parameter is assigned this default value
in the
following cases when the input help is called:
1. If the parameter is not an IMPORT parameter.
2. If nothing is assigned to the parameter in the search help attachment
with which the search help is attached to the screen field.
3. If in the search help attachment a field was assigned to the parameter
that does not exist on the screen or in the flow logic (module pool) in the
input help process.
4. If a search help is included in a collective search help and the parameter
is not linked with any parameter of this collective search help.
2.Collective Search help: Collective search helps contain several
elementary searches helps. A collective search help therefore provides
several alternative search paths for possible entries.

7. Lock Object: Lock Object is a feature offered by ABAP Dictionary that is

used to synchronize access to the same data by more than one program.
Data records are accessed with the help of specific programs. Lock objects
are used in SAP to avoid the inconsistency when data is inserted into or
changed in the database. Tables whose data records are to be locked must
be defined in a Lock Object, along with their key fields.
Types of lock object
• Table level lock: Locking a particular table from accessing same
data from multiple users. We need to provide call function as
ENQUEUE_E_table.( DEQUEUE_E_TABLE) Takes lock
parameter as key field.
• Row level lock: Locking a particular row from accessing same
data from multiple users simultaneously. We need to provide call
function as ENQUEUE_E<table name> (DEQUEUE_E<table
name>).
Modes of lock
Read/Shared lock (S): Several users can read the same data at the same
time, but as soon as a user edits the data, a second user can no longer
access this data.
Write/Exclusive lock (E): The locked data can be read or processed by one
user only. A request for another exclusive lock or for a shared lock is rejected.
Exclusive but not Cumulative Lock (X): Exclusive locks can be requested
by the same transaction more than once and handled successively, but an
exclusive but not cumulative lock can only be requested once by a given
transaction. All other lock requests are rejected.
Optimistic Lock ('O'): Optimistic locks behave first like shared locks and
can be converted into exclusive locks.

Modes of Lock object:-

Write lock (or) exclusive lock: -
The locked data can be read or processed by one user only.
Read lock (or) shared lock: -
Several users can read the same data at the same time but only one user
can edit the data.
Exclusive not cumulative lock: -
Several users can access the same data as well as update the same data.
Lock parameter: The key field of the table which we are going to lock.

function module for conversion routine

conversion_exit_xxxxx_input

se16 : -it is a older version

when we open the se16 it will only ask us to give table name

it is a 2 step process to see the content

here we cannot maintain the content in the overview screen

it act as single screen

here there is no icon called append row

here we can add the entries one by one

here we can add the entries in single screen one by one

se16n:- it is a newer version

it is a 1 step process to see the content

here we can maintain the content in the overview screen

here it act as overview screen

here we can append the row in the overview screen itself

here we can add multiple entries in the one screen itself.

in one screen itself we can add the entries, insert,delete the enrties

text table can be choose here

it is is used the

particular task taking lot of time thats whjy keep the back ground wp

it is used for updating or deleteing

Its a copy of internal table which stores the single record at run-time
int right tot left

char left to right

shft+f6 = it unidirectional. it will jump in to the selected line of

in the the

1) se16 and se16n : - we can display the table records.

2) delivery class : -

3) how do you maintain the data in TMG

creation of function group

go to-> se80 and in the drop down we need to select Function group

if we don't want authorization we need to select the &nc&\

delivery and maintenace, technical setting and fields

one step

we can insert the multiple records at a time

in one step

two step
we can insert the records one by one

extra content gets created

one more extent gets created so it will put load on the application layer as
well as perform issue will happen

al12 nd st05

what is data utility?

data base utility

we can provide f4 help for domain

search help is poss

data element can be used for report

structure combination of field ,length along with the data type and its store
the data

at runtime.

why table type is used for?

what ever the functionalities used in the table type we can acces in the
globally
why we need table type?

why it is not possible search help for maintenance ?

=short notation in the input field

search help parameter?

dialog types: -

immediate value display

dialog type with value

dialog resticting value displayed in that we can restrict values

import : - that value will not get dislayed in the hitlist.

export : -the value will not get transfer hitlist

screen display for restrictive dialog box

pre-requists of Default value in search help

Import should be untick

to : athulya, surya prabha

cc : hierarchy member