Form No.

የሥራና ክህሎት ሚኒስቴር OF/MoLS/TVT/029

MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 1 of 73
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

PLUMBING INSTALLATION

LEVEL - V

Based on December 2024, Curriculum Version II

Module Title: Locating and maintaining piping systems

Module Code: EIS PLI5 M03 1224
Nominal Duration: 70Hours
Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

December, 2024
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 2 of 72
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Contents
Acknowledgment......................................................................................................................................... 4
Acronym ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction to Module................................................................................................................................ 6
Module Instruction ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Unit one: 1. Identifying the Pipe and Service Locating Equipment ........................................................... 8

1.1. Pipe and Service Locating Equipment ......................................................................................... 9

1.2. Operating Procedures of Pipe and Service Locating Equipment ................................................ 10

1.3. Safety Procedures on Pipe and Service Locating Equipment .................................................... 21

Self-check 1.1 ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Unit Two: Specifying and operating pipe-freezing equipment................................................................. 26

2.1. Specifying Pipe-Freezing Equipment ......................................................................................... 27

2.2. Operating Procedures of Pipe Freezing Equipment. .................................................................. 28

2.3. safety requirements of pipe-freezing equipment ........................................................................ 30

Self-check 2.1 ............................................................................................................................................ 31

Operation Sheet 2.1............................................................................................................................ 33

Unit Three: Specifying Sewer and Drain Camera Equipment and Procedures………………………….35

3.1. Identifying Sewer and Drain Camera ......................................................................................... 36

3.2 Operating procedures of sewer and drain camera equipment…………………………………..38

3.3 Safety procedures of sewer and drain camera equipment………………………………………39

Self-check1.1. ............................................................................................................................................ 40
Unit Four: Mentioning Under-Road Boring Equipment and Procedures ............................................. 42

4.1. Mentioning Under-Road Boring Equipment ....................................................................... 43

4.2. Operating Procedure of Under-Road Boring Equipment .................................................... 43

4.3. Stating the safety procedures of under-road boring equipment .......................................... 46

Self-check-4.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 49
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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 3 of 72
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Unit Five: Describing Chemical Grout Systems and Procedures ......................................................... 52

5.1. Chemical Grout Systems and Procedures ................................................................................... 53

5.2. Trenchless Pipe Repair Systems. ................................................................................................ 53

5.3. Operating Procedures of Polyurethane Grouts in Pipeline Maintenance ................................... 55

5.4. Practicing Safety Procedures ...................................................................................................... 57

Self-check-5.1 ............................................................................................................................................ 58
Unit Six: Explaining High-Pressure Drain Cleaning Equipment and Procedures .............................. 61

6.1. High-Pressure Drain Cleaning Equipment ................................................................................. 62

6.2. Operating Procedures for Sewer Jetting with High-Pressure Pumps ......................................... 62

6.2. Safety Procedures in The High-Pressure Drain Cleaning Equipment ........................................ 63

Self-check-6.1 ............................................................................................................................................ 66
LAP Test ................................................................................................................................................... 68
Reference................................................................................................................................................... 69

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 Form No.:

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 4 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

Acknowledgment
The Ministry of Labor and skill wishes to thank and appreciation to MoLS leaders and experts,
Regional Labor and skill/training Bureaus leader, experts, TVT College Deans, Instructors and
industry experts who contribute their time and professional experience to the development of this
Training Module.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 5 of 72
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Acronym
The acronyms in this document, listed in alphabetical order, are:

CIPP - Cured-in-Place Pipe

CO2 - Carbon Dioxide

CPR - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

EM - Electromagnetic

GPR - Ground Penetrating Radar

HDD - Horizontal Directional Drilling

HVAC - Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

LAP - (Not defined in document)

LCD - Liquid Crystal Display

MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheets

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PPE - Personal Protective Equipment

PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride

RPM - Revolutions Per Minute

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 Form No.:

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 6 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

Introduction to Module
This module contains essential information and learning activities on Plumbing Installation
Level V, focusing on practical implementation in various plumbing applications. It encompasses
instructions and procedures for a range of topics including pipe freezing equipment, sewer and
drain camera equipment, under-road boring equipment, chemical grout systems, and high- pressure
drain cleaning equipment. The module is designed to equip trainers with the necessary knowledge
and skills to effectively communicate with plumbers and supervisors during both theoretical and
on-the-job training.
This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the Plumbing Installation
occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: Locate and maintain pipe systems.

This module covers the units:

• Identifying the Pipe and Service Locating Equipment
• Specifying and operating pipe-freezing equipment
• Examining Sewer and Drain Camera Equipment and Procedures
• Mentioning Under-Road Boring Equipment and Procedures
• Describing Chemical Grout Systems and Procedures
• Explaining High-Pressure Drain Cleaning Equipment and Procedures
Learning Objective of the Module
• Identify pipe and service locating equipment
• Describe operating procedures of pipe and service locating equipment

• Exercise safety procedures on pipe and service locating equipment.

• Specify and operate pipe-freezing equipment.

• Define operating procedures of pipe-freezing equipment.
• List the safety requirements of pipe-freezing equipment.
• Identify sewer and drain camera equipment.
• Clarify the operating procedures of sewer and drain camera equipment.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 7 of 72
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• Practice the safety procedures of sewer and drain camera equipment.

• Mention under-road boring equipment.
• Express the operating procedure on under-road boring equipment.
• State the safety procedures of under-road boring equipment.
• Describe chemical grout systems and procedures.
• Specify trenchless pipe repair systems.

• Categorize the high-pressure drain cleaning equipment procedures

Module Instruction
For effective use these modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction:
1. Read the information written in each unit
2. Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
3. Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
4. Do the “LAP test” giver at the end of each unit and
5. Read the identified reference book for Examples and exercise

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 Form No.:

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 8 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

Unit one: Identifying the Pipe and Service Locating Equipment

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
• Pipe and service locating equipment
• Operating procedures pipe and service locating equipment
• Safety procedures on pipe and service locating equipment.
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
• Identify pipe and service locating equipment
• Describe operating procedures pipe and service locating equipment

• Exercise safety procedures on pipe and service locating equipment.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 9 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

1.1. Pipe and Service Locating Equipment

Pipe and service locating equipment is essential for identifying the location of underground utilities
such as water, gas, telecommunications, and electricity lines. This equipment helps prevent
accidental damage during excavation and construction projects. Utility detection is critical to any
project where subsurface excavation is planned to ensure success and avoid utility strikes. To
achieve a comprehensive, safe utility locate, a private utility locating company must be utilized to
mark & map buried facilities on private property. Professional utility locators with proper training,
multiple technologies, and field-tested methodology are essential to properly locating all site
utilities. The following are several types of equipment available for locating utility some of those
are:
Electromagnetic Locators: These devices use electromagnetic signals to detect conductive
materials like metal pipes and cables. They are widely used due to their effectiveness in locating
both live and de-energized utility lines. For examples Pipe horn 800-H (single frequency) and 800-
HL (multifrequency) locators, Subsurface Instruments VF-3 and VF-10.
1. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Systems: GPR emits radar pulses to create images of
subsurface structures, making it suitable for detecting both metallic and non-metallic utilities
and applications are ideal for projects involving plastic pipes or concrete structures but may
have limitations in high-moisture soils.
2. Acoustic Pipe Locators: These locators detect sound waves produced by pressurized water
flowing through pipes, making them effective for locating non-metallic water pipes but its
limitations are requiring the pipes to be under pressure with flowing water.
3. Magnetic Locators: Designed to locate ferrous objects such as steel pipes, valves, and
manhole covers. They are sensitive enough to detect small metal items and Limitations: Not
suitable for locating non-metallic utilities.

Cable Locators: Similar to pipe locators, these devices pinpoint the location of underground cables or
signal lines using electromagnetic frequencies and its functionality can operate using direct-connect or
inductive-coupling methods

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 10 of 72
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1.2. Operating Procedures of Pipe and Service Locating Equipment

Electromagnetic Locators
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is the primary technology used by GPRS for locating utilities.
There are times, however, when GPR is not the best tool for the job. Electromagnetic (EM)
locating compliments GPR in these instances, detecting the electromagnetic signals radiating
from metallic pipes and cables.
It’s important to note that Electro Magnetic locators do not locate buried pipes or cables- they
detect the electromagnetic signals radiating from metallic pipes and cables.
These signals can be created by the locator’s transmitter applying current to the pipe, or from
current flow in a live electrical cable. They can also result from a conductive pipe acting as an
antenna and re-radiating signals from stray electrical fields (detected by the EM locator functioning
in Power Mode) and communications transmissions (Radio Mode).
Signals are created by the current flowing from the transmitter which travels along the conductor
(line/cable/pipe) and back to the transmitter. The current typically uses a ground to complete the
current. A ground stake is used to complete the circuit through the ground.
The magnetic field (the signal) radiating from buried lines can be distorted by the presence of
adjacent metallic conductors or other signals.
This is caused by:
• Signals induced from the target line to other lines
• Commonly bonded structures
• Poorly positioned ground (at the transmitter)
The result is that the locator detects signals from more than one source. Distortion can cause
inaccurate depths and inaccurate locations.
Note: The field is not affected by the shape of a pipe, pipe insulation, or soil types.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 11 of 72
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Figure 1.1. Locating using electromagnetic equipment

EM locators can function in Peak & Null modes to identify distorted electromagnetic fields.
In Peak Mode, the horizontal antennas in the locator receiver detects the field. The signal will be
strongest when centered on the field because more of it passes through the antenna.
In Null Mode, the vertical antenna detects the field. The field is not passing through the antenna
when it is positioned over its center.
If the field is round (no distortion), then Peak and Null modes will agree and provide the same
location.
Note: Peak Mode should always be more accurate than Null Mode. As such, Peak Mode should
always be used for locating and Null Mode for identifying distortion.
Depth Measurements
• Depth measurements should not be relied upon if:
• Close to bends in the line
• Close to a “T” in the line
• Close to the transmitter
• Where the line is changing depth
• Where field distortion has been identified
• Using Power Mode
All these factors can result in inaccurate depth and current readings.
A GPRS Project Manager can obtain accurate depth measurements if:

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 12 of 72
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1. Reasonable: The value should be a reasonable number.

2. Repeatable: The depth reading should be consistent when multiple readings are taken over
an area of roughly 10’-15’.
3. No congestion: Do not take depth readings when an electromagnetic field could be
interfered with or distorted, such as near the transmitter, near a T, near a bend in the pipe,
or when other utilities are nearby.
4. Peak/Null Agree: Peak and Null modes should give the same location to indicate that the
field is not distorted.
Once a depth reading is obtained, the Project Manager will move the receiver vertically to help
verify the accuracy of the depth.
The Project Manager will move upward by approximately 1’. Depth readings are based on the
receiver’s end placed on the ground. For example, if the depth says 2’ when the receiver is on the
ground, it should say 3’ when the receiver is 1’ above the ground.
Depth is measured to the center of the electromagnetic field. Therefore, depths are measured to
the center of a pipe, not the top of a pipe.

Direct Connection
When an Electromagnetic locator’s transmitter needs to apply current to a pipe to create a signal
to detect, there are three ways in which that signal can be applied:
1. Direct connection – Red lead to the target line, black lead to the ground.
2. Clamp – Induces a signal into a pipe or cable without making a direct connection.
3. Induction – Induces a signal into a cable or pipe by placing the transmitter on the surface
over the target line.
When to Use Active Mode
An Electromagnetic locator’s Active Mode is used:

• When locating a specific line in congested areas

• When tracing a particular line for any distance

• When pinpointing a buried line

• When a depth measurement is required

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 13 of 72
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Figure 1.2. Direct Connection

Direct Connection Mode is utilized when there is safe access to the target line.
There must be a metal-to-metal connection for this mode to function properly. Any rust or paint
must be removed from the connection point to ensure a good electrical connection.
The EM locator can connect direction to the utility or metal objects in contact with the utility, such
as a bolt-in contact with a light pole in contact with a ground wire. The ground stake should be
placed perpendicular to the cable and as far away as practically possible.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 14 of 72
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Figure 1.3. Signal Application – Direct Connection

When direct connecting, different frequencies can be used depending on the situation.
Commonly used frequencies include 512 Hz, 8kHz, 33 kHz, and 200 kHz.

Low Frequency: 100Hz – 1 kHz

• Best for cables
• Direct connection only
• Long-distance
• Low distortion
Medium Frequency: 8 kHz-33 kHz
• Good for pipes and cables
• Direct connection and signal clamp
• Reasonable distance
High Frequency: 65 kHz-200 kHz
• Direct connect, signal clamp, induction

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 15 of 72
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• Short distance
• Prone to distortion
GPRS Project Managers will use the minimum output power needed to successfully locate the
target line. This is because excess power may increase the risk of coupling to other lines. More
power also reduces battery life.
When positioning the ground stake, there are some steps that can be taken by our Project Managers
to minimize coupling to other lines:
• Do not place it close to other lines
• Do not place it on the other side of adjacent lines
• Do not place it close to metallic fences or barriers

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 16 of 72
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Figure 1.4. Active Signal – Frequency Range

A signal clamp is used when it is not possible to connect directly to a utility, insulated sheath, or
cable identification. The clamp is placed around the utility and below the grounding point to ensure
the signal has a signal path between near and far ground points.
The signal clamp can be the best method to isolate conduits that are bonded together. Anytime
multiple conduits are entering the ground together, the clamp should be used around each one to
identify them individually.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 17 of 72
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Figure 1.5. Signal Clamp

Induction
Induction involves placing a transmitter on the surface over a target line to induce a signal into
that cable or pipe.
The Project Manager will move at least 30 feet away from the transmitter, which must be in line
with the utility when locating it using induction. They will use frequencies of 65 kHz or higher.
The signal travels from the transmitter down into the ground in a cone shape, and as such it will
“jump” onto other pipes in the area beyond the target line. The signal will also travel through the
air, so the target line can’t be accurately located within about 30’ of the transmitter because there
will always be a false reading in line with the transmitter through the air.
There are three methods GPRS Project Managers use to determine whether they are air-couple as
opposed to having located the actual pipe.
1. They can move the transmitter a few feet to the side and see if the supposed pipe “moves”
as well or remains in its original location.
2. They can angle the transmitter slightly while keeping it mostly oriented with the pipe. The
false reading will follow the same angle, but the true pipe will not move.

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Title: Issue No: Page 18 of 72
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3. They can point their receiving wand at the transmitter. If the signal is coming from the
transmitter, then the meter response will get stronger. If the pipe has been located, then
pointing the want into the air will weaken the signal.

Figure 1.6. Depth determination

When using induction, the signal travels out of the top and bottom of the transmitter. It travels
downward in a cone shape, which will “jump” onto other pipes in the area. A shallower pipe or

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better conductor in the area may steal all the EM locator’s signals, making the target line
impossible to trace.
To minimize a signal emanating from an unwanted line, a GPRS Project Manager is trained to
either move the transmitter off the target line away from the unwanted line to minimize the signal
from the latter. They can also lay the transmitter on its side using the kick stand. The signal will
come out of the top and bottom but will cancel out what is directly below the transmitter.

Figure 1.7. Induction process

Passive Sweeps
Passive sweeps are used to mark the location of unidentified, buried lines prior to breaking ground.
This mode is not used to identify or trace specific lines or provide depths of buried utilities.

Active Location
Active Location Mode is used to trace, identify, and pinpoint a buried line. It also can be used to
measure the depth estimation of the buried line, or the signal current on that line.

Passive Location
Passive signals can originate from a variety of sources:
Power
• Current flowing through a live electrical wire
• Cathodic protection for pipelines
• Stray currents from power transmission systems can use any conductive pipe as a return
path

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 20 of 72
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Note: Finding a power reading does not necessarily mean that an electrical line has been located.
The line should be identified by tracing it to its source or an electrical structure.

Radio
• Any conductive pipe or utility can act as an antenna for radio wave transmissions in the
atmosphere and enter the ground
• Some active phone lines
• Stray currents from power transmission systems can use any conductive pipe as a return
path
Note: Radio Mode cannot calculate depth readings. Once a radio reading has been found,
induction could be used to assist with tracing and depths.

Rebar
• Reinforcing such as rebar and mesh will often re-radiate these signals and can provide
false positive readings
• Raising the receiver and adjusting the gain to eliminate the weaker readings from the
rebar may allow the stronger reading from the utility to be traced
• After adjusting the height, a GPRS Project Manager will continue sweeping and tracing
at that height

Figure 1.8. Induction process during investigation

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 21 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

1.3. Safety Procedures on Pipe and Service Locating Equipment

Safety Requirements for Electromagnetic Locators in Pipe and Service Locating
Electromagnetic locators are crucial tools for identifying the location of underground utilities,
helping to prevent accidental damage during excavation and construction activities. However,
the use of these devices comes with specific safety requirements and procedures that must be
adhered to in order to ensure the safety of operators and the integrity of underground systems.
Safety Requirements

A. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Mandatory Gear: Operators must wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, hard
hats, and steel-toed boots. This gear protects against potential electrical shocks, falling objects,
and other hazards present at job sites.
Weather Considerations: In adverse weather conditions, additional protective clothing may be
necessary to ensure operator safety.

B. Pre-Setup Safety Procedures

Site Survey: Conduct a thorough pre-setup site survey to identify visible signs of underground
utilities (e.g., markers or flags). This helps in recognizing potential hazards before operating the
locator.
Hazard Identification: Look for obstacles such as loose soil, water accumulation, or vegetation
that could impede operations or pose risks.

C. Equipment Inspection
Functionality Check: Before use, inspect the electromagnetic locator for any signs of damage or
wear. Ensure that all components are functioning correctly and that batteries are fully charged.
Connection Points: For direct connection mode, ensure that the connection points on the utility
line are clean and free from rust or corrosion to establish a good electrical contact.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 22 of 72
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D. Safe Operating Procedures Signal Application:

• Direct Connection Mode: Connect the transmitter directly to the utility line while ensuring

a metal-to-metal connection. Use a ground stake placed away from other utilities to
complete the circuit safely.
• Induction Mode: If direct access is not possible, use induction mode to induce a signal into
the utility without physical contact.
Frequency Selection: Choose an appropriate frequency based on the type of utility being located.
Common frequencies include 512 Hz, 8 kHz, 33 kHz, and 200 kHz. Lower frequencies penetrate
deeper but may be less precise than higher frequencies.
Monitoring Signal Strength: Utilize visual and audible indicators on the locator to gauge
proximity to the utility line. Operators should be trained to interpret these signals accurately.

E. Environmental Considerations
Weather Conditions: Be cautious when operating locators in wet conditions. While some devices
are water-resistant, it is essential to consult user manuals for specific guidelines regarding
operation in such environments.
Confined Spaces: When working in confined spaces (e.g., manholes), ensure proper training and
conduct atmospheric testing for hazardous gases before entry.

F. Emergency Procedures
Response Plans: Establish clear emergency response procedures for accidents or equipment
failures during locating operations. All personnel should be familiar with these protocols.
Communication: Maintain open lines of communication among team members to quickly address
any issues that arise during operations.
The safe operation of electromagnetic locators is critical for preventing accidents and ensuring
effective utility locating. By adhering to established safety requirements including proper PPE
usage, thorough site surveys, equipment inspections, and safe operating procedures operators can
significantly reduce risks associated with underground utility work. Continuous training and
awareness of environmental factors further enhance safety outcomes in this essential field.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 23 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

Self-check 1.1

Part I: Write True or False for the given questions.

1. Electromagnetic locators use acoustic waves to detect underground utilities.
2. Peak Mode on an electromagnetic locator is used to identify signal distortion.
3. Depth measurements from electromagnetic locators are always reliable, even near bends in
the pipe.
4. When using an electromagnetic locator, direct connection involves placing the transmitter on
the surface over the target line.
5. The Active Mode of an electromagnetic locator is used to mark the location of unidentified,
buried lines.
6. A low frequency is best for locating cables over long distances using direct connection.
7. When using an electromagnetic locator, it is acceptable to position the ground stake close to
other lines to improve signal strength.
8. It is not necessary to wear gloves when operating electromagnetic locators as long as the user
is careful.
9. When using an electromagnetic locator, a site survey is unnecessary if the operator is
experienced.
10. High frequencies penetrate deeper and are more precise than lower frequencies when using
electromagnetic locators.

Part II: Choose the correct answer for the given choice.
1. Which of the following is a primary function of pipe and service locating equipment?
a) To measure the depth of underground pipes
b) To identify the location of underground utilities
c) To repair damaged pipelines
d) To determine the age of buried cables
2. What type of signal do electromagnetic locators primarily detect?
a) Acoustic waves c) Radar pulses
b) Electromagnetic signals d) Magnetic fields only

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 24 of 72
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3. Which mode on an electromagnetic locator is generally more accurate for pinpointing the
location of a utility?
a) Null Mode c) Peak Mode
b) Radio Mode d) Power Mode
4. In which situation should depth measurements from an electromagnetic locator not be relied
upon?
a) When using direct connection c) Close to bends in the line
b) When the line is at a consistent depth d) When using a medium frequency
5. When using an electromagnetic locator’s transmitter to apply current to a pipe, which of the
following is NOT a way that the signal can be applied?
a) Direct connection c) Clamp
b) Induction coil d) Induction
6. When is the Active Mode of an electromagnetic locator typically used?
a) To perform a passive sweep c) To locate non-metallic utilities
b) To trace a specific line in a congested area d) To identify the type of pipe
7. Which frequency range is generally best for locating cables over long distances using direct
connection with an electromagnetic locator?
a) High Frequency (65 kHz-200 kHz) c) Low Frequency (100Hz – 1 kHz)
b) Medium Frequency (8 kHz-33 kHz) d) All frequencies are equally effective
8. What is a key safety measure to observe when using electromagnetic locators in wet
conditions?
a) Increase the signal strength c) Use a higher frequency
b) Consult user manuals for specific guidelines d) Disregard safety measures in wet conditions
9. What type of personal protective equipment (PPE) is mandatory for operators using
electromagnetic locators?
a) Just safety glasses c) Gloves, safety goggles, hard hats, and steel-toed boots
b) Gloves, but not steel-toed boots d) Only high-visibility clothing
10. When using an electromagnetic locator, what should be done if a distorted electromagnetic
field is detected?

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Title: Issue No: Page 25 of 72
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a) Ignore the distortion and continue with the reading

b) Only rely on the depth readings in this situation
c) Use Null Mode to identify the source of distortion
d) Increase the output power of the transmitter to overcome distortion

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 26 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

Unit Two: Specifying and operating pipe-freezing equipment

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
• Specifying pipe-freezing equipment.
• Operating procedures of pipe-freezing equipment.
• Safety requirements of pipe-freezing equipment.
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
• Specify and operate pipe-freezing equipment.
• Define operating procedures of pipe-freezing equipment.
• List the safety requirements of pipe-freezing equipment.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 27 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

2.1. Specifying Pipe-Freezing Equipment

Pipe-freezing is a technique used to create temporary ice plugs in pipes, allowing maintenance or
repairs to be conducted without draining the entire system. This method is particularly useful in
plumbing and HVAC applications where maintaining system pressure is critical.

Types of Pipe-Freezing Equipment

Pipe Freezing Kits
These kits typically include freezing jackets, hoses, and CO2 cylinders. They are designed to
create ice plugs in pipes ranging from 1/8″ to 2″ (10mm to 60mm) in diameter.

Components:
• Freezing Jackets: Insulated sleeves that wrap around the pipe to contain the cold
produced by the CO2.
• CO2 Cylinders: Liquid carbon dioxide is used to generate the cold necessary for freezing.
• Hoses: High-pressure hoses connect the CO2 cylinder to the freezing jackets.
Example Equipment: The Cold-Shot pipe freezing tool can freeze liquids in metal and plastic
pipes quickly and efficiently, with a freezing time of just a few minutes depending on the pipe
size and material.

Electric Pipe Freezers

These units use electrically operated cooling systems, such as Peltier heat pumps, to freeze
water inside pipes. They are often more precise and can be used for larger diameter pipes.
Components:
• Cooling Head: Clamps around the pipe and utilizes solid-state cooling technology.
• Heat Removal Unit: Circulates a fluid medium (often a glycol-water mixture) to transfer
heat away from the freezing head.

Liquid Nitrogen Systems

These systems utilize liquid nitrogen to achieve extremely low temperatures for freezing.
They are suitable for larger pipes or when rapid freezing is required.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 28 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል
Understanding the Principles of Pipe Freezing
To understand the principles of pipe freezing, you need to know how it works and why it’s an
effective technique. Pipe freezing techniques for emergency repairs have come a long way with
advancements in pipe freezing technology. This method involves creating a temporary freeze plug
within the pipe, which stops the flow of water or other fluids without shutting down the entire
system.
The process begins by identifying the section of the pipe that needs repair or maintenance. Once
located, specialized equipment is used to circulate extremely cold refrigerant around the pipe. As
the refrigerant flows through, it absorbs heat from the surrounding area, causing the temperature
to drop rapidly. This forms a solid ice plug within the pipe, effectively sealing off any fluid flow.
One advantage of pipe freezing is its ability to be performed on various types and sizes of pipes.
Whether it’s copper pipes in residential buildings or larger industrial pipelines, this technique can
be applied successfully. Additionally, advancements in technology have made these tools more
efficient and reliable than ever before.

2.2. Operating Procedures of Pipe Freezing Equipment

The Process of Pipe Freezing
Make sure you understand the process of freezing pipes before attempting it. Freezing pipes can
be a useful technique in certain situations. It allows you to temporarily stop the flow of water
without having to shut off the main water supply. This can be particularly advantageous when
making repairs or modifications to a plumbing system.
Freezing pipes involves using specialized equipment, such as a pipe freezing kit, which uses liquid
nitrogen or carbon dioxide to freeze the water inside the pipe. This creates an ice plug that prevents
any further water from flowing through. The advantages of this method are that it is quick,
efficient, and does not require any cutting or soldering of pipes.

To freeze a pipe, follow these steps:

1. First, locate the section of the pipe where you want to create an ice plug.
2. Clean and dry the area around the pipe.
3. Attach the freezing kit’s clamps to both sides of the section you want to freeze.

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Title: Issue No: Page 29 of 72
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4. Connect the refrigerant hose from the kit to one of the clamps.
5. Turn on the refrigerant flow and allow it to circulate until an ice plug forms.
6. Once the ice plug is formed, turn off the refrigerant flow and remove all equipment.
Equipment and Tools Needed for Pipe Freezing
To successfully freeze pipes, you’ll need specialized equipment and tools such as a pipe freezing
kit. This kit usually includes a set of freezing jackets or sleeves that can be wrapped around the
pipe to create an insulated barrier. These jackets are made from materials that have high thermal
conductivity, allowing for efficient heat transfer. Additionally, the kit may also include a
refrigeration unit or liquid nitrogen cylinder to provide the necessary cold temperature.
Pipe freezing equipment is designed to create a controlled environment where the water inside the
pipe can freeze without causing any damage. The freezing jackets prevent heat from entering the
system, while the refrigeration unit or liquid nitrogen cools down the surrounding air.
In addition to the pipe freezing kit, there are other tools that can assist in the process. These may
include a pressure gauge to monitor pressure levels during freezing, wrenches or pliers to tighten
fittings, and insulation tape to secure and insulate any exposed areas.
Using proper equipment and tools is crucial for successful pipe freezing. It ensures that pipes are
frozen safely and effectively without causing any harm or leaks. So, before attempting this
technique, make sure you have all the necessary equipment and tools at hand for a smooth
operation.

Benefits and Applications of Pipe Freezing

One of the benefits of using pipe freezing is that it allows for repairs or modifications to be made
without draining the entire system. This technique offers several advantages in various
applications.
Firstly, pipe freezing is commonly used in plumbing systems. It enables plumbers to work on
specific sections of pipes without disrupting the entire water supply. Whether you need to fix a
leaky pipe or replace a faulty valve, pipe freezing ensures that only the affected area is isolated
and repaired while allowing water flow to continue elsewhere.
Another use for pipe freezing is in industrial settings. Industries often have complex piping systems
carrying different fluids at varying temperatures. With pipe freezing, maintenance and
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Title: Issue No: Page 30 of 72
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repair work can be performed efficiently without shutting down production lines or draining large
volumes of expensive liquids.
Furthermore, this technique finds its application in chilled water systems. In commercial buildings
such as hospitals or hotels, where uninterrupted cooling is crucial, pipe freezing allows technicians
to carry out repairs on specific sections while maintaining comfort conditions for occupants.

2.3. safety requirements of pipe-freezing equipment

Safety Considerations for Pipe Freezing Procedures
When using this method, it’s essential to consider safety precautions and follow proper procedures.
Pipe freezing can be an effective technique for making repairs or modifications to plumbing
systems without having to shut off the water supply. However, it is not without potential risks.
One of the key safety precautions to take when performing pipe freezing is wearing appropriate
protective gear. This includes gloves, goggles, and a face mask to protect yourself from any
potential leaks or bursts during the process. Additionally, it’s crucial to ensure that the area where
you are working is well-ventilated to prevent the buildup of harmful gases.
Another important aspect of pipe freezing safety is properly preparing the pipes before applying
the freeze sealant. This involves thoroughly cleaning and drying the pipes to ensure a secure bond
with the sealant. Failure to do so may result in leaks or inadequate freezing which could lead to
accidents or damage.
Lastly, always follow manufacturer instructions when using freeze sealants and other equipment
related to pipe freezing. Improper usage can lead to unpredictable results and potentially dangerous
situations.

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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 31 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል
Self-check 2.1

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

Part I: Choose the correct answer for the given choice.
1. What is the primary purpose of pipe freezing?

a) To increase the flow of water in pipes

b) To create temporary ice plugs in pipes for maintenance or repairs

c) To permanently seal pipes
d) To test pipe pressure
2. Which of the following is a common component of a pipe-freezing kit?
a) Freezing jackets
b) Welding torch
c) Cutting wheel
d) Pressure gauge only
3. What is typically used to generate the cold required for pipe freezing in a pipe-freezing
kit?
a) Liquid nitrogen
b) Liquid carbon dioxide (CO2)
c) Glycol-water mixture
d) Refrigerant gas
4. Which type of pipe freezing equipment uses electrically operated cooling systems, such as
Peltier heat pumps?
a) Liquid nitrogen systems
b) CO2 pipe freezing kits
c) Electric pipe freezers
d) Standard plumbing equipment
5. What is the first step in the process of freezing a pipe?
a) Attach the freezing kit’s clamps
b) Connect the refrigerant hose
c) Locate the section of pipe to be frozen
d) Turn on the refrigerant flow

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Title: Issue No: Page 32 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

6. What is a key advantage of pipe freezing for repairs?

a) It requires draining the entire system
b) It is a complex and time-consuming method
c) It allows for repairs without shutting off the main water supply
d) It always requires cutting and soldering of pipes
7. What material are freezing jackets typically made from?
a) Materials with low thermal conductivity
b) Materials with high thermal conductivity
c) Insulated materials that prevent heat transfer
d) Any material will work as a freezing jacket
8. Why is it essential to ensure the work area is well-ventilated when performing pipe
freezing?
a) To prevent the pipes from freezing too quickly
b) To prevent the build-up of harmful gases
c) To ensure proper heat transfer
d) Ventilation is not necessary
9. Which of the following is a crucial safety precaution when performing pipe freezing?
a) Working without any safety equipment to improve efficiency
b) Not wearing gloves, goggles, or a face mask to prevent reduced visibility
c) Wearing appropriate protective gear
d) Disregarding manufacturer instructions
10. What can be a potential risk of pipe freezing?
a) The pipes will be stronger when they unfreeze
b) Leaks or bursts during the process
c) It can create a vacuum in the plumbing
d) There are no risks as long as it is completed by a trained professional
Part II: Answer the following question accordingly
1. Can pipe freezing be used on all types of pipes?
2. What are the alternatives to pipe freezing for repairing or modifying pipes?
3. How long does it take to freeze a pipe?
4. Are there any limitations or risks associated with pipe freezing?
5. Can pipe freezing cause damage to the surrounding environment or infrastructure?
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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 33 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

Operation Sheet 2.1

Operation Title: Operating Procedures of Pipe-Freezing Equipment

Purpose: To safely and effectively create temporary ice plugs in pipes to allow for maintenance
or repairs without draining the entire system.

Conditions for the operations:

• Safe working area
• Properly operated tools and equipment
• Appropriate working clothes fit with the body
Equipment, Tools, and Materials:
• Pipe Freezing Kit
• Freezing jackets
• CO2 cylinders, liquid nitrogen container, or electric cooling unit, depending on the type
of equipment.
• High-pressure hoses or electrical cords for connecting the refrigerant or power source to
the freezing jackets.
• Pressure gauge (if applicable) to monitor pressure levels during freezing.
• Wrenches or pliers to tighten fittings.
• Insulation tape to secure and insulate any exposed areas.
• Cleaning supplies: Materials such as cloths and cleaning agents to prepare pipes.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Including gloves, goggles, and a face mask.
Quality Criteria:
• Ice plug is formed effectively and completely stops the flow of fluid within the pipe.
• No leaks or damage to the pipe during the freezing process.
• All equipment is used correctly and safely following the manufacturer's instructions.
• The work area is left clean and hazard-free after the procedure is completed.
Precautions:
• Wearing proper clothes, eye glass, glove
• Make working area hazard free
• Read and interpret manual which guide you how to use tools and equipment
• Proper pipe preparation
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Title: Issue No: Page 34 of 72
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• Ensure good ventilation
• Monitor pipe during freezing
• Follow freezing procedure
• Avoid over-freezing
• Proper setup
• Specific safety protocols
• Proper shutdown
Working procedure
1. Preparation
2. Equipment Setup
3. Freezing Process
• Turn on the refrigerant flow. This could be liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide (CO2)
depending on the type of equipment.
• Allow the refrigerant to circulate until an ice plug forms inside the pipe. The freezing time
can vary depending on the pipe size and material.
• Specialized equipment is used to circulate extremely cold refrigerant around the pipe,
absorbing heat and causing the temperature to drop rapidly.
4. Post-Freezing
• Once the ice plug is formed, turn off the refrigerant flow.
• Remove all equipment.
• The ice plug will temporarily stop the flow of water in the pipe, enabling repairs or
modifications.
5. conducting a pipe freezing equipment
• Pipe Freezing Kits: These kits typically include freezing jackets, hoses, and CO2
cylinders. They are used to create ice plugs in pipes ranging from 1/8″ to 2″ (10mm to
60mm) in diameter.
6. Safety Considerations
• It is essential to wear appropriate protective gear, including gloves, goggles, and a face
mask.
• Ensure the work area is well-ventilated to prevent the build-up of harmful gases.
• Follow manufacturer's instructions when using freeze sealants and other equipment.
• Properly prepare the pipes by cleaning and drying them before applying the freeze
sealant to ensure a secure bond.
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MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SKILLS
Title: Issue No: Page 35 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

Unit Three: Examining Sewer and Drain Camera Equipment and Procedures
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content

coverage and topics:

• Identifying sewer and drain camera.

• Operating procedures of sewer and drain camera equipment.

• Safety procedures of sewer and drain camera equipment.

This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
• Identify sewer and drain camera equipment.
• Clarify the operating procedures of sewer and drain camera equipment.
• Demonstrate the safety procedures of sewer and drain camera equipment.

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Title: Issue No: Page 36 of 72
የማሰልጠኛ ሞጁል

3.1. Identifying Sewer and Drain Camera

Sewer and drain cameras are essential tools for inspecting the interior of pipelines, allowing
technicians to identify issues such as blockages, cracks, and corrosion without invasive
procedures.

Types of Cameras
Push Cameras: These are flexible cameras mounted on a cable that can be pushed through
pipes. They are suitable for smaller diameter pipes (typically 1.25" to 3") and can navigate
bends.
CCTV Inspection Cameras: These are more advanced systems often used for larger pipes (up
to 10" in diameter) and can provide high-resolution images.
Self-Leveling Cameras: These cameras maintain an upright position as they navigate through
the pipe, providing consistent image quality.

Drainage Snake Cameras to Inspect Sewer and Wastewater Lines

Figure 3.1. Drainage Snake Cameras to Inspect Sewer and Wastewater Lines
Drainage pipe cameras are tools used for remote visual inspections in the plumbing industry.
They can be equipped with cables of different lengths, diameters, and stiffness that can be moved
around the bends of the pipe, allowing the operator to view and record the inside of the pipeline.

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Title: Issue No: Page 37 of 72
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Drain pipe cameras or drain snake cameras are essential for inspecting sewer and drain lines. These
cameras are a valuable tool for identifying potential problems in pipes, allowing for preventive
maintenance and repairs. Drain pipe cameras are essential for inspecting sewer and drain lines. These
cameras are a valuable tool for identifying potential problems in pipes, allowing for preventive
maintenance and repairs. The modern drainage inspection camera is equipped with color and high-
resolution monitors. The large LCD screen allows the customer to view the live video in detail and check
the condition of the pipes. More advanced systems have their displays protected with a clear plexiglass.
In addition, some models have their monitors and keyboards sealed against heavy moisture or
precipitations. For maximum portability, systems can be powered by a rechargeable battery with an option
to be operated from a wall outlet. The Drain Pipe Camera is a powerful and reliable tool for inspecting
and maintaining sewer and drain lines. Those a high-quality, waterproof, and heavy-duty drain pipe
inspection camera with a 100-foot cable and up can be a valuable investment for industrial and municipal
services and plumbers who work alone or for home use.
The camera head is connected to a long cable, up to 500 feet long, which can be inserted into a drain or
sewer pipe. The waterproof camera head is pushed through the line to observe a pipe condition. Additional
skids of different diameters allow the camera to move around the pipe more easily and stay above the
pipe bottom to get a better view of the inside. The inspection cameras are available with a straight-view
(axial) camera head, a self-leveling head designed to provide an always upright view, and a pan/tilt camera
head for a maximized observation inside a pipeline. They also can feature many options, such as footage
(meter) counter, a built-in sonde transmitter, data recording and storage, text and voice-over notes, and
defect measurement.
Advantages of drainage pipe cameras

Drainage pipe cameras are a great way to assess the condition of a pipe quickly and can be used to
diagnose blockages and other problems. They can also be used to detect pipe damage or obstruction,
helping you identify potential repair needs before they become serious problems.

Real-time video footage

Providing a real-time video image of the inside of the pipe allows the operator to identify and diagnose
any drainage and pipe problems accurately and timely. This is especially useful in

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cases where there are hidden or hard-to-reach areas of the drainage system, as the camera can
provide a clear view without needing physical access.

Record and save the inspection data

Another advantage of drain inspection cameras is their ability to record and save the footage for
later review. This is especially useful for documenting the condition of a sewer system for
insurance purposes or for identifying the root cause of ongoing problems.

Safety
Drainage cameras are much safer than traditional pipe inspection methods because they eliminate
the need for workers to penetrate the pipes physically. This reduces the risk of injury or accident
and can improve overall safety.

3.2. Operating Procedures of Sewer and Drain Camera Equipment

Preparation

• Conduct a site assessment to identify potential hazards and ensure that all necessary
equipment is available.
• Verify that the sewer or drain system is accessible and free from obstructions.

Setup

• Connect the camera to the monitor or recording device as per manufacturer

instructions.
• Ensure that the camera cable is properly coiled and free from kinks before insertion.

Inspection Process

• Insert the camera head into the access point of the pipe. Use gentle pressure to push the
camera through the pipeline while monitoring live footage on the screen.
• Adjust the camera’s position as needed to capture different angles and areas within the
pipe.
• Document any issues observed during inspection by taking snapshots or recording
video footage for later analysis.

Post-Inspection

• Carefully retract the camera after completing the inspection, ensuring that no damage

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occurs to the cable or camera head.
• Review recorded footage and document findings in a report detailing any identified
issues.

3.3. Safety Procedures of Sewer and Drain Camera Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment

Operators must wear appropriate PPE such as gloves, safety goggles, hard hats, and high-
visibility clothing when working in potentially hazardous environments.

Equipment Inspection
Before use, inspect all components of the camera system, including cables and connectors, for
signs of wear or damage.

Site Safety Assessment

Conduct a thorough evaluation of the work area to identify hazards such as unstable ground,
traffic, or exposure to harmful substances.

Emergency Protocols
Establish clear emergency response procedures in case of equipment failure or accidents during
inspections. Ensure all personnel are familiar with these protocols.

Handling Wastewater
When inspecting sewer lines, take precautions to avoid contact with wastewater. Use appropriate
sanitation methods after handling equipment exposed to sewage.

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Self-check 3.1.
Part I: Say True of False the following statements
1. Push cameras are suitable for larger diameter pipes (up to 10") and provide high-resolution
images.
2. Drainage snake cameras are not useful for identifying potential problems in pipes, but are
primarily used for documenting the condition of a sewer system for insurance purposes.
3. When inspecting a sewer or drain system with a camera, it is important to ensure the camera
cable is properly coiled and free from kinks before insertion.
4. When inspecting sewer lines, it is not necessary to take precautions to avoid contact with
wastewater as the equipment is designed to handle this.
5. It is not necessary to conduct a site assessment to identify potential hazards and ensure that
all necessary equipment is available before beginning a sewer and drain camera inspection.

Part II: Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives
1. Which type of camera is best suited for navigating bends in smaller diameter pipes (typically
1.25" to 3")?
a) CCTV Inspection Cameras c) Self-Leveling Cameras
b) Push Cameras d) Pan/Tilt Cameras
2. What is a key feature of modern drainage inspection cameras that allows for detailed
viewing of pipe conditions?
a) High-resolution color LCD screens c) X-ray capabilities to see through pipe walls
b) Infrared sensors for heat detection d) Wireless connectivity for remote viewing
3. Which of the following is a significant advantage of using drainage pipe cameras for
inspections?
a) They require extensive excavation for access
b) They are slower than traditional inspection methods
c) They provide real-time video footage for accurate and timely diagnosis of pipe problems
d) They increase the risk of injury compared to physical pipe penetration
4. During the inspection process, what is the first step after connecting the camera to the
monitor?
a) Document any issues observed
b) Review recorded footage

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c) Insert the camera head into the access point of the pipe
d) Carefully retract the camera
5. Which of the following is a crucial safety measure when operating sewer and drain cameras?
a) Wearing only high-visibility clothing
b) Ignoring signs of wear on equipment
c) Wearing appropriate PPE such as gloves, safety goggles, and hard hats
d) Assuming all work areas are free from hazards
Part III: Fill in the blank Space
1 cameras are designed for navigating bends in smaller diameter pipes,
typically ranging from 1.25" to 3".
2 Modern drainage inspection cameras are equipped with a large screen,
allowing the user to view the live video in detail and check the condition of the pipes.
3 A key advantage of using drainage pipe cameras is that they provide of the
inside of the pipe, allowing for timely and accurate diagnosis of any issues.
4 During the inspection process, after inserting the camera into the pipe, the operator
should use gentle pressure to push the camera through the pipeline while monitoring the
on the screen.
5 When operating sewer and drain cameras, it is essential to wear appropriate ,
such as gloves, safety goggles, and hard hats, especially when working in potentially
hazardous environments.

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Unit Four: Mentioning Under-Road Boring Equipment and Procedures

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content

coverage and topics:

• Mentioning under-road boring equipment.
• Operating procedure on under-road boring equipment.
• Stating the safety procedures of under-road boring equipment.
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
• Mention under-road boring equipment.
• Express the operating procedure on under-road boring equipment.
• State the safety procedures of under-road boring equipment.

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4.1 Mentioning Under-Road Boring Equipment

Under-road boring is a trenchless method used to install utilities such as pipes, cables, and conduits
beneath roads, driveways, and other surfaces without the need for extensive excavation. This
technique minimizes disruption and is particularly useful in urban environments. There are
different types of under-road boring equipment those are:
1. Horizontal Boring Machines: These machines are designed to bore horizontally beneath
surfaces. They can handle various diameters depending on the model.
2. Auger Boring Equipment: Auger boring involves using a rotating auger to excavate soil
while simultaneously installing a casing pipe and available in sizes from 4" to 72" in
diameter, with heavy-duty construction for durability.
3. Directional Drilling Rigs: These rigs are capable of drilling at various angles and are
equipped with guidance systems that allow precise control over the bore path.

Features:
• Hydraulic power systems to manage pull-back pressure.
• Steerable drill heads with cutting surfaces and fluid jets for effective soil
removal.
4. Mini Boring Attachments: These attachments can be mounted on mini-loaders or
excavators for small-scale boring operations, ideal for residential projects and allows
operators to bore under sidewalks or driveways without removing pavement.
4.2 Operating Procedure of Under-Road Boring Equipment
Directional Drilling Rigs for Water Pipeline Installation
Directional drilling rigs (also known as horizontal directional drilling or HDD rigs) are essential
for installing water pipelines beneath roads, rivers, and other obstacles without the need for
extensive excavation. This trenchless method minimizes surface disruption and is particularly
useful in urban environments. There are four installation stages of horizontal directional drilling
those are:

Stage 1 – Drilling the Pilot Hole: The first stage of a successful Horizontal Directional Drilling
Process is drilling a pilot hole. A pilot hole is horizontally drilled and continues under and across
the obstacle along a predetermined design path. An electronic transmitter is placed in a housing
which is directly behind the directional drilling cutting head. The transmitter sends a signal to the
surface which is read by the receiver, which then transmits the information back to the
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directional drill rig operator. The directional driller then, by using the relayed information, can
steer the bore path in any desired direction.

Figure 4.1. Directionally drilling the pilot hole

Stage 2. Pre-Reaming the horizontal boring: Once the pilot hole has been completed, the
borehole must be enlarged to a suitable diameter for the product pipeline. This is accomplished in
the second stage of the Horizontal Directional Drilling Process by “pre-reaming” the horizontal
boring to successively larger diameters. Generally, the reamer is attached to the drill string on the
opposite end of the borehole from the drill and pulled back into the pilot hole. Slurry is pumped
into the directionally drilled borehole to maintain the integrity of the hole and to flush out cuttings.

Figure 4.2. Directional drilling pre-ream

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Stage 3. Pullback Operations: Once the directionally drilled hole is enlarged, the conduit can be
pulled through it. The pipeline is prefabricated at the end of the bore opposite the drill rig. A
reamer is attached to the drill string, and then connected to the product by a pulling head and
swivel. The swivel allows for the reamer to turn without the product turning. The directional
drilling rig then begins the pullback operation, rotating and pulling on the drill string as well as
circulating drilling fluids. The pullback continues until the reamer exits the bore path by the
directional drill rig and the pipeline is in place.

Figure 4.3. Directional drilling pulls back

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Stage 4. Installation of Conduits: If the horizontally bored conduit is to carry power lines, fiber
optic cable, or some other product, an aircraft cable is inserted into the pipe prior to pulling into
position. After the pipe installation, the directional drill rig is used to pull the product into position
within the pipe. This final step in the Horizontal Directional Drilling Process includes pressure
testing to ensure the integrity of the pipe.

4.3 Stating the safety procedures of under-road boring equipment

Directional drilling rigs are essential for installing water pipelines using trenchless methods,
which minimize surface disruption. However, the operation of these rigs involves various safety
procedures to protect workers and ensure successful project execution.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Proper PPE is critical to ensure the safety of all personnel involved in directional drilling
operations. The following equipment should be worn at all times:

• Hard Hats: Protect against falling objects and head injuries.

• Safety Glasses or Goggles: Shield eyes from debris and flying particles.

• Hearing Protection: Use earplugs or earmuffs to protect against noise from machinery.

• High-Visibility Clothing: Reflective vests or shirts to ensure visibility, especially when

working near roadways.

• Steel-Toed Boots: Provide foot protection from heavy equipment and materials.

• Leather Gloves: Required when handling tools or materials, especially during

equipment changes.

• Dielectric Footwear and Gloves: Essential for preventing electrocution when working
near high-voltage areas.

Site Safety Assessment

Before commencing drilling operations, conduct a thorough site assessment to identify potential
hazards:

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• Utility Location: Verify the location of existing underground utilities using utility
locators to prevent accidental damage during drilling.

• Traffic Control: Set up barriers and signage to manage vehicle and pedestrian traffic
around the worksite.

• Environmental Considerations: Assess weather conditions and environmental impacts,

ensuring proper drainage and erosion control measures are in place.

Equipment Inspection
Regular inspections of the directional drilling rig and associated equipment are crucial for safe
operation:

• Pre-Operational Checks: Inspect all machinery before use, checking for leaks, wear,
and proper functioning of hydraulic systems.

• Safety Devices: Ensure that all safety guards, rails, and emergency stop buttons are
operational.

• Communication Devices: Verify that two-way radios are functioning properly for
effective communication between operators and crew members.

Operating Procedures
Adhering to specific operating procedures enhances safety during directional drilling:

• Training Requirements: Only trained and qualified personnel should operate directional
drilling rigs. Operators must understand the complexities of the machine and follow OSHA
regulations.

• Clear Communication: Maintain open lines of communication among team members

throughout the operation. Use hand signals or radios to relay information about the drilling
process.

• Monitoring Drill Progress: Continuously monitor the drill’s position using tracking
systems to detect any deviations from the planned bore path.

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• Emergency Procedures: Establish clear emergency response protocols in case of

accidents or equipment failure. Ensure all personnel are familiar with these procedures.

Emergency Preparedness
Develop an emergency action plan that includes:
• Evacuation Routes: Clearly marked paths for quick evacuation in case of an emergency.

• First Aid Kits: Accessible first aid kits should be available on-site, along with personnel
trained in first aid and CPR.

• Contact Information: Maintain a list of emergency contacts, including local emergency

services and utility companies.

Hazard Awareness
Be aware of specific hazards associated with directional drilling:
• Pinch Points: Identify potential pinch points on the drill rig and surrounding equipment
to prevent hand injuries.

• Confined Spaces: Ensure that any work conducted in confined spaces follows proper
entry protocols, including atmospheric testing if necessary.

• Noise Hazards: Monitor noise levels and implement hearing conservation programs as
needed.

Post-Operation Procedures
After completing drilling operations:
• Equipment Shutdown: Properly shut down all machinery according to manufacturer
instructions.

• Site Cleanup: Ensure that all tools, equipment, and debris are cleared from the work site
to prevent tripping hazards. Finally, to Conduct a final inspection of the work area to
ensure that no hazards remain before leaving the site.

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Self-check-4.1
Part I: Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives
1. What is the primary function of auger boring equipment in under-road boring?
a) To drill at various angles using a guidance system.
b) To install utilities beneath surfaces with minimal disruption.
c) To excavate soil while simultaneously installing a casing pipe.
d) To be mounted on mini-loaders for small-scale projects.
2. In the horizontal directional drilling process, what is the purpose of 'pre-reaming' the
horizontal boring?
a) To drill the initial pilot hole.
b) To test the integrity of the newly installed pipe.
c) To enlarge the borehole to a suitable diameter for the product pipeline.
d) To insert an aircraft cable into the pipe.
3. What is a critical function of dielectric footwear and gloves as part of personal protective
equipment (PPE) during directional drilling operations?
a) To protect against falling objects.
b) To shield eyes from debris.
c) To protect feet from heavy equipment.
d) To prevent electrocution when working near high-voltage areas.
4. Why is it essential to verify the location of existing underground utilities before starting
drilling operations?
a) To ensure proper drainage and erosion control.
b) To prevent accidental damage to those utilities during drilling.
c) To manage vehicle and pedestrian traffic around the worksite.
d) To assess weather conditions and environmental impacts.
5. According to safety procedures, what should be done with two-way radios during directional
drilling operations?
a) Store them in a secure location to prevent loss.
b) Use them only during emergency situations.
c) Verify that they are functioning properly for effective communication between operators
and crew members.

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d) Turn them off to avoid distractions during drilling.

Part II: Match the items in Column A with the most appropriate description in Column B.
Column A Column B

1. Horizontal Boring Machines a) The initial bore made during directional drilling, guided by
an electronic transmitter.

2. Pilot Hole b) Equipment designed to bore horizontally beneath surfaces,

handling various diameters.

3. High-Visibility Clothing c) A plan that includes clearly marked evacuation routes, first
aid kits, and emergency contact information.

4. Pre-Operational Checks d) Reflective vests or shirts worn to ensure visibility on a

worksite.

5. Emergency Action Plan e) Inspecting all machinery for leaks, wear, and proper
functioning of hydraulic systems before use.
Part-III: Fill in the blank Space

1. are designed to bore horizontally beneath surfaces and can handle various
diameters, making them suitable for a range of under-road boring projects.
2. In directional drilling, the first stage involves drilling a , which is guided by an
electronic transmitter to ensure the bore path follows the predetermined design.
3. During directional drilling operations, it is essential to wear such as reflective
vests or shirts, to ensure visibility, especially when working near roadways.
4. Before commencing drilling operations, it is critical to conduct to identify
potential hazards, such as the location of underground utilities, which should be verified using
utility locators.
5. An should be established and include clearly marked evacuation routes,
accessible first aid kits, and a list of emergency contact information.

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Part IV: Answer the following question accordingly
1 What are the main types of equipment used for under-road boring, and what is a key feature
of each?

2 Briefly outline the four main stages of a horizontal directional drilling process for water
pipeline installation.

3 What are some essential pieces of personal protective equipment (PPE) that must be worn
during directional drilling operations?

4 Why is it important to conduct a site safety assessment before commencing under-road

boring or directional drilling?

5 What are some key elements to include in an emergency action plan for directional drilling
operations

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Unit Five: Describing Chemical Grout Systems and Procedures

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
• Chemical grout systems and procedures.

• Trenchless pipe repair systems.

• Operating procedures of polyurethane grouts in pipeline maintenance

• Practicing safety procedures.

This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:

• Describe chemical grout systems and procedures.

• Specify trenchless pipe repair systems.

• Express Operating procedures of Polyurethane Grouts in Pipeline Maintenance

• Demonstrate safety procedures.

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5.1. Chemical Grout Systems and Procedures

Chemical grouting is a trenchless method used to stabilize soil, seal leaks, and repair pipelines
without extensive excavation. There are different types of Chemical Grouts among those are:
Sodium Silicate-Based Grouts: Commonly used for soil stabilization and sealing applications.
These grouts undergo polymerization upon injection, solidifying the surrounding soil.
Polyurethane Grouts: These are often used for sealing leaks in pipes and structures due to their
flexibility and water resistance. They can expand upon contact with water, filling voids effectively.
Cementitious Grouts: While not strictly chemical grouts, they are sometimes included in
discussions of chemical grouting due to their use in similar applications.
Grout materials must be compatible with the soil and conditions at the site. Sodium silicate- based
grouts typically include additives to enhance performance. The viscosity of the grout should be
suitable for the intended application, with gel times adjustable based on temperature and other
factors. The grout should cure to a stable structure that can withstand environmental conditions
without degradation.
5.2. Trenchless Pipe Repair Systems.

Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) Lining

Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) is one of the best trenchless pipe rehabilitation systems, offering a
seamless and non-invasive approach to restoring pipes. This innovative technique introduces a
resin-soaked liner into the compromised pipeline, which is then expanded to fit snugly against the
pipe’s interior walls. As the resin hardens, it forms a new, corrosion-resistant lining that adheres
tightly to the existing structure.
The choice of resin-be it epoxy, vinyl ester, or polyester—is dictated by the specific requirements
of the job, including the type of pipe and the conditions it faces. The hardening of the liner, or
curing, can be achieved through various methods such as hot water, steam, or ultraviolet light,
each selected based on the optimal outcome for the material and environment.
CIPP lining’s adaptability makes it suitable for various pipe sizes and materials, from cast iron
and clay to PVC and steel. Its application shines in situations where traditional excavation would
cause significant disruption, such as in urban areas, beneath waterways, or around building
foundations.

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The process begins with meticulous pipeline cleaning, often involving high-pressure water or
mechanical techniques, to ensure a strong bond between the liner and the pipe. The liner is then
carefully inserted, typically by inversion, which utilizes water or air pressure to evert the liner into
place. Following the curing phase, service connections are meticulously reinstated, often with the
precision of robotic cutters, to bring the system back to full functionality.
Championed for its environmental sensitivity, swift completion time, and durability for the
pipeline, CIPP lining is a robust solution that often surpasses the strength of the original pipe,
promising extended service life and reliability.

Installation Process
Embarking on the CIPP installation journey, a detailed examination of the pipeline is paramount.
This initial assessment, often conducted with closed-circuit television (CCTV) technology,
provides a clear internal view of the pipe and aids in precise measurements, ensuring the liner’s
perfect fit. Pipe Restoration Solutions is a leader in CIPP.
Following this inspection, the pipeline undergoes a rigorous cleaning regimen to eradicate
obstructions such as roots and accumulated debris. This step is critical for the liner’s adhesion to
the pipe walls, with hydro jetting and mechanical cutting tools being the instruments of choice for
this task.
The next phase involves preparing the felt liner, which is saturated with a carefully selected resin
tailored to the pipe’s condition and load requirements. The liner’s dimensions are meticulously
determined from the initial CCTV footage to guarantee an exact fit. Depending on logistical and
project-specific considerations, the impregnation process may take place either on- site or at a
manufacturing facility.
Insertion of the liner into the pipeline follows, employing either the inversion method, which uses
pressure to turn the liner inside out into the pipe, or the pull-in approach, where the liner is drawn
into place with a winch. Once positioned, the curing phase commences, utilizing hot water, steam,
or UV light, with the method chosen based on the system in use, site-specific conditions, and the
type of resin.
Curing duration is contingent upon a variety of factors, including the diameter of the pipe and the
curing method, ranging from several hours to a full day. Post-curing, the liner’s extremities are
trimmed, and service connections are reopened, often with robotic precision. A conclusive

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CCTV inspection verifies the liner’s proper installation and the pipeline’s renewed structural
integrity.

Advantages of CIPP Lining

The trenchless CIPP lining technique stands out for its minimal disturbance to the environment,
a feature that spares the landscape and existing structures from the chaos of traditional excavation.
This eco-friendly approach not only conserves the surroundings but also slashes the costs and time
associated with post-repair restorations.
Efficiency is another cornerstone of this method. Most CIPP lining projects wrap up within a
single day, dramatically reducing the downtime for sewer systems and ensuring a swift resumption
of normal operations for residents and businesses alike.
CIPP lining also brings hydraulic improvements to the table. The liner’s smooth interior surface
can significantly boost the flow efficiency within pipes, outperforming the old, deteriorated pipe
walls that often impede fluid movement.
The adaptability of CIPP technology is noteworthy, accommodating a spectrum of pipe diameters
and materials, including clay, cast iron, PVC, and concrete. It adeptly addresses a variety of
damages, from simple cracks to severe breakages and gaps.
Cost-effectiveness is the final piece of the puzzle. While the upfront costs may appear steep, the
long-term savings from reduced ancillary damage, truncated project durations, and the extended
lifespan of the repairs often tilt the scales in favor of CIPP lining over more conventional methods.

5.3. Operating Procedures of Polyurethane Grouts in Pipeline Maintenance

Polyurethane Grouts in Pipeline Maintenance
Polyurethane grouts are highly effective for maintaining and repairing pipelines. They are
particularly useful for sealing leaks, stabilizing soil around pipelines, and filling voids.
1. Preparation: Site Assessment which are Conduct a thorough evaluation of the pipeline
condition to identify cracks, leaks, or voids. Inspect the surrounding area for accessibility and
any potential hazards and clean the area around the defect to remove dirt, grease, and debris
using wire brushes or vacuum equipment. This ensures proper adhesion of the grout.
2. Equipment Setup: Injection Equipment which assemble all necessary equipment, including;
• Grout Pump: A positive displacement pump capable of delivering polyurethane grout at
controlled pressures (typically between 5 to 300 psi).

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• Mixing Equipment: If using multi-component polyurethane grouts, ensure that mixing
equipment is available for accurate blending of components.
• Injection Packers: Install inflatable or mechanical packers at designated injection points
along the pipeline.
3. Grout Mixing: Component Preparation which are polyurethane grouts typically consist of
two components: a polyol (Component A) and an isocyanate (Component B). Ensure both
components are stored at recommended temperatures prior to mixing and mixing process
which follow manufacturer specifications for mixing ratios and procedures. Use a mechanical
mixer if necessary to achieve a uniform consistency without introducing air bubbles.
4. Injection Process: Drilling holes at strategic locations along the pipeline to allow for grout
injection. The holes should be drilled at a 45-degree angle to intersect any cracks or voids
effectively and insert inflatable packers into the drilled holes and inflate them to create a seal
against the pipe wall.

Grout Injection:
• Connect the grout pump to the packers.
• Begin injecting polyurethane grout at low pressure to avoid blowouts. Gradually increase
pressure as needed.
• Monitor grout flow through observation ports or by watching for visible signs of
expansion.
• Continue injecting until grout appears at adjacent packers, indicating successful filling of
voids.

Post-Injection Procedures
• After completing injections, deflate and remove packers if applicable.
• Allow sufficient curing time as specified by the manufacturer before reintroducing any
loads or water flow through repaired sections.
• Conduct post-injection inspections using CCTV technology to verify successful sealing
and identify any remaining issues.

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5.4. Practicing Safety Procedures
Packer injection systems are widely used for sealing cracks and repairing structures through the
injection of chemical grouts, such as polyurethane. Given the nature of the materials and
equipment involved, adhering to strict safety procedures is essential to protect workers and ensure
effective operation.
1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Operators must wear appropriate PPE including
gloves (chemical-resistant), safety goggles, respiratory protection (if working in confined
spaces), hard hats, and high-visibility clothing.
2. Chemical Handling Safety: Follow Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemical
products used in polyurethane grouting. Ensure proper ventilation in work areas where
chemicals are mixed or injected to minimize inhalation risks.
3. Site Safety Assessment: Conduct a thorough evaluation of the work area before beginning
operations to identify hazards such as traffic, unstable ground conditions, or existing
underground utilities.
4. Emergency Protocols: Establish clear emergency response procedures in case of spills,
accidents, or equipment failure during operations. Ensure all personnel are trained in these
protocols.
5. Equipment Inspection: Inspect all equipment prior to use for any signs of damage or wear.
Ensure that hydraulic systems are leak-free and that all connections are secure.
6. Environmental Considerations: Be mindful of environmental impacts when conducting
grouting operations; ensure proper management of waste materials and adherence to local
regulations regarding disposal.

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Title: Issue No: Page 58 of 72
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Self-check-5.1
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
Part-I: Say True of False the following statements
1. Sodium silicate-based grouts are primarily used for sealing leaks in pipes due to their
flexibility and water resistance.
2. The CIPP lining method involves introducing a resin-soaked liner into a damaged pipeline,
which is then expanded to fit against the pipe's interior walls, forming a new, corrosion-
resistant lining.
3. CIPP lining is typically completed within several days, due to the complex nature of the
installation process, and requires extensive post-repair restoration.
4. Polyurethane grouts are used for sealing leaks, stabilizing soil around pipelines, and filling
voids. They generally require a multi-component mixing process to achieve the desired
consistency.
5. When using packer injection systems for chemical grouting, it is essential to always wear
appropriate PPE, including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and respiratory
protection if working in confined spaces.

Part II: Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives
1. What is the primary purpose of using sodium silicate-based grouts in construction and repair?
a) To seal leaks in pipes with flexibility and water resistance.
b) To create a temporary ice plug within a pipe.
c) To stabilize soil and seal applications through polymerization.
d) To be used as a binding agent for CIPP lining materials.
2. What is a key characteristic of the Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) lining method for pipe
rehabilitation?
a) It requires extensive excavation and causes significant disruption.
b) It involves creating a temporary freeze plug within the pipe.
c) It introduces a resin-soaked liner that forms a new, corrosion-resistant lining within the
existing pipe.
d) It is limited to smaller pipe diameters and simple repairs.
3. Which of the following best describes the typical installation process of CIPP lining?

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a) Direct application of liquid resin to the interior of the pipe walls followed by immediate
curing.
b) Rigorous cleaning of the pipeline, insertion of a resin-saturated liner, and curing with hot
water, steam, or UV light.
c) Freezing of the pipe contents, followed by installation of a solid pipe liner inside the
frozen area.
d) Excavation of the damaged pipe, replacing with a new one, and then covering the trench.
4. What is a significant advantage of CIPP lining over traditional pipe repair methods?
a) It is more disruptive to the surrounding environment, resulting in less time for completion.
b) It always requires longer project durations and more post-repair restoration.
c) It often reduces flow efficiency of pipes, and is not suitable for different materials.
d) It minimizes environmental disturbance, offers quicker completion times, and can
improve hydraulic flow within the pipes.
5. What is the primary function of polyurethane grouts in pipeline maintenance?
a) To serve as a temporary repair for pipes by freezing its content.
b) To be used as an alternative to epoxy-based resins for CIPP lining.
c) To seal leaks, stabilizes soil around pipelines, and fill voids through expansion.
d) To be used in the under-road boring process.
Part-III: Fill in the blank Space
1. grouts are commonly used for soil stabilization and sealing applications and
undergo polymerization upon injection, solidifying the surrounding soil.
2. The CIPP lining method involves introducing a into the compromised
pipeline, which is then expanded to fit snugly against the pipe's interior walls.
3. A key advantage of CIPP lining is that it is a trenchless method that results in
to the environment compared to traditional excavation methods.
4. grouts are particularly effective for sealing leaks, stabilizing soil around
pipelines, and filling voids due to their flexibility and water resistance.
5. When using packer injection systems for chemical grouting, operators must wear
appropriate , including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and
respiratory protection if working in confined spaces.

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Part IV: Answer the following question accordingly

1. What are the main types of chemical grouts, and what are their primary uses?

2. Describe the CIPP lining method and its main steps for trenchless pipe repair.
3. What are the key advantages of using CIPP lining compared to traditional pipe repair
methods?
4. How are polyurethane grouts used in pipeline maintenance, and what are the typical steps
involved in their application?
5. What safety procedures should be followed when using chemical grout injection systems?

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Title: Issue No: Page 61 of 72
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Unit Six: Explaining High-Pressure Drain Cleaning Equipment and Procedures

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content

coverage and topics:

• High-pressure drain cleaning equipment

• Safety procedures in the high-pressure drain cleaning equipment

This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
• Categorize the high-pressure drain cleaning equipment procedures

• State safety procedures in the high-pressure drain cleaning equipment procedures.

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Title: Issue No: Page 62 of 72
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6.1. High-Pressure Drain Cleaning Equipment

High-pressure drain cleaning is an effective method used to clear blockages and maintain the flow
within drainage systems. This process utilizes specialized equipment that operates under high
pressure to remove debris, grease, and other obstructions from pipes.
For technical and sanitary reasons, sewer channels have to be frequently cleaned. Particularly, the
blocking of the cross sections as well as Oduor problems need to be avoided. Also, damages at
the channel walls must be recognized very early, which is only possible if the walls are completely
clean. Further, inorganic deposits that reduce the sewage treatment efficiency must be removed.
Sewer Jetting / Drain Jetting is the process of using Sewer Jetting Pumps to bring a Sewer Drain
Line back to like-new condition without having to actually replace the line. This is very cost-
effective practice, as well as a nearly effortless task - especially for Drain Jetting that are heavily
used, even for grease.
Pressure Jet High Pressure Sewer Jetting Pumps, are completely suitable to achieve all above
cleaning results, because these pumps are robust and reliable, have medium speed and perform to
the entire satisfaction of the customer.
There are special Sewer Jetting Machines, designed specifically for this purpose, called Sewer
Jetter’s. They can clean the pipes leading from sinks and bathtubs leading to the tanks, even those
at long distances, which is especially helpful in the case of industrial piping.
The Sewer Jetting Pumps work at a high pressure, between 150 - 300 bar and 12 - 445 lpm. The
pressure can be adjusted throughout the job as needed. These Sewer Jetting Pumps use a special
nozzle that gets down into the drains to loosen and cuts the clogged materials that are obstructing
the pathways.

6.2.Operating Procedures for Sewer Jetting with High-Pressure Pumps

Pre-Operation Checks:
• Before starting the pump, the suction line connections must be carefully checked.
• Ensure the suction hose is of the correct size (minimum ¾ inch), flexible, and low pressure.
• Confirm that water is reaching the pump by checking the suction strainer or the discharge
line.

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• Air must be removed from the pump before starting to avoid cavitation, which can damage the
pump's internal parts. Air can be released from the discharge line or the suction strainer.
• Ensure the pressure regulating valve is open before starting the pump.

During Operation:
• When the pump starts, if the pressure regulating valve is open, all water passes through
the bypass hose. The bypass line should not be connected to the suction line and must
not have a ball valve or plug. It should be open or connected to the suction water tank.

• The pump requires a specific input speed of 1500 RPM.

• Increase pressure gradually using the pressure regulating valve.

• The needle valve, located below the pressure gauge, should always be open when
increasing pressure.

• The pressure gauge will show the actual pressure in the pump.

• When the pump reaches maximum pressure, the water in the bypass stops.

6.2. Safety Procedures in The High-Pressure Drain Cleaning Equipment

Safety Procedures for Sewer Jetting with High-Pressure Pumps
General Safety:
• Only trained personnel should operate, maintain, and repair high-pressure water units.

• Operators must be aware of the dangers associated with high-pressure equipment.

• The high-pressure discharge jet should never be pointed at any person or animal,
and hands must not be placed in the path of the jet.

• Safety s h o e s , a safety suit, and a helmet must be worn during operation.

• The pump is designed to pump clean, fresh water and should not be used with
flammable or explosive fluids.

• High-pressure equipment should only be used with authorized parts.

• Do not touch the pump body while using it, as the maximum water temperature
can reach 55°C.

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Installation and Connections:

• The suction hose must be flexible and of low pressure, and rigid pipes are not allowed
in the suction line.

• The suction hose should not be assembled with adapters, elbows, or tees.

• A ball valve must be installed between the water tank and suction hose and must be
open while the pump is running.

• The bypass line should not be fitted directly to the suction line, and should not have
any plugs or ball valves attached to it.

• The discharge hose must be flexible.

• A safety valve should be installed in the discharge line.

• Use only high-pressure hoses and fittings that exceed the working pressure of the
system.

• Glycerin-filled pressure gauges must be used.

During Operation:
• Always use a pressure gauge, and do not exceed the specified rated pressure of the
pump.

• A safety valve should be installed in the delivery line to bypass the entire pump
flow rate.

• Do not adjust the relief valve to maintain more pressure than specified, to avoid
bursting of the valve or pump casing, which may cause injury.

• Never put a valve between the pump and relief valve, as this could lead to excessive
pressure and bursting of the pump.

• Electrical components and wirings should be adequately protected and suitable for wet
environments.

• High-pressure hose ends must be secured to prevent dangerous sweeping if they burst
or come off.

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• Proper safety guards must be provided to cover transmission joints, pulleys, and belts.

Post-Operation:
• After taking a certain pressure or required pressure, the pump can be switched off and
the ball valve closed.

• A non-return valve will help maintain pressure in the equipment and prevents water
from flowing back.

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Self-check-6.1
Part I: Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives
1. What is the typical pressure range at which Sewer Jetting Pumps operate for high-pressure
drain cleaning?
a) 50-100 bar c) 150-300 bar
b) 100-150 bar d) 300-400 bar
2. Which of the following is a crucial step to perform before starting a high-pressure drain
cleaning pump?
a) Ensure the pressure regulating valve is closed
b) Remove air from the pump
c) Connect the bypass line to the suction line
d) Use a rigid suction hose
3. During the operation of a high-pressure drain cleaning pump, what should the bypass line
not be connected to?
a) The suction water tank
b) The suction line
c) The pressure gauge
d) The discharge hose
4. Which of the following is a key safety measure to follow when using high-pressure drain
cleaning equipment?
a) Pointing the high-pressure jet at any person or animal
b) Using flammable or explosive fluids
c) Wearing safety shoes, a safety suit, and a helmet
d) Using rigid pipes in the suction line
5. What type of pressure gauge should be used with high-pressure drain cleaning equipment?
a) Standard air-filled pressure gauge
b) Glycerin-filled pressure gauge
c) Digital pressure gauge
d) Any pressure gauge is acceptable.
Part-II: Fill in the blank Space
1. Sewer jetting pumps work at a high pressure, typically between and 300 bar.

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Title: Issue No: Page 67 of 72
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2. Before starting a high-pressure drain cleaning pump, air must be removed from the pump to
avoid which can damage the pump’s internal parts.
3. The bypass line during operation of a high-pressure pump should not be connected to the
line and should be open or connected to the suction water tank.
4. When operating high-pressure drain cleaning equipment, it is crucial to wear safety shoes, a
safety suit, and a .
5. Only use high-pressure hoses and fittings that exceed the of the high-pressure
system and use pressure gauges.

Part III: Answer the following question accordingly

1. What is the purpose of using a special nozzle with sewer jetting pumps, and what does it
achieve?
2. What are two crucial checks that must be performed on the suction line before starting a
high-pressure sewer jetting pump?
3. Why is it important to use a pressure regulating valve during the operation of a high-pressure
drain cleaning pump?
4. What are three essential pieces of personal protective equipment (PPE) that operators must
wear when using high-pressure sewer jetting equipment?
5. What precaution should be taken regarding the discharge hose and fittings when using high-
pressure drain cleaning equipment

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Title: Issue No: Page 68 of 72
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LAP Test
Practical Demonstration
Name: Date:
Time started: Time finished:
Instruction: Perform the following tasks
Task 1: Conduct and Operate pipe-freezing equipment.
Report any incidents or observations to the supervisor.

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Reference
A Guide to Pipe Freezing
Boring Techniques for Underground Utilities
CCTV Inspection of Drains and Sewers
Chemical Grout Systems Manufacturer
Chemical Grouting for Pipe Rehabilitation
Chemical Grouts: Principles and Applications
Directional Boring Equipment Manufacturer
Directional Drilling and Boring Methods Drain
and Sewer Inspection Techniques Drain
Cleaning: A Practical Guide
Drain Cleaning Equipment Manufacturer
Electromagnetic Locators: Comprehensive guide on the use of electromagnetic locators for
utility detection
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR): Detailed information on GPR technology
Ground Penetrating Radar Systems: Information on GPR technology used for utility locating
Handbook of Trenchless Technology
High-Pressure Water Jetting: Principles and Practices
Introduction to Drainage Systems
National Association of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO)
Pipe and Service Locating Equipment: Overview of various types of pipe and service locating
equipment
Pipe Freeze Equipment Manufacturer
Pipe Freezing a Practical Handbook Pipe
Freezing Techniques
Pipe Inspection and Cleaning
Pipe Inspection and Rehabilitation Pipe
Installation Methods
Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine: Features articles on plumbing technologies Polyurethane
Grout Systems: A manufacturer’s website that provides information on different
polyurethane grout systems

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Title: Issue No: Page 70 of 72
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Polyurethane Grouts: Properties and Applications Safety in

Pipe Freezing Operations
Safety Procedures for Utility Locating: Guidelines on safety measures to follow when using pipe
and service locating equipment
Sewer Camera Systems: A Practical Guide
Sewer Camera Systems Manufacturer: A manufacturer’s website that provides
information on different sewer camera systems
Sewer Cleaning and Maintenance
Sewer Equipment Company: A manufacturer’s website that provides information on sewer
cleaning equipment
The Complete Guide to Drain Cleaning
The Engineering Toolbox: Provides technical data related to various engineering tools and methods
Trenchless Technology Magazine
Trenchless Technology: Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Utility Locating Best Practices: A manual that outlines best practices for utility locating Utility
Locator Training Resources
URLs
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): Features publications on civil engineering
practices, including utility locating methods and safety standards.

American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE): Provides resources and guidelines related
to plumbing engineering, including pipe freezing techniques.

CCTV Drain Inspection Equipment: Offers information on various types of CCTV equipment
used for drain inspection, including specifications and user manuals.

Chemical Grouting Systems Manufacturer: Offers information on various chemical grout

systems available in the market, including specifications and usage instructions.

Directional Boring Equipment Manufacturer: Offers information on various types of

directional boring equipment used for under-road applications, including specifications and user
manuals.

Drain Cleaning Equipment Manufacturer: Offers information on various types of high-

pressure drain cleaning equipment, including specifications and user manuals.

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Ground Engineering: Features articles on ground engineering practices, including trenchless

technologies and chemical grouting applications.

Ground Penetrating Radar Systems: Information on GPR technology used for utility locating,
including case studies and service offerings.

National Association of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO): Features guidelines and

training resources related to sewer inspection and rehabilitation practices.

National Utility Locating Contractors Association (NULCA): Offers guidelines, standards,

and training information for utility locating professionals.

Pipe Freeze Equipment Manufacturer: Offers information on various pipe-freezing

equipment, including specifications and usage instructions.

Pipe Freezing Techniques: A resource detailing different methods of pipe freezing and their
applications in the industry.

Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine: Features articles on plumbing technologies, including

updates on pipe-freezing techniques and safety measures.

Polyurethane Grout Systems: A manufacturer’s website that provides information on different

polyurethane grout systems used for pipeline maintenance, including technical specifications
and operating procedures.

Sewer Camera Systems Manufacturer: A manufacturer’s website that provides information

on different sewer camera systems, including technical specifications and operating procedures.

Sewer Equipment Company: A manufacturer’s website that provides information on sewer

cleaning equipment, including high-pressure jetting systems and their operational guidelines.

The Engineering Toolbox: Provides technical data related to various engineering tools and
methods, including those used in pipe freezing6.

Trenchless Technology Magazine: An industry publication that covers the latest news,
technologies, and best practices in trenchless construction methods, including under-road boring.

Utility Locator Training Resources: Provides training materials and resources for operators of
utility locating equipment

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Title: Issue No: Page 72 of 72
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Developer’s Profile
Qualif
icatio
N Organization/ Mobile
Name n Field of Study E-mail
o Institution number
(Level
)

Fikadu MSC Construction G/winget 0901040 [email protected]

1
Tigabu Technology PTC 944

Esmael BSC Water Work Kombolcha 0915543

2 [email protected]
Mohammed construction technology PTC 225

Kassahun MSC Water supply and A.A 0912020 Kasisheadere100@gma

3 Adere sanitary Engineering Tegbared 519 il.com
PTC

Solomon MSC Water And Sanitation W/ro shien 0921043 fentawsolomon40@yah

4
Fentaw PTC 646 oo.com

Solomon BSC Construction G/winget 0921414 [email protected]

5 Tadesse 347
Management PTC

Tariku MSC Construction Dilla 0916512 [email protected]

6
Wondimagen Management PTC 167 m

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