REVIEWER

FOR EPAS NC2 ASSESSMENT

ELECTRONICS

Study of the flow of electrons through materials and devices.

An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system which affects the
electrons.
Current flows from +Ve (positive) to –Ve. (negative)

MATTER

Anything that is made up of molecules and atoms.

Molecules is made up of atoms
The atom consists of a central nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

VOLTAGE

Is the electromotive force that push the electron to move from one place to another.

CURRENT

Is the rate of the flow of electron.

RESISTANCE

Opposition of the flow of electron.

FACTORS OF RESISTANCE

1. LENGTH – how fast and slow the current.

 The longer the wire the slower the current. High resistance.
 The shorter the wire the faster the current. Low resistance.

2. CROSS SECTIONAL AREA / DIAMETER – the with.

 The bigger the wire the higher the current. Low resistance.
 The thinner the wire the lower the current. High resistance.
 3. MATERIALS
Matters can be classified into:
CONDUCTORS
 The electrons can flow easily.
 Low resistance.
SEMI-CONDUCTORS
 Electron can be made to flow under certain circumstances.
 Variable resistance according to formulation and circuit conditions.
INSULATORS
 Electrons flow with great difficulty.
 High resistance.

EXAMPLES

Rubber – a good insulator of electricity.

Copper – a good conductor of electricity.

4. TEMPERATURE
 High temperature high current.
 Low temperature low current.
 The colder the wire the lower the current, which means high resistance.
 The hotter the wire the higher the current, which means low resistance.
CURRENT FLOW

DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

 Electrical current which flows consistently in one direction.

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

 Is a type of electrical current, in which the direction of the flow of electrons switches back
and forth at regular intervals or cycles.

1 cycle

Electrical Parameter Unit of Measurement Abbreviation/Symbol

Current Ampere/s I/a
Voltage Volt/s V/E
Resistance Ohm/s R/Ω
Power Watt/s W/w
 FORMULA
Ohms Law Triangle

I=15a I=? I= 15a

V=? V=75v V=75v

R=5Ω R=5Ω R=?

V=? I=? R=?

V= I(15) x R(5) I= V(75) ÷ R(5) R= V(75) ÷ I(15)
V= 75 volts I= 15 amperes R= 5 Ω/ohms

Therefore:
1. The current are decreasing when the resistance is increasing with a constant voltage.
2. The current are increasing when the resistance is decreasing with a constant voltage.
 Power Law triangle

V=20v V=20v V=?

P=? P=200w P=200w

I=10a I=? I=10a

P=? I=? V=?

P= I(10) x V(20) I= P(200) ÷ V(20) V= P(200) ÷ I(10)
P= 200 watts I= 10 amperes V= 20 volts

Therefore:
1. The power are increasing when both voltage and current are increasing.
2. The current are increasing when the power is also increasing with a constant voltage.
3. The voltage are decreasing when the current is increasing with a constant power.
4. The current are decreasing when the voltage is increasing with a constant power.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Are consist of different components like Loads or consuming devices, Power supply or
outlet, Conductors or path like (wires and extensions) to flow the electron.

When the assessor says “Close Circuit” it means “naka Sindi” “lights on”
When the assessor says “Open Circuit” it means “naka patay” “lights off”
Simple Circuit
Complete path or continuous flow of electron.

Series Circuit
Consist of two or more loads connected end-to-end to form a single path for current flow.

Note! In series, kapag hindi gumana or sira ang isang components hindi na lahat gagana or wala
ng current flow.
Parallel Circuit
To or more components that connected with the same polarity positive (+) and negative (-) and
they have their own individual path of current flow.

Note! In parallel, kapag nasira or hindi gumana ang isang components, gagana parin ang ibang
components or tuloy-tuloy parin ang current flow.

COMPLEX CIRCUIT
1. Series/Parallel
Consist of two or more groups of components that connected in series, and each groups are
connected in parallel.

+ - + - + -
3S2P
+ - + - + -

+ -
2. Parallel/Series
Consist of two or more groups of component connected in parallel, and each groups are
connected to series.

+ + +

- - -
2P2S
+ + +

- - -

SERIES FORMULA

RT or Total Resistance R1 + R2 + R3 ………. or simply add all

the value of every resistor.

ET or Total Voltage E1 + E2 + E3 ………. or simply add all

the value of every voltage.

IT or Total amperes I1 = I2 = I3 ……… all the value of

ampere or current are equal, nothings
happen.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT FORMULA

RT or Total Resistance This is the formula if all the resistor is

same value.
(Get the value of one resistor and divide
the no./s of resistors in the circuit.)

This is the formula if the resistors having

a different value
1
RT =1÷R1 + 1÷R2 + 1÷R3………
Or
R1 x R2 ……
R1 + R2 ……
ET or Total Voltage ET = E1 = E2 = E3 ……. All the value of
voltage are equal, nothings happen.

IT or Total amperes IT = I1 + I2 + I3 ………. Simply add all

the value of every current or amperes.
List of Components of DC Regulated Power Supply
1. Universal PCB or Printed Circuit Board
2. Step Down Transformer
3. 4 pcs. of Rectifier Diode - IN4001
4. 1 pc. 1K oms resistor
5. 1 pc. 1000uF Electrolytic capacitor
6. 1 pc. 7812 voltage regulator
7. 1 pc. 7805 voltage regulator

Step Down Transformer

 the function of step down transformer is to convert high voltage from the primary
coil or winding into low voltage in the secondary coil or winding.
 Parts of step down transformer: Primary windings, core, and secondary windings.
Diode
 Convert alternating current (AC) to a direct current (DC).
Resistor
 Limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit.
Electrolytic Capacitor
 Used to reduce voltage fluctuations in various filtering devices. They are
extensively used for noise filtering or decoupling in power supplies.
Voltage Regulator
 Used to creates and maintains a fixed output voltage or control the amount of
distributed power.

Draw Your Own Schematic Diagram of 12V Regulated Power Supply.

Multi-Tester
 The multi-tester or multi-meter or sometimes called VOM (Voltmeter-Ohmmeter-
Milliameter) is the best instrument that can measure voltage, resistance and
current.
Two Types of Multi-meter
 Analog Multi-meter(AMM)
The display of an analog multi-meter usually relies on a micrometer to move a
physical pointer over a calibrated scale.

 Digital Multi-meter(DMM)
The display of a digital multi-meter relies on digital displays such as LCD showing
a more accurate measurement of the electrical quantity being measured.

Analog Multi-meter(AMM)
 Digital Multi-meter(DMM)

How to test the components of power supply?

Sa resistor pwede kahit baliktad yung

test probe kase walang polarity ang
1. Resistor resistor. Since 1K ohms ang value ng
ating resistor pwede siyang x1, x10,
 Open – kapag asa infinite yong pointer. x100, x1K
 Shorted – kapag asa 0 ohms.
 Out of tolerance – kapag hindi pasok ang value ng sinusukat niyong resistor sa
maximum and minimum tolerance niya.
 Good pag
Good pag
asa x1 Good pag Good pag
asa x100
asa x10 asa x1k

Open
Shorted

2. Diode
 Short circuit - kahit pagbaliktarin ang test probe gagalaw ang pointer.
 Open – Hindi gagalaw ang pointer kahit pagbaliktarin.
 Good – Pag reverse bias.

Reverse bias…diba analog tester ang

gamit natin, ang red test probe ay
magiging negative kaya ididikit natin
siya sa may cathode, ang black test
probe ang positive kaya ididikit sya sa
may anode. Kapag gumalaw goods!

3. Capacitor
 Good – gagalaw ang pointer at babalik sa infinite.
 Open – kapag ang pointer ay nasa infinite.
 Shorted – gagalaw ang pointer papunta ng 0 omhs at hindi babalik sa infinite.
 Leak – gagalaw ang pointer at babalik pero hindi sa infinite.

Before I test, discharge muna

pagdikitin ang dalawang paa.