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Ex No 5 Identification of bio control agents

The document identifies various bio-control agents, including green lacewings, ladybird beetles, and parasitoids, that are effective against agricultural pests and diseases. It discusses the concept of biological control, emphasizing the use of microorganisms such as Trichoderma and Pseudomonas to combat plant pathogens and postharvest diseases. The document highlights the importance of these agents in sustainable agriculture and pest management strategies.

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6 views

Ex No 5 Identification of bio control agents

The document identifies various bio-control agents, including green lacewings, ladybird beetles, and parasitoids, that are effective against agricultural pests and diseases. It discusses the concept of biological control, emphasizing the use of microorganisms such as Trichoderma and Pseudomonas to combat plant pathogens and postharvest diseases. The document highlights the importance of these agents in sustainable agriculture and pest management strategies.

Uploaded by

anandhabhairavi.agriculture
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ex No 5 : Identification of bio-control agents

1. Green lace wing: Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)

Larvae are important predators of insect pests viz., aphids, mealy bugs, eggs and smaller
larvae of various insects of agricultural importance and mites. Each larva has potential to feed
on average 12 aphids/day or about 120 aphids during the entire developmental period.

Green lace wing: Chrysoperla carnea


2. Ladybird beetle: Cryptolaemus montouzieri: (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)
The adults and larvae of these insects eat scale insects, especially mealybugs.
Females lay their eggs among the egg sack of mealybugs. Larvae feed on mealybug
eggs, young crawlers and their honeydew. They become adults in 24 days, after three
larval stages and a pupal stage. The life span lasts two months

Ladybird beetle: Cryptolaemus montouzieri


3. Ladybird beetle: Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)
Cheilomenes sexmaculata is a very important, polyphagous predator of
aphids and other soft bodied insects. It has been recorded in most crop ecosystems,
particularly where aphids are serious pests. It has been produced in the laboratory and
used for the suppression of A. craccivora on groundnut.
Lady bird beetle: Cheilomenes sexmaculata

4. Egg parasitoid: Trichogramma Sp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae)

Trichogramma sp are of common occurrence and distributed throughout the


world. They parasitise eggs of Lepidopteran mainly but are also reported from
Coleoptera, Neuroptera and Diptera. In India it is commercially available for the pest
suppression of sugarcane, cotton, sorghum, maize and paddy borers.

Egg parasitoid: Trichogramma Sp.


5. Larval parasitoid: Bracon hebetor (Braconidae: Hymenoptera)
It is a well known external, gregarious larval parasitoid of several of the
lepidopterans.

Larval parasitoid: Bracon hebetor


Pupal parasitoid: Tetrastichus israeli (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera)
The pupal parasitoid was observed to parasitise the pupae of Opisina arenosella and
an average 90 adult parasitoids emerged from a single pupa under natural
conditions. It can be mass reared on fresh pupae of S. litura, H. armigera, Plusia sp.,
or Ergolis sp.

Pupal parasitoid: Tetrastichus Israeli


IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENT BIOCONTROL AGENTS FOR PLANT
DISEASES
Biological Control- Concept
Biological control of plant pathogens refers to the total or partial destruction
of pathogen population by other organisms. It occurs routinely in nature. For example,
several diseases in which the pathogen cannot develop in certain areas either because
the soil, called suppressive soil, contains microorganisms antagonistic to the pathogen
or because the plant that is attacked by a pathogen has also been inoculated naturally
with antagonistic microorganisms before or after the pathogen attack. Sometimes, the
antagonistic microorganisms may consist of avirulent strains of the same pathogen that
destroy or inhibit the development of the pathogen, as happens in hypovirulence and
cross protection.

Agriculturalists have increased their efforts to take advantage of such


biological antagonisms and to develop strategies by which biological control can be
used effectively against several plant diseases.
The most commonly used microorganisms include:
 Gliocladium virens, for the control of seedling diseases of ornamental and
bedding plants
 Trichoderma harzianum, for the control of several plant pathogenic fungi
 Trichoderma polysporum, for the control of wood decays
 Agrobacterium radiobacter K-84, for the control of crown gall
 Pseudomonas fluorescens, against Rhizoctonia and Pythium causing damping
off and other diseases
 Bacillus subtilis, used as a seed treatment

Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases through Fungal and Bacterial


Antagonists

 Post harvest rots of several fruits could be reduced by spraying the fruits
with spores of antagonistic fungi and saprophytic yeasts at different stages
of fruit development, or by dipping the harvested fruit in their inoculum.
 Yeast treatments reduced post harvest rotting of peach and apple.
 Botrytis rot of strawberries was reduced by several sprays of Trichoderma
spores on strawberry blossoms and young fruits. Several antagonistic yeasts
protected grapes and tomatoes from Botrytis, Penicillium, and Rhizoctonia
rots.
 In bacterial antagonists, Pseudomonas protected lemons from Penicillium
(green mould) and pear from various storage rots.
 Two Pseudomonas syringae strains control the post harvest decay in citrus,
apple and pear under the trade name Bio-Save.
 Stone fruits such as peaches, nectarines, apricot and plums when treated
with suspensions of the antagonistic bacterium Bacillus subtilis, they remain
free from brown rot, caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola for nine
days.
 Bacillis subtilis also protected avocado from storage rots.
 Pseudomonas protected lemons from Penicillium (green mould) and pear
from various storage rots.
 Two Pseudomonas syringae strains control the post harvest decay in citrus,
apple and pear under the trade name Bio-Save.
 Stone fruits such as peaches, nectarines, apricot and plums when treated
with suspensions of the antagonistic bacterium Bacillus subtilis remain free
from brown rot, caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola up to nine days.
 Bacillus subtilis also protects avocado from storage rots.

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