Question 01: What is the Time Value of Money?

Answer: In general, the concept of the time value of money refers to the idea that the value of
money received today is greater than the value of money received a few days later or that the
value of money received in the future is less than the value of money received now.

From a financial standpoint, the value of money changes with time, so a $100 now and a $100
four years later is not the same. A hundred dollars of that time is more valuable. It’s a concept
known as the time value of money.

Question 02: What is the Importance of Time Value of Money?

Answer: The top five importance of time value of money is as follows:

Understanding the time value of money is important when dealing with future uncertainties.
Because the firm is unsure of its future cash receipts, it prioritizes current cash receipts.

Businesses must compare the current project cost and the expected income or money inflow from
investment to assess a long-term project.

We all know that the present and future values of money are not the same. We can’t make long-
term decisions without converting the project’s expected income into a present value.

If money is invested in one project, it must be foregone to invest in another. It’s known as
“Opportunity Cost” in finance. An organization uses the “Time Value of Money” equations to
calculate this opportunity cost.

In today’s world, inflation is common. Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money over
time. There is a distinction between today’s $1 and tomorrow’s $1. As a result of the inflation,
people are interested in obtaining current money.

Question 03: What is a Timeline?

Answer: When it comes to the time value of money, the timeline is very important.

The timeline shows the amount of money that is currently deposited, the amount of money that
will be available after a certain period in the future, or the amount of money that needs to be
deposited each year, every month, or in installments to receive a certain amount of money in the
future.

A timeline is a line used to present a list of current and future received and payments.

Question 04: What is Present Value?

Answer: The present value is the current monetary value of a future amount—the amount of
money that would have to be invested today at a given interest rate over a specified period to
equal the future amount.

People prefer current value to future value because the future is unpredictable. And, as a result of
the uncertainty, interest or opportunity costs are incurred.

Question 05: What are the Features of Present Value?

Answer: The top five features of present value are as follows:

Discounting is a method of calculating present value.

The value of money decreases according to the present value.

If the interest rate is higher, the present value will be lower.

The money received after a longer period will have a lower present value.

PVIF Present Value Interest Factor) expresses the present value of $1 received after a certain
period at a fixed interest rate.

Question 06: How to Calculate the Present Value of Money?

Answer:

Present value of a lump sum:

If a lump sum is paid or received after a certain period of time in the future, its present value can
be determined using the following formula:

PV=FV {1/ (1+i) ^n}

PV= Present Value ‘FV=Future Value ,I=Interest rate ,N= Number of Years

An example will help to explain the situation:

For example, if the interest rate is 10% then what is the present value of $1000 to be received
after 5 years.

Let’s use above formula to find out the present value of $1000

PV= 1000 {1/ (1+.10) ^5}

PV= 620

Concept: If $1000 will be received after 5 years then the present value is $620 (approximately).
So, if you pay $1000 after 5 years, in lieu of paying now, then according to present value your
loss will be ($1000-620) =$380

2. Discounting more than once a year:

In case of compounding more than once in a year, we will find out the present value from the
future value through discounting.

Formula:

PV=FV {1/ (1+i) ^nm}

Here,

PV= Present Value ,FV=Future Value ,I=Interest rate ,N= Number of Years ,M= Number of
Compounding Annually

An example will help to explain the situation:

You want to save some money in a bank with the expectation of receiving $50,000 in 5 years.
One bank has proposed a monthly compounding rate of 9.5%. How much money do you need to
deposit in the bank today?
Let’s use above formula to find out the deposit value

PV= 50,000 {1/ (1+.095) ^5×12}

PV= $ 31, 152.64

Concept: So, $50, 000 to be received after 5years, $31,046.07 have to be deposited in Bank

3. Present value of unequal cash flow:

Formula:

PV= FV1 (1+i) ^1 + FV2 (1+i) ^2 + FV3 (1+i) ^3 +………..+ FVn (1+i) ^n

An example will help to explain the situation:

If a person gets $1000 at the end of the first year, $2000 at the end of the second year, and $3000
at the end of the third year from any investment, what will be his present value if the interest rate
is 10%?

Let’s use above formula to find out the present value

PV= 1000 (1+.10) ^1 + 1000 (1+.10) ^2 +1000 (1+.10) ^3

PV= 4,815.93

Question 07: What is Future Value?

Answer: The amount of money available after a certain period in the future if you deposit a
certain amount of money now is known as future value or compound value.

If the number of years is greater, compound interest is calculated on the interest. Future value is
also referred to as compound value and marginal value.

The future value of a present amount is calculated by compounding interest over a specified
period.

Question 08: What are the Features of Future Value?

Answer: The top six features of future value are as follows:

The value of money increases according to the future value.

If the number of compounds increases, the amount of future value will increase.

If the number of years increases, the amount of value will increase in the future.

The higher the interest rate, the higher the future value.

FVIF represents the future value of $1 at a fixed interest rate.

Question 09: How to Calculate Future Value?

Answer:

Future value of a lump sum:

Formula:

FV = PV (1+i) ^n

Here,

FV = Future Value ,PV = Present Value ,I = Interest rate ,N = Number of Years

An example will help to explain the situation:

For example, what will be the future value at the end of the 5 years of $1,000 paying a 5% rate of
interest?

Let’s use the above formula to find out the future value of $1000

FV= 1000 (1+.10) ^5

Concept: If the interest rate is 10% then today’s $1000 has an equal value to be received of
$1,610 after 5 years.

2. More than once a year compounding:

Formula:

FV= PV (1+i/m) ^nm

Here,

FV = Future Value ,PV = Present Value ,I = Interest rate ,N = Number of Years ,M= Number of
compounding in a year

An example will help to explain the situation:

For example, if you deposit $50,000.00 in Bank at 13.5% monthly compounding then what
amount will you get after 10 years.

Let’s use above formula to find out the future value of $50,000

FV= 50,000 (1+.13.5/12) ^5×12

PV= 1, 91,423

Concept: So, today’s $50, 000 and to be received $1, 91,423 after 5 years of the same policy has
equal value.

3. Future Value of unequal cash flow:

Formula:

Cash flow at the end of the year

FV= PV (1+i) ^n-1 + PV (1+i) ^n-2 + PV (1+i) ^n-3 +…….. + PV (1+i) ^0

An example will help to explain the situation:

Let’s use above formula to find out the future value

FV= 100 (1+.10) ^3-1 + 200 (1+.10) ^3-2 +250 (1+.10) ^3-3

FV= 121+220+250

FV= 591

Cash flow at the beginning of the year

FV= PV (1+i) ^n + PV (1+i) ^n-1 + PV (1+i) ^n-2 +…….. + PV (1+i) ^1

An example will help to explain the situation:

If a person deposits $100 at the beginning of the first year, $200 at the beginning of the second
year, and $250 at the beginning of the third year in a bank, what will be his future value if the
interest rate is 10%?

Let’s use above formula to find out the future value

FV= 100 (1+.10) ^3 + 200 (1+.10) ^3-1 +250 (1+.10) ^3-2

FV= 133+242+275

FV= 650

Question 10: What is the Difference between Present Value and Future Value?

Answer: The top 3 differences between and future value are as follows:

The present value is the amount of money that needs to be invested in receiving a certain amount
of money in the future. On the other hand, if you deposit a certain amount of money at present,
the amount of money available after a certain period in the future is called future value.
The purpose of present value is to save money at current prices to save a certain amount of
money in the future. On the other hand, the main purpose of future value is to deposit a certain
amount of money to perform a task.

The present value concept is called discounting, while the method of determining future value is
called compounding.

Question 11: What is an Annuity?

Answer: An annuity is the receipt or payment of a fixed sum of money over a specified period.
In other words, an annuity is the flow of an equal amount of money at a specified time.

The time between multiple successive money flows and the amount of money flow must be
equal for an annuity to exist. If these conditions are not met, no money flow can be referred to as
an annuity.

An annuity is a continuous stream of equal cash flows. This cash flow can include inflows of
investment returns or outflows of funds invested to earn a future return.

Question 12: What are the Features of an Annuity?

Answer: The top five features of an annuity are as follows:

Making the same deposit and receiving the same amount of money.

The time interval is the same.

In the case of the current price, if the amount of time is longer, People will deposit a smaller
amount of money.

In the case of future value, if the amount of time is shorter, People will deposit a greater
proportion of the money.

Prices fluctuate over time.

Question 13: What is the Classification of an Annuity?

Answer: An annuity can be of two types. These are as follows:

Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity

Present Value of an Annuity Due

Future Value of Annuity

Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity

Future Value of an Annuity Due

Question 14: What is an Ordinary Annuity?

Answer: An ordinary annuity is received or deposited at the end of each year, month, or
installment. Ordinary annuities are available in both current and future value.

An ordinary annuity is one in which the cash flow occurs at the end of each year or each period.

An ordinary annuity can be divided into two categories.

Present value of an ordinary annuity

Future value of an ordinary annuity

Question 15: What is the Formula for calculating an Ordinary Annuity?

Answer:

For Present Value of Ordinary Annuity:

PVA=A [{1-1/ (1+i) ^n}/i]

Here,

PVA= Present Value of Annuity

A=Annuity

I=Interest Rate
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N=Number of Years

For Future Value of Ordinary Annuity:

FVA=A {(1+i) ^n-1/i}

Here,

FVA= Future Value of Annuity

A=Annuity

I=Interest Rate

N=Number of Years

Question 16: What is an Annuity Due?

Answer: An annuity due is a sum of money deposited or received at the beginning of each year,
month, or installment.

In the case of an annuity due, a cash flow occurs at the beginning of each period.

If you deposited or received the same amount at the beginning of the year, you must include it
here. There are two types of annuities due:

Present value of an annuity due and

Future value of an annuity due

Question 17: What is the Formula for Calculating an Ordinary Annuity?

Answer:

For Present value of an annuity due:

PVAD=A [{1-1/ (1+i) ^n}/i] (1+i)

Here,
PVAD= Present Value of Annuity Due

A=Annuity

I=Interest Rate

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N=Number of Years

For Future value of an annuity due:

FVAD=A {(1+i) ^n-1/i} (1+i)

Here,

FVAD= Future Value of Annuity Due

A=Annuity

I=Interest Rate

N=Number of Years

Question 18: What is the Key Element in Determining the Time Value of Money?

Answer: The key element in determining the time value of money is the interest rate. The change
in the value of money as time changes is called the time value of money.

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Depending on the interest rate, the future value or current value of the money is determined.

Question 19: What is the Annual Rate?

Answer: The nominal or stated annual rate is the annual contractual rate of interest charged by a
lender or promised by a borrower.

For Example, Jk Trade International has taken a loan of $ 100,000 from HSBC for 5 Years at an
interest rate of 12%. Here, the annual rate is 12%
Question 20: What is Effective or True Annual Rate?

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Answer: The effective or true annual rate (EAR) is the annual interest rate paid or earned.

Formula for calculating effective or true annual rate:

EAR = (1+i/m) ^m-1

For Example, if the nominal interest rate is 12%, what will be the effective annual rate (EAR)?

EAR= (1+.12/1) ^1-1

=1.12-1

= 0.12

=12%

Question 21: What is the Main Similarities and Differences between Annual Rate and Effective
Annual Rate (EAR)?

Answer: The main similarities between the annual rate and effective annual rate (EAR) are
nominal and effective interest rates are always equal in annual compounding.

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The main difference between the annual rate and the effective annual rate (EAR) is that the
effective interest rate increases when the number of compounding increases.

Question 22: What is Simple Interest?

Answer: Simple interest is interest that is charged only on the principal amount of money.

In simple interest, interest is charged on principal money at the same rate every year.

Question 23: How to Calculate Simple Interest?

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Answer:

The formula for calculating simple interest is

S.I. = P x I x N

Here,

S.I. = Simple Interest

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P= Principal

I= Interest

N= Number of Years

An example will help to explain the situation:

What will be the amount of simple interest if $1000 is deposited in the bank for 3 years at 10%
interest per annum?

Let’s use the above formula to find out the Simple Interest

SI= 1000 x.10 x3

SI= 300

Here the simple interest is $300

Question 24: What is Compound Interest?

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Answer: Compound interest is the interest computed on the principal and any interest earned that
has not been paid or withdrawn.
Compound interest is the addition of interest to the principal sum of a loan or deposit, or in other
words, interest on interest. It results from reinvesting interest rather than paying it out, so interest
in the next period is earned on the principal sum plus previously accumulated interest.

Question 25: How to Calculate Compound Interest?

Answer: The formula for calculating compound interest is

CI= P (1+i) ^n-P

Here,

CI=Compound Interest

P=Capital

I= Interest Rate

N=Year

An example will help to explain the situation:

What will be the amount of compound interest if $1000 is deposited in the bank for 3 years at
10% interest per annum?

Let’s use the above formula to find out the compound interest

CI= 1000 (1+.10) ^3-1000

CI= 331

Here the compound interest is $331

Question 26: How to Calculate Annual Compound Interest Rate?

Answer: We calculate the annual compound interest rate from the following example:

Harry has taken a loan of $ 10,000 from a bank for 3 years. After 4 years, he has paid a total of
$13,310. What is the annual compound interest rate?
Here

PV=$10,000

FV=$13,310

N=3 Years

I=?

FV=PV (1+i) ^n

13,310 =10,000 (1+i) ^3

=> (1+i) ^3 =13,310/10,000

=> (1+i) ^3 = 1.331

=> I =0.10 = 10%

Annual Compound Interest Rate = 10%

Question 27: What is the Difference between Simple Interest and Compound Interest?Answer:
The top 3 differences between simple interest and compound interest are as follows:

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Simple interest is the interest charged on the principal amount at a fixed rate every year. On the
other hand, compound interest is the addition of interest to the principal sum of a loan or deposit,
or in other words, interest on interest.

In the case of simple interest, interest is charged only on the principal amount. On the other hand,
compound interest is always charged at a fixed rate on the principal plus interest in compound
interest.

In the case of simple interest, the amount of interest is comparatively less. On the other hand, in
the case of compound interest, interest is higher than simple interest.

Question 28: What is Rule 69?

It means that an investor can use this rule to know in what year or at what time and at what
percentage of interest he will double his deposit.

The following equation is used in the case of Rule Sixty Nine.

N=.35+ 69/i

Here,

N= Number of Years

I= Interest rate

Question 29: What is Rule 72?

Answer: Rule 72 is a policy by which an investor can determine at what time and at what
percentage of interest he will double his investment.

This formula gives an approximate idea of how much time is invested and at what rate it will
double. The following equation is used for Rule 72:

N=72/i

Here,

N= Number of Years

I= Interest rate

Question 30: What is Perpetuity?

Answer: If the annuity is for a permanent or indefinite period, it is called a perpetuity. There is
no fixed term for perpetuity. The following formula is used to determine the current value of
perpetuity:

PV of Perpetuity= A/i
Here,

A= Annuity I= Interest rate