SOLID STATE (Physical Chemistry)

EXERCISE-I
DPP-1
PROBLEMS BASED ON CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
1. Which is the property of amorphous solids.
(A) Isotropic
(B) Sharp melting point
(C) Gives clean cleavage when cut
(D) Have fixed enthalpy of fusion
2. Select the INCORRECT statement -
(A) A crystalline solid possess long range order
while amorphous solid has only short-range order.
(B) Crystalline solids have definite &
characteristic heat of fusion and melting
temperature while amorphous solids do not have
definite heat of fusion and soften over a range of
temperature
(C) When polyurethane and benzoic acid are cut with sharp edge tool former has irregular
cleavage surface while later has smooth surface.
(D) Quartz (crystalline) is isotropic while quartz glass is anisotropic in nature.
3. Which of the following solids substances will have same refractive index when measured in
different directions?
(A) NaCl
(B) Monoclinic sulphur
(C) Rubber
(D) Graphite
4. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a crystalline solid?
(A) Definite and characteristic heat of fusion.
(B) Isotropic nature.
(C) A regular periodically repeated pattern of
arrangement of constituent particles in the entire
crystal.
(D) A true solid

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5. A solid melt slightly above 273 K and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. To which of the
following categories does it belong?
(A) Ionic solid
(B) Covalent solid
(C) Metallic solid
(D) Molecular solid
6. Which of the following is an amorphous solid?
(A) Graphite (C)
(B) Quartz glass (SiO2)
(C) Chrome alum
(D) Silicon carbide (SiC)
7. Which of the following is a molecular solid
(A) SiC
(B) Graphite
(C) Fullerene
(D) Diamond
8. Which of the following statement is not true about amorphous solids?
(A) On heating they may become crystalline at certain temperature.
(B) They may become crystalline on keeping for long time.
(C) Amorphous solids can be moulded by heating.
(D) They are anisotropic in nature.
9. The sharp melting point of crystalline solids is due to ___________.
(A) a regular arrangement of constituent particles observed over a short distance in the crystal
lattice.
(B) a regular arrangement of constituent particles observed over a long distance in the crystal
lattice.
(C) same arrangement of constituent particles in different directions.
(D) different arrangement of constituent particles in different directions.
10. Graphite cannot be classified as __________.
(A) conducting solid
(B) network solid
(C) covalent solid
(D) ionic solid

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11. Classify the following as amorphous or crystalline solids: Polyurethane, naphthalene, benzoic
acid, Teflon, potassium nitrate, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, fiber glass, copper.
12. Classify the following solids in different categories based on the nature of intermolecular forces
operating in them: Potassium sulphate, tin, benzene, urea, ammonia, water, zinc sulphide,
graphite, rubidium, argon, silicon carbide.
13. Classify each of the following solids.
(a) Tetra phosphorus decaoxide (P 4O10) (b) Graphite
(c) Brass (d) Ammonium phosphate [(NH4)3 PO4 ]
(e) SiC (f) Rb
(g)  2 (h) LiBr
(i) P4 (j) Si
(k) Plastic.
14. How many of the following are covalent network solids?
S8 , Bronze, SiO2 , Diamond, ZnSO4 , Si, AlN , SiC, CO2.

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DPP-2
1. Which of the following are the correct axial distances and axial angles for rhombohedral system?
(A) a = b = c,  =  =   90°
(B) a = b  c,  =  =  = 90°
(C) a  b = c,  =  =  = 90°
(D) a  b  c,       90°
2. a  b  c,       90° represents
(A) tetragonal system
(B) orthorhombic system
(C) monoclinic system
(D) triclinic system
3. The most unsymmetrical system is:
(A) Cubic
(B) Hexagonal
(C) Triclinic
(D) Orthorhombic
4. A match box exhibit -
(A) Cubic geometry
(B) Monoclinic geometry
(C) Tetragonal geometry
(D) Orthorhombic geometry
5. The crystal system of a compound with unit cell dimensions, a = 0.387 and b = 0.387 and c =
0.504 nm and  =  = 90° and  = 120° is :
(A) Cubic
(B) Hexagonal
(C) Orthorhombic
(D) Rhombohedral
6. In a tetragonal crystal,
(A)  =  = 90°   ; a = b = c (B)  =  =  = 90° ; a = b  c
(C)  =  =  = 90° ; a  b  c (D)  =  = 90° ;  = 120° ; a = b  c
7. Which of the following crystalline arrangement will have at least one of the angles equal to 90 °
and at least two axial lengths equal?
(A) Orthorhombic (B) Rhombohedral
(C) Monoclinic (D) Tetragonal
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8. What is the coordination number in a square close packed structure in two dimensions?
9. How many Bravais lattices are possible in 3D ?
10. What are the crystallographic parameters of hexagonal, monoclinic and triclinic unit cell
respectively.
11. Given below are two dimensions lattices with nicely shaded regions. You just have to find the
contributions (in fractions) of particles marked (a) and (b) to the shaded regions and the total
number of particles in the regions.
(a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b)
(iv) (a)

(a)

(b)
(i) (ii) (iii) (v)

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DPP-3
1. Which of the following is incorrect for simple cubic metallic crystal -
(A) The coordination number of an atom is 6
(B) The atoms along the edge length of the cube touch each other
(C) There is no empty space in between the atoms.
(D) An atom touches 6 other atoms
2. What is incorrect regarding bcc unit cell -
(A) Z = 2

(B) 3a = 4r
(C) C.N. = 6
(D) Packing fraction = 0.68
3. A metal crystallizes in a body centered cubic lattice (bcc) with the edge of the unit cell 5.2A. The
distance between the two nearest neighbours is
(A) 10.4 A (B) 4.5 A
(C) 5.2A (D) 9.0A
4. The packing fraction in simple cubic lattice is

1 2
(A)  (B) 
6 6
3 1
(C)  (D) 
8 2
5. Iron has body centred cubic lattice structure. The edge length of the unit cell is found to be 286
pm. What is the radius of an iron atom?
(A) r = 124 pm (B) r = 128 pm
(C) r = 124 A (D) r = 128 A
6. Fraction of edge length covered by atoms in BCC structure is -

(A) 1 (B) 3  / 8 (C) 1/ 2 (D) 3 / 2

7. A lattice has cubic unit cell then number of faces which meets at a corner of a cube in this lattice.
8. Calculate the sum of number of 1 st and 2nd nearest neighbours in bcc closed packing.
9. A metal crystallises in bcc. Find the % fraction of edge length covered by atom is:

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DPP-4
1. In a FCC unit cell

(A) 3a = 4r (B) 2a = 4r (C) a = 2r (D) 2a = 2r

2. Which is incorrect for FCC lattice -

(A) a 2 = 4R (B) Co-ordination number = 12
(C) Void fraction = 0.32 (D) No of atoms per unit cell = 4
3. The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centred cubic and body-centered cubic
structure respectively are -
(A) 1, 4, 2 (B) 1, 2, 4 (C) 8, 14, 9 (D) 8, 4, 2
4. Correct sequence of the coordination number in SC, FCC & BCC is-
(A) 6, 8, 12 (B) 6, 12, 8 (C) 8, 12, 6 (D) 8, 6, 12
5. An element crystallizes in both fcc & bcc lattices. Then ratio of edge length of fcc unit cell to bcc
unit cell will be –

(A) 1 : 2 2 (B) 3: 2 (C) 2: 3 (D) 6 :1

6. Number of 3rd nearest neighbour atom in a FCC unit cell are -
(A) 8 (B) 24 (C) 16 (D) 12
7. A closed packed structure of uniform spheres has the edge length of 534 pm. Calculate the radius
of sphere, if it exists in
(a) Simple cubic lattice (b) BCC lattice (c) FCC lattice
8. In a fcc unit cell of 'A' atom (Atomic mass = 150) having side length 10A. number of atoms per
𝑦𝑧
unit cell is Z, number. If next nearest neighbour is X & packing efficiency is Y % find value of
(𝑥2 +1)

9. Xenon crystallises in the face-centred cubic lattice and the edge of the unit cell is 620 pm. What
is the nearest neighbour distance and what is the radius of xenon atom?
10. Following figure shows an FCC unit cell with atoms of radius r marked 1(corner),
2(face centre), 3(face centre). A quadrilateral is also shown by joining the centres of 4 face
centered atoms. Find
(i) The distances between atoms 1 & 2, 2 & 3 and 1 & 3 in terms of r
(ii) The shape and dimensions of the quadrilateral.
3

2
1

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DPP-5
1. The coordination number of a metal crystallizing in an HCP structure is
(A) 12 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 6
2. Which of the following statement is not true about the hexagonal close packing?
(A) The coordination number is 12.
(B) It has 74% packing efficiency.
(C) Tetrahedral voids of the second layer are covered by the spheres of the third layer.
(D) In this arrangement spheres of the fourth layer are exactly aligned with those of the first
layer.
3. A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice containing a sequence of layers of ABABAB.... Any
packing of spheres leaves out voids in the lattice. Approximately what percentage by volume of
this lattice is empty space?
(A) 74% (B) 26% (C) 48% (D) 32%
4. What is not true regarding hexagonal close packing (hcp)-
(A) packing fraction is 0.74 (B) coordination number is 12
(C) ABCABC type packing (D) No of atoms per prism =6
5. In which pair most efficient packing is present?
(i) hcp and bcc (ii) hcp and ccp
(iii) bcc and ccp (iv) bcc and simple cubic cell
6. The shortest distance between I st and V th layer of HCP arrangement is:
2 3 √2 3
(A) 8√3 𝑟 (B) 4√2 𝑟 (C) 16 𝑟 (D) 8√2 𝑟
3

7. Volume of HCP unit cell is:

(A) 24 2 r3 (B) 8 2 r3 (C) 16 2 r3 (D) 24 3 r3

8. Which one of the following schemes of ordering closed packed sheets of equal sized spheres
generate crystal of minimum packing fraction.
(A) ABCABC (B) ABABABAB (C) ABBAABBA (D) ABCBCABCBC
2
9. Total number of layers between a distance of 14R√ in hcp unit cell is (including first and last)
3
10. Calculate the perimeter of given plane in HCP unit cell (Given that radius of atoms = R A).

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DPP-6
1. An element (atomic mass = 100) having SC structure has unit cell edge length 400 pm. The
density of this element will be (N A = 6 × 1023)
(A) 5.2 g/ml (B) 10.4 g/ml (C) 0.42 g/ml (D) 2.6 g/ml
39
2. 19 K (Specific gravity = 0.89) crystallized in bcc arrangement. What is radius of K atom (in cm)
1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
 2 3  39   3 3  39   4 3  39   3 3  39 
(A)  2 (B)  (C)  2 (D) 
   0.89N   32  0.89N     0.89N   64  0.89N 
 A   A   A   A 

3. An element has a fcc structure with the cell edge 'a' pm. Density of element is  gm/cc. How many
unit cells are present in W gm of the element ? [N A = Avogadro's No.]

W 1030 W W 1030 W 10+36

(A) (B)  1030 (C)  (D)
a 3   4 a 
3
( 2a)3  N A a 3N A

4. At 912 K and 105 Pa, -Iron (bcc form) may be transformed into -iron (fcc form). If density of -
iron is  then what is density of -iron (assume no change in radius of iron atom )-

4 3   1.5
(A) /0.74 (B)  0.68 (C) (D)
0.74 3 1.5 4
5. Ar crystallizes in fcc arrangement in solid state. The density of solid and liquid Ar 3.7 and 3 gm/cc
respectively. Find percentage of empty space in liquid Ar.
6. A metal having atomic mass 60.22 crystallizes in FCC packing. The density of metal in g/cm 3 if
the edge length of unit cell is 10 A is
7. An element crystallizes in a structure having FCC unit cell of an edge 200 pm. Calculate the
density, if 200 g of this element contains 24×10 23 atoms.
8. Aluminium crystallizes in cubic system with unit cell edge length equal to 4.0 A. If its density is
45
g / cm3 , then number of atoms per unit cell is of Al is (N A = 6 × 10, Al =27)
16
9. A metal exists as FCC crystal. If the atomic radius is 100 2 pm and the density of metal is 12,500
kg/m3, then the atomic mass of metal is

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DPP-7
1. The interstitial hole is called tetrahedral because
(A) It is formed by four spheres.
(B) Partly same and partly different.
(C) It is formed by four spheres the centres of which form a regular tetrahedron.
(D) None of the above three.
2. The size of an octahedral void formed in a closest packed lattice as compared to tetrahedral void
is
(A) Equal (B) Smaller (C) Larger (D) Not definite
3. If r+ = 200 pm & r – = 500 pm in ionic crystal then cation will be present in -
(A) triangular void (B) tetrahedral void
(C) octahedral void (D) cubical void
4. Same metal exists in simple cubic as well as face centered cubic metallic crystal. The ratio of
volume of a cubic void with respect to an octahedral void without disturbing the metallic crystal
is :

(A)
( 3 −1 ) (B)
( 2 −1 ) (C)
( 3 −1 )
3

(D)
( 2 −1 )
3

( 2 − 1) ( 3 − 1) ( 2 − 1)
3
( 3 − 1)
3

5. Distance between two nearest tetrahedral voids in FCC unit cell is –

a a
(A) 2a (B) (C) a (D)
2 2 3
6. In fcc unit cell smallest distance between a octahedral void & a tetrahedral void is -
(a = edge length of unit cell )-

a 3a 3a
(A) (B) (C) a (D)
2 2 4
7. If ‘Z’ is the number of atoms in the unit cell that represents the closest packing sequence ---
ABCABC ---, the number of tetrahedral voids in the unit cell is equal to
(A) Z (B) 2Z (C) Z/2 (D) Z/4
8. In the cubic close packing, the unit cell has ________.
(i) 4 tetrahedral voids each of which is shared by four adjacent unit cells.
(ii) 4 tetrahedral voids within the unit cell.
(iii) 8 tetrahedral voids each of the which is shared by four adjacent unit cells.
(iv) 8 tetrahedral voids within the unit cells.

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9. The two ions A+ and B– have radii 88 and 200 pm respectively. In the closed packed crystal of
compound AB, predict the co-ordination number of A+.
10. If the radius of Mg2+ ion, Cs+ ion, O2– ion, S2– ion and Cl– ion are 0.65 A , 1.69 A, 1.40 A, 1.84 A, and
1.81 A respectively. Calculate the co-ordination numbers of the cations in the crystals of MgS,
MgO and CsCl.
11. What is the number and closest distance between two octahedral voids and two tetrahedral
voids in fcc unit cell?

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DPP-8
1. An oxide of 'A' crystallizes with eight atoms at the corners of the unit cell and 18 oxygen atoms
on the edges & on the faces symmetrically. What is the formula of this oxide –
(A) AO6 (B) A2O4 (C) A3O6 (D) A3O8
2. An alloy of metal 'A' 'B' and 'C' is found to have 'A' constituting ccp lattice. If 'B' atom occupy the
edge centers and 'C' is present at the body centre, the formula of the alloy is :-
(A) A4B2C (B) A4B4C (C) A4B3C (D) ABC
3. An ionic compound has a unit cell consisting of A ions at the corners of a cube and B ions on the
centers of the faces of the cube. The empirical formula of this compound would be -
(A) A2B (B) AB (C) A3B (D) AB3
4. In a face centred cubic arrangement of A and B atoms whose A atoms are at the corner of the unit
cell and B atoms at the face centers. One of the A atoms is missing from one corner in unit cell.
The simplest formula of the compound is –
(A)A7B3 (B) AB3 (C) A7B24 (D) A2B3
5. In a lattice of X and Y atoms, if X atoms are present at corners and Y atoms at the body centre &
one X atom is removed from a corner from each unit cell, then the formula of the compound will
be :
(A) X7Y (B) X8Y7 (C) X7Y8 (D) X7Y7
6. If the anions (A) form hexagonal closest packing and cations (C) occupy only 2/3 octahedral
voids in it, then the general formula of the compound is
(A) CA (B) CA2 (C) C2A3 (D) C3A2
7. In a compound, oxide ions are arranged in cubic close packing arrangement. Cations
A occupy one-sixth of the tetrahedral voids and cations B occupy one-third of the octahedral
voids.
The formula of the compound is A xByOz, then find the value of x + y + z.
8. A cubic solid is made up of two elements A and B. Atoms B are at the corners of the cube and A
at the body centre. What is the formula of compound?
9. A cubic solid is made by atoms A forming close pack arrangement, B occupying one-fourth of
tetrahedral void and C occupying half of the octahedral voids. What is the formula of compound?
10. Spinel is a important class of oxides consisting of two types of metal ions with the oxide ions
arranged in CCP pattern. The normal spinel has one-eight of the tetrahedral holes occupied by
one type of metal ion and one half of the octahedral hole occupied by another type of metal ion.
Such a spinel is formed by Zn 2+, Al3+ and O2– , with Zn2+ in the tetrahedral holes. Give the formulae
of spinel.

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DPP-9
1. If x = radius of Na + & y = radius of Cl– & a is the unit cell edge length for NaCl crystal, then which
of the given relation is correct?

(A) x + y = a (B) 2x + 2y = a (C) x + y = 2a (D) x + y = a 2

2. Edge length of M+X– (NaCl structure) is 7.2 A. Radius of X – ion is ( rM + = 1.6 A):

(A) 2.0 A (B) 5.6 A (C) 2.8 A (D) 38 A

3. rNa + = 95 pm rCl – and = 181 pm in NaCl (rock salt) structure. What is the shortest distance

between Na+ ions?

(A) 778.3 pm (B) 276 pm (C) 195.7 pm (D) 390.3 pm
2
4. AB crystallises itself as NaCl crystal if r + = and r – = 6 . Calculate edge length of cube is
6
4 2
(A) 2 3 (B) (C) 4 3 (D) 8 x
3 6
5. How many unit cells are there in 1 gram of NaCl
4  NA NA NA NA
(A) (B) (C) (D)
58.5 58.5 58.5  4 58.5  8

6. KF crystallizes in the NaCl type structure. If the radius of K + ions 132 pm and that of
F– ion is 135 pm, what is the shortest K–F distance? What is the edge length of the unit cell? What
is the closet K–K distance?
7. Solid AB has NaCl type structure. If the radius of A + and B– are 0.5 A and 1.5A respectively and
formula mass of AB is 48 g/mole, what is the density of AB solid.
Take : Avogadro's number = 6 × 10 23
8. A crystal of lead (II) sulphide has NaCl structure. In this crystal the shortest distance between
Pb+2 ion and S2– ion is 297 pm. What is the length of the edge of the unit cell in lead sulphide?
Also calculate the unit cell volume.
𝑟+ 1
9. Percentage of void space in AB solid having rock salt structure if = having cation anion
𝑟– 2

contact.
Given  = 3.15.

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DPP-10
1. An ionic compound AB has ZnS type structure. If the radius A + is 22.5 pm, then the ideal radius
of B– would be
(A) 54.35 pm (B) 100 pm (C) 145.16 pm (D) none of these
2. For ZnS structure correct statement is-
(A) Zn2+ are in tetrahedral void
(B) Zn2+ are in octahedral voids
(C) Zn2+ are at centre of fcc unit cell
(D) Zn2+ are at each edge centre
3. Shortest interionic distance in zinc blende structure is (a is edge length of unit cell)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(A) (B) √ 3 (C) (D) √3
2 2 √2 4

4. Diamond belongs to the crystal system:

(A) Cubic (B) triclinic (C) tetragonal (D) hexagonal
5. Diamond structure can be considered as ZnS (Zinc blend) structure in which each Zn 2+ in
alternate tetrahedral void and S 2– in cubic close pack arrangement is replaced by one carbon
atom. If C–C covalent bond length in diamond is 1.5A, what is the edge length of diamond unit
cell (z = 8).
(A) 3.46 A (B) 6.92 A (C) 1.73 A (D) 3 A
6. A compound XY crystallizes in 8 : 8 lattice with unit cell edge length of 480 pm. If the radius of Y–
is 225 pm, then the radius of X + is
(A) 127.5 pm (B) 190.68 pm (C) 225 pm (D) 255 pm
7. The mass of a unit cell of CsCl corresponds to
(A) 1 Cs+ and 1 Cl– (B) 1 Cs+ and 6 Cl–
(C) 4 Cs+ and 4 Cl– (D) 8 Cs+ and 1 Cl–
8. What is the packing fraction of CsCl crystal. (Assume crystal to be ideal)
(A) 0.728 (B) 0.68 (C) 0.9251 (D) 0.524
9. The coordination number of cation and anion in Fluorite CaF 2 and CsCl are respectively
(A) 8:4 and 6:3 (B) 6:3 and 4:4 (C) 8:4 and 8:8 (D) 4:2 and 2:4
10. in CsCl unit cell edge length is 400 pm. Calculate the inter ionic distance in CsCl.
11. Calculate % volume occupied by atoms in CsCl type structure assuming anion-anion contact.
r+
[Given = 0.7;  = 3 ; 3 = 1.7]
r–

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12. If the length of the body diagonal for CsCl which crystallises into a cubic structure with Cl – ions
at the corners and Cs + ions at the centre of the unit cells is 7 A and the radius of the Cs + ion is
1.69 A, what is the radius of Cl– ion?
13. Rbl crystallizes in CsCl structure in which each Rb + is surrounded by eight iodide ions each of
radius 2.17 A. Find the length of one side of RbI unit cell.

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DPP-11
DEFECTS IN SOLIDS
1. Which of the following is the most likely to show schottky defect
(A) CaF 2 (B) ZnS (C) AgCl (D) CsCl
2. In the Schottky defect, in AB type ionic solids
(A) cations are missing from the lattice sites and occupy the interstitial sites
(B) equal number of cations and anions are missing
(C) atom of tetrahedral voids displaces into octahedral voids
(D) equal number of extra cations and electrons are present in the interstitial sites
3. F–centres are
(A) the electrons trapped in anionic vacancies
(B) the electrons trapped in cation vacancies
(C) presence of cations in the interstitial sites
(D) presence of anions in the interstitial sites
4. Strongly heated ZnO crystal can conduct electricity. This is due to
(A) Movement of extra Zn2+ ions present in the interstitial sites
(B) Movement of electrons present in the interstitial sites
(C) Movement of oxide ions
(D) None of these
5. Which of the following defects is also known as dislocation defect?
(A) Frenkel defect
(B) Schottky defect
(C) Non-stoichiometric defect
(D) Simple interstitial defect
6. Which of the following point defects are shown by AgBr(s) crystals?
(I) Schottky defect
(II) Frenkel defect
(III) Metal excess defect
(IV) Metal deficiency defect
(A) (I) and (II)
(B) (III) and (IV)
(C) (I) and (III)
(D) (II) and (IV)

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PROBLEMS BASED ON DEFECTS IN SOLIDS

7. The composition of a sample of wustite is Fe 0.93O1.0. What percentage of iron is present in the
form of Fe(III)?
8. If NaCl is dopped with 10 –3 mol % SrCl2, what is the numbers of cation vacancies per mole of
NaCl?
9. A non-stoichiometric compound Fe 7S8 consist of iron in both Fe +2 and Fe+3 form and sulphur is
present as sulphide ions. Calculate cation vacancies as a percentage of total cation positions in
the sample.

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DPP-12
PROBLEMS BASED ON ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
1. Which of the following oxides shows electrical properties like metals?
(A) SiO2 (B) MgO (C) SO2(s) (D) CrO2
2. The lattice site in a pure crystal cannot be occupied by _________.
(A) molecule (B) ion (C) electron (D) atom
3. Which of the following oxides behaves as conductor or insulator depending upon temperature?
(A) TiO (B) SiO2 (C) TiO3 (D) MgO
4. Which kind of defects are introduced by doping?
(A) Dislocation defect (B) Schottky defect
(C) Frenkel defects (D) Electronic defects
5. Silicon doped with electron-rich impurity forms ________.
(A) p-type semiconductor (B) n-type semiconductor
(C) intrinsic semiconductor (D) insulator
6. Which of the following is true about the charge acquired by p-type semiconductors?
(i) positive (ii) neutral
(iii) negative (iv) depends on concentration of p impurity
7. To get a n-type semiconductor from silicon, it should be doped with a substance with
valence__________.
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 5
PROBLEMS BASED ON MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
8. Which of the following arrangements shows schematic alignment of magnetic moments of
antiferromagnetic substances?

(A) (B)

(C) (D)
9. Which of the following statements is not true?
(A) Paramagnetic substances are weakly attracted by magnetic field.
(B) Ferromagnetic substances cannot be magnetized permanently.
(C) The domains in antiferromagnetic substances are oppositely oriented with respect to each
other.
(D) Pairing of electrons cancels their magnetic moment in the diamagnetic substances.

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10. A ferromagnetic substance becomes a permanent magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field
because ________.
(A) all the domains get oriented in the direction of magnetic field.
(B) all the domains get oriented in the direction opposite to the direction of magnetic field.
(C) domains get oriented randomly.
(D) domains are not affected by magnetic field.

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EXERCISE-II
Single Correct Answer Type
1. Ratio of volume of tetragonal & hexagonal unit cell (Assume same intercepts a & b)

(A) 2 : 3 (B) 4 : 3 (C) 6 : 3 (D) 8 : 3

2. Packing fraction in 2-D hexagonal arrangement is

   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3 3 2 3 6
3. Number of square faces in truncated octahedron will be -

(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) zero

4. In a truncated cube number of edges are ?

(A) 24 (B) 48 (C) 36 (D) 72

5. Percentage area of each face covered by atoms in a FCC unit cell is -
(A) 60.4% (B) 68% (C) 74% (D) 78.5%
6. In a solid, S2– ions are packed in fcc lattice. Zn 2+ occupies half of the tetrahedral voids in an
alternating arrangement. Now if a plane is cut (as shown) then the cross-section would be:

Zn2+
S2–

(A) (B) (C) (D)

7. If the height of HCP unit cell of identical particles is h, then the height of octahedral voids from
the base is
h h 2h h 3h h 7h
(A) (B) , (C) , (D) ,
2 3 3 4 4 8 8

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More than one may correct

8. Correct statement(s) for the packing of identical disc in two dimensions is/are:
(A) For square close packing, coordination number is 4.
(B) For hexagonal close packing, coordination number is 6.
(C) There is only one void per atom in both, 2 dimensional square and hexagonal close packing.
(D) 2-dimensional Hexagonal close packing is more efficient packing than square close packing.
9. Which of the following are true -

(A) Ratio of nearest neighbours in simple cubic cell to next nearest neighbours in FCC is 1

(B) Packing efficiency of a unit cell in which atoms are present at each corner and each edge
centre is 26 % in metallic crystal.

(C) ) Ratio of nearest neighbours in simple cubic cell to next nearest neighbours in BCC 1

(D) If number of unit cells along one edge are 'x' then total number of unit cell in cube are x3
10. Following planes are shown in a fcc unit cell -

(A) Plane (I) contains tetrahedral voids

(B) Plane (II) contains tetrahedral voids
(C) Plane (II) contain octahedral voids
(D) Plane (III) contains both octahedral & tetrahedral voids
11. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(A) In an anti-fluorite structure anions form FCC lattice and cations occupy all tetrahedral voids.
(B) Number of nearest Na + ions of another Na + in Na2O crystal will be 8.

(C) NaCl is a ‘AB’ crystal lattice that can be interpreted to be made up of two individual fcc unit
cells of A+ and B– fused together in such a manner that the corner of one unit cell becomes
the edge centre of the other.

(D 8 Cs+ ions occupy the second nearest neighbour locations of a Cs + ion

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12. Which statements is correct about HCP and CCP lattice

(A) Number of tetrahedral voids are twice of octahedral holes

(B) 2 tetrahedral and 1 octahedral void are present in HCP unit cell per atom.

(C) Tetrahedral voids = 2 × octahedral voids, is valid for ccp and hcp.

(D) Distance between two hexagonal planes in CCP or HCP arrangement is same for a metal
exist in both forms.
13. Incorrect statement for ccp is:
(A) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 4
octahedral voids
(B) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 6
octahedral voids
(C) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 8
octahedral voids
(D) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded by 12
octahedral voids
14. Select the correct statement (s) :

(A) CsCl mainly shows Schottky defect

(B) ZnS mainly shows Frenkel defect

(C) NaCl unit cell contain 4Na + and 4Cl—

(D) In NaCl one Na + is surrounded by 6 Cl— then 12 Na+ and then 8 Cl— .
15. Select the incorrect statement -

(A) Frenkel defect is a non-stoichiometric defect

(B) F-centres are due to Frenkel defect

(C) ZnO shows yellow colour on heating due to metal excess defect

(D) Schottky defect is more probable if difference in radius of cation and anion are large.
16. Which of the following statements are not true?

(i) Vacancy defect results in a decrease in the density of the substance.

(ii) Interstitial defects result in an increase in the density of the substance.

(iii) Impurity defect has no effect on the density of the substance.

(iv) Frankel defect results in an increase in the density of the substance.

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17. Which of the following statements are correct?

(A) Ferrimagnetic substances lose ferrimagnetism on heating and become paramagnetic.

(B)Ferrimagnetic substances do not lose ferrimagnetism on heating and remain ferrimagnetic.

(C)Antiferromagnetic substances have domain structures similar to ferromagnetic substances

and their magnetic moments are not cancelled by each other.

(D) In ferromagnetic substances all the domains get oriented in the direction of magnetic field
and remain as such even after removing magnetic field.

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Comprehension: (Q. 18 & 19)

Solid balls of radius 17.32 cm crystallises in bcc pattern, during one such crystallisation some
oxygen gas is trapped. This trapped oxygen at 640K creates pressure of 5 atm.

Assume:

(i) BCC arrangement is not disturbed due to trapping of gas.

(ii) Gas is uniformly distributed inside unit cell

[Take R = 0.08 atm-litre/mole-K, NA = 6 × 1023, Mass of a solid ball = 64 g]

18. Calculate number of oxygen molecules present in a unit cell

(A) 24 × 1023 (B) 12 × 1023 (C) 6 × 1023 (D) 3 × 1023

19. Calculate percentage increase in density due to trapping of gas

(A) 16.67 % (B) 33.33 % (C) 100% (D) 50%

Comprehension: (Q. 20 to 22)
Calcium crystallizes in a cubic unit cell with density 3.2 g/cc. Edge-length of the unit cell is 437
pm
20. The type of unit cell is:

(A) Simple cubic (B) BCC (C) FCC (D) Edge-centred

21. The nearest neighbour distance is:

(A) 154.5 pm (B) 309 pm (C) 218.5 pm (D) 260 pm

22. If the metal is melted, density of the molten metal was found to be 3 g/cc. What will be the
percentage of empty space in the liquid metal?

(A) 31% (B) 36% (C) 28% (D) 49%

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MATCH THE COLUMN

23. Match the column:
Column I Column II
(A) Rock salt structure (P) Co-ordination number of cation is 4

3a
(B) Zinc Blend structure (Q) = r+ + r–
4

(C) Fluorite structure (R) Co-ordination number of cation and anion are same
a
(S) Distance between two nearest anion is
2

24. List-I List-II

(P) Interstitial defect (A) Stoichiometric defect

(Q) Schottky defect (B) Non-stoichiometric defect

(R) Frenkel defect (C) Density increases

(S) Metal deficiency defect (D) Dislocation defect

Code:

P Q R S

(A) 1 2 3 4

(B) 1 3 4 2

(C) 3 4 1 2

(D) 3 1 4 2
25. Column-I Column-II (TV = tetrahedral voids)

(P) Na2O (1) Anions = FCC, Cations = Alternate 'TV's

(Q) CaF2 (2) Anions = FCC, Cation = All 'OV's

(R) ZnS (3) Cations = FCC, anion = all 'TV's

(S) NaCl (4) Anions = FCC, Cation = All 'TV's

P Q R S

(A) 4 3 1 2

(B) 2 4 1 3

(C) 3 4 1 2

(D) 2 3 1 4
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26. Match the column

Column I Column II
(Arrangement of the atoms/ions) (Planes in fcc lattice)

(P) (1)

(Q) (2)

(R) (3)

(S) (4)

Code:
P Q R S P Q R S
(A) 4 3 1 2 (B) 4 3 2 1
(C) 3 2 1 4 (D) 1 2 4 3

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INTEGER
27. How many 4th nearest neighbours respectively does potassium have in bcc lattice.
28. Find packing fraction of unit cell of AAAAA.......type hypothetical arrangement in which
hexagonal packing is taken in layer.

2
29. An element 'M' crystallizes in ABAB....type packing if adjacent layer A & B are 10 pm apart,
3
then calculate radius of largest sphere which can be fitted in the void. (in pm) without

disturbing the lattice arrangement (Given : 2 =1.414)

30. What will be packing fraction of solid in which atoms are present at corners and cubic void is
occupied? The insertion of the sphere into void does not disturb simple cubic lattice.
31. For ABCABC packing distance between two successive tetrahedral void is X and distance
y 2
between two successive octahedral void is y in a unit cell, then is.
X
32. Find % void space in fluorite structure per unit volume of unit cell is 0.374.
33. Ice crystallizes in a hexagonal lattice. At the low temperature at which the structure was
determined, the lattice constants where a = 4.53 A, and b = 7.60 A How many molecules are
contained in a given unit cell?
[density (ice) = 0.92 gm/cm3)]

a
34. AgCl has the same structure as that of NaCl. The edge length of unit cell of AgCl is found to be
500 pm and the density of AgCl is 4×143.5 g cm–3. Find the percentage of sites that are
unoccupied. (NA = 6 × 1023)

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35. In the 1980’s a class of ceramic materials was discovered that exhibits superconductivity at
the unusually high temperature of 90 K. One such material contains yttrium, barium, copper
and oxygen and is called “YBCO”. It has a nominal composition of YBa 2Cu3O7, but its
actual composition is variable according to the formula YBa 2Cu3O7- (0 <  < 0.5).

(a) One unit cell of the idealized crystal structure of YBCO is shown below. Identify which circles
correspond to which elements in the structure.

c
b
a
(b) Estimate the density of this sample of YBCO (with δ = 0.25 ) in gcm −3 . If you do not have the
values for a and c from part (b), then use a = 500. pm, c = 1500. pm.

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EXERCISE (JEE-MAIN)
1. A cubic solid is made up of two elements X and Y. Atoms of X are present on every alternate

1rd
corner and one at the center of cube. Y is at of the total faces. The empirical formula of the
3
compound is [JEE MAIN 2023]
(A) X2Y1.5 (B) X2.5Y (C) XY2.5 (D) X1.5Y2
2. A metal M forms hexagonal close-packed structure. The total number of voids in 0.02 mol of it
is __________ × 10 21 (Nearest integer) [JEE MAIN 2023]
(Given NA = 6.02 × 1023)
3. Iron oxide FeO, crystallises in a cubic lattice with a unit cell edge length of 5.0A. If density of the
FeO in the crystal is 4.0 g cm–3, then the number of FeO units present per unit cell is _____
Given: Molar mass of Fe and O is 56 and 16g mol –1 respectively. [JEE MAIN 2023]
NA = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1
4. A sample of a metal oxide has formula M 0.83O1.00. The metal M can exist in two oxidation states
+2 and +3. In the sample of M 0.83O1.00, the percentage of metal ions existing in +2 oxidation
state is _____ % (nearest integer) [JEE MAIN 2023]
5. In a solid AB. A atoms are in ccp arrangement and B atoms occupy all the octahedral sites. If two
atoms from the opposite faces are removed, then the resultant stoichiometry of the compound is
AxBy. The value of x is_______. [nearest integer] [JEE MAIN 2022]
6. Metal deficiency defect is shown by Fe 0.93O. In the crystal, some Fe 2+ cations are missing and
loss of positive charge is compensated by the presence of Fe 3+ ions. The percentage of Fe 2+ ions
in the Fe0.93O crystals is _________ . (Nearest integer) [JEE MAIN 2022]
7. Select the correct statements. [JEE MAIN 2021]
(A) Crystalline solids have long range order.
(B) Crystalline solids are isotropic.
(C) Amorphous solid are sometimes called pseudo solids.
(D) Amorphous solids soften over a range of temperatures.
(E) Amorphous solids have a definite heat of fusion.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
(A) (A), (B), (E) only (B) (B), (D) only
(C) (C), (D) only (D) (A), (C), (D) only

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8. The parameters of the unit cell of a substance are [JEE MAIN 2021]
a = 2.5, b = 3.0, c = 4.0,  =90°,  =120°,  =90°.
The crystal system of the substance is :
(A) Hexagonal (B) Orthorhombic
(C) Monoclinic (D) Triclinic
9. In a binary compound, atoms of element A form a hcp structure and those of element M occupy
2/3 of the tetrahedral voids of the hcp structure. The formula of the binary compound is:
[JEE MAIN 2021]
(A) M2A3 (B) M4A3 (C) M4A (D) MA3
10. Given below are two statements.
Statement I: Frenkel defects are vacancy as well as interstitial defects. [JEE MAIN 2021]
Statement II: Frenkel defect leads to colour in ionic solids due to presence of F-centres.
Choose the most appropriate answer for the statements from the options given below:
(A) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
(D) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
11. A hard substance melts at high temperature and is an insulator in both solid and in molten state.
This solid is most likely to be a / an : [JEE MAIN 2021]
(A) Ionic solid
(B) Molecular solid
(C) Metallic solid
(D) Covalent solid
12. Match items of List–I with those of List–II : [JEE MAIN 2021]
List–I List–II
(Property) (Example)
(a) Diamagnetism (i) MnO
(b) Ferrimagnetism (ii) O2
(c) Paramagnetism (iii) NaCl
(d) Antiferromagnetism (iv) Fe3O4
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(A) (a)–(ii), (b)–(i), (c)–(iii), (d)–(iv) (B) (a)–(i), (b)–(iii), (c)–(iv), (d)–(ii)
(C) (a)–(iii), (b)–(iv), (c)–(ii), (d)–(i) (D) (a)–(iv), (b)–(ii), (c)–(i), (d)–(iii)

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13. A diatomic molecule X2 has a body-centred cubic (bcc) structure with a cell edge of 300 pm. The
density of the molecule is 6.17 g cm–3. The number of molecules present in 200 g of X 2 is:
(Avogadro constant (NA) = 6 × 1023 mol–1 [JEE MAIN 2020]
(A) 8 NA (B) 2 NA (C) 4 NA (D) 40 NA
14. An element with molar mass 2.7 × 10 –2 kg mol–1 forms a cubic unit cell with edge length 405 pm.
It its density is 2.7 × 10 3 kg m–3, the radius of the element is approximately ___×10 –12 m (to the
nearest integer). [JEE MAIN 2020]
15. An element crystallizes in a face-centred cubic (fcc) unit cell with cell edge a. The distance
between the centres of two nearest octahedral voids in the crystal lattice is: [JEE MAIN 2020]
a
(A) (B) a (C) a (D) 2a
2 2

16. The radius of the largest sphere which fits properly at the centre of the edge of body centred
cubic unit cell is : (Edge length is represented by 'a') : [JEE MAIN 2019]
(A) 0.047 a (B) 0.027 a (C) 0.067 a (D) 0.134 a
17. Consider the bcc unit cells of the solids 1 and 2 with the position of atoms as shown below. The
radius of atom B is twice that of atom A. The unit cell edge length is 50% more in solid 2 then in
1. What is the approximate packing efficiency in solid 2 ? [JEE MAIN 2019]
A A A A
A A A A
B
A
A A A A
A A A A
Solid 1 Solid 2

(A) 90% (B) 45% (C) 75% (D) 65%

18. Element ‘B’ forms ccp structure and ‘A’ occupies half of the octahedral voids, while oxygen atoms
occupy all the tetrahedral voids. The structure of bimetallic oxide is : [JEE MAIN 2019]
(A) AB2O4 (B) A4B2O (C) A4BO4 (D) A2B2O
19. An element has a face-centred cubic (fcc) structure with a cell edge of a. The distance between
the centres of two nearest tetrahedral voids in the lattice is: JEE MAIN 2019]
𝑎 3
(A) 2a (B) a (C) (D) 𝑎
2 2

20. Which type of 'defect' has the presence of cations in the interstitial sites? [JEE MAIN 2018]
(A) Metal deficiency defect (B) Schottky defect
(C) Vacancy defect (D) Frenkel defect

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21. All of the following share the same crystal structure except :- [JEE MAIN 2018]
(A) RbCl (B) CsCl (C) LiCl (D) NaCl
22. A metal crystallises in a face centred cubic structure. If the edge length of its unit cell is ‘a’, the
closest approach between two atoms in metallic crystal will be [JEE MAIN 2017]
𝑎
(A) √ 2 a (B) √2 (C) 2a (D) 2√ 2a

23. Which of the following compounds is metallic and ferromagnetic? [JEE MAIN 2016]
(A) CrO2 (B) VO2 (C) MnO2 (D) TiO2
24. Sodium metal crystallizes in a body centred cubic lattice with a unit cell edge of 4.29A. The radius
of sodium atom is approximately: [JEE MAIN 2015]
(A) 5.72A (B) 0.93A (C) 1.86A (D) 3.022A
25. CsCl crystallises in body centred cubic lattice. If 'a' is its edge length then which of the following
expression is correct : [JEE MAIN 2014]

3 3a
(A) rCs+ + rCl− = a (B) rCs+ + rCl− = 3a (C) rCs+ + rCl− = 3a (D) rCs+ + rCI− =
2 2
26. In a face centered cubic lattice atoms A are at the corner points and atoms B at the face centered
points. If atom B is missing from one of the face centered points, the formula of the ionic
compound is: [JEE MAIN 2014]
(A) AB2 (B) A2B3 (C) A5B2 (D) A2B5
27. The appearance of colour in solid alkali metal halides is generally due to:
(A) Frenkel defect (B) F-centres (C) Schottky defect (D) Interstitial position
28. In a monoclinic unit cell, the relation of sides and angles are respectively [JEE MAIN 2014]
(A) a  b  c and       90º
(B) a  b  c and  =  = 90º  
(C) a = b  c and  =  =  = 90º
(D) a  b  c and  =  =  = 90º
29. The total number of octahedral void(s) per atom present in a cubic close packed structure is :-
[JEE MAIN 2014]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
30. Experimentally it was found that a metal oxide has formula M 0.98O. Metal M, is present as M2+
and M3+ in its oxide. Fraction of the metal which exists as M 3+ would be:
[Jee-Main (offline)-13]

(A) 7.01% (B) 4.08% (C) 6.05% (D) 5.08

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31. An element having an atomic radius of 0.14 nm crystallizes in an fcc unit cell. What is the length
of a side of the cell? [Jee-Main (online)-13]

(A) 0.96 nm (B) 0.4 nm (C) 0.24 nm (D) 0.56 nm

32. Which one of the following statements about packing in solids is incorrect?

(A) Void space in ccp mode of packing is 26% [Jee-Main (online)-13]

(B) Coordination number in hcp mode of packing is 12

(C) Void space in hcp mode of packing is 32%

(D) Coordination number in bcc mode of packing is 8

33. In a face centred cubic lattice, atoms of A form the corner points and atoms of B form the face
centred points. If two atoms of A are missing from the corner points, the formula of the ionic
compound is [Jee-Main (online)-13]

(A) AB2 (B) AB3 (C) AB4 (D) A2B5

34. Copper crystallises in fcc with a unit length of 361pm. What is the radius of copper atom?
c [AIEEE-2011, Jee-Main (online)-13]

(A) 181pm (B) 128pm (C) 157pm (D) 108pm

35. Lithium forms body centred cubic structure. The length of the side of its unit cell is 351 pm.
Atomic radius of the lithium will be: [AIEEE-12]

(A) 152 pm (B) 75 pm (C) 300 pm (D) 240 pm

36. Among the following the incorrect statement is: [Jee-Main (online)-12]

(A) Density of crystals remains unaffected due to Frenkel defect

(B) In BCC unit cell the void space is 32%

(C) Electrical conductivity of semiconductors and metals increases with increase in

temperature

(D) Density of crystals decreases due to Schottky defect

37. A solid has 'bcc' structure. If the distance of nearest approach between two atoms is
1.73 A, the edge length of the cell is: [Jee-Main (online)-12]

(A) 314.20 pm (B) 216 pm (C) 200 pm (D) 1.41 pm

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38. Ammonium chloride crystallizes in a body centred cubic lattice with edge length of unit cell of
390 pm. If the size of chloride ion is180 pm, the size of ammonium ion would be:
[Jee-Main (online)-12]

(A) 158 pm (B) 174 pm (C) 142 pm (D) 126 pm

39. The radius of a calcium ion is 94 pm and of the oxide ion is 146 pm. The possible crystal
structure of calcium oxide will be: [Jee-Main (online)-12]

(A) Octahedral (B) Tetrahedral (C) Pyramidal (D) Trigonal

40. Percentages of free space in cubic close packed structure and in body centered packed
structure are respectively: [AIEEE-10]

(A) 48% and 26% (B) 30% and 26% (C) 26% and 32% (D) 32% and 48%

41. The edge length of a face centered cubic cell of an ionic substance is 508 pm. If the radius of the
cation is 110 pm, the radius of the anion is: [AIEEE-10]

(A) 144 pm (B) 288 pm (C) 398 pm (D) 618 pm

42. In a compound, atoms of element Y form ccp lattice and those of element X occupy 2/3rd of
tetrahedral voids. The formula of the compound will be: [AIEEE-08]

(A) X4Y3 (B) X2Y3 (C) X2Y (D) X3Y4

43. Total volume of atoms present in a face-centred cubic unit cell of a metal is (r is atomic radius):
[AIEEE-06]

24 3 12 3 16 3 20 3
(A) r (B) r (C) r (D) r
3 3 3 3

44. Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends upon: [AIEEE-05]

(A) Size of the ion only (B) Charge on the ion only

(C) Charge on the ion and size of the ion (D) Packing of ions only

45. An ionic compound has a unit cell consisting of A ions at the corners of a cube and B ions on the
centres of the faces of the cube. The empirical formula of this compound would be –
[AIEEE-05]

(A) A2B (B) AB (C) A3B (D) AB3

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46. What type of crystal defect is indicated in the diagram below? [AIEEE-04]

Na+ Cl– Na+ Cl– Na+ Cl–

Cl– Cl– Na+ Na+

Na+ Cl– Cl– Na+ Cl–

Cl– Na +Cl– Na+ Na+

(A) Frenkel defect (B) Schottky defect

(C) Interstitial defect (D) Frenkel and Schottky defects

47. How many unit cells are present in a cube-shaped ideal crystal of NaCl of mass 1.00g ?

(A) 1.28 × 1021 unit cells (B) 1.71 × 1021 unit cells [AIEEE-03]

(c) 2.57 × 1021 unit cells (D) 5.14 × 1021 unit cells

48. The no. of atoms per unit cell in B.C.C. & F.C.C. is respectively: [AIEEE-02]

(A) 8, 10 (B) 2, 4 (C) 1, 2 (D) 1, 3

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EXERCISE (JEE-ADVANCED)
1. In a metal deficient oxide sample, MX Y2 O4 ( M and Y are metals), M is present in both +2 and +3
1
oxidation states and Y is in +3 oxidation state. If the fraction of M 2+ ions present in M is , the
3

value of X is . [JEE ADVANCED 2024]

(A) 0.25
(B) 0.33
(C) 0.67
(D) 0.75
2. Atoms of metals 𝐱, 𝐲, and 𝐳 form face-centred cubic (fcc) unit cell of edge length 𝐋𝐱 , body centred
cubic (bcc) unit cell of edge length 𝐋𝐲 , and simple cubic unit cell of edge length 𝐋𝐳 , respectively.
√3 8 3
If rz = ry ; ry = r ; Mz = 2 My and Mz = 3Mx , then the correct statement (s) is (are)
2 √3 x

[Given : Mx , My , and Mz are molar masses of metals x, y, and z, respectively.

rx , ry , and rz are atomic radii of metals x, y, and z, respectively.] [JEE ADVANCED 2023]
(A) Packing efficiency of unit cell of x > Packing efficiency of unit cell of y > Packing efficiency of
unit cell of z
(B) Ly > Lz
(C) Lx > Ly
(D) Density of x > Density of y
3. Atom X occupies the fcc lattice sites as well as alternate tetrahedral voids of the same lattice. The
packing efficiency (in %) of the resultant solid is closest to [JEE ADVANCED 2022]
(A) 25
(B) 35
(C) 55
(D) 75
4. For the given close packed structure of a salt made of cation X and anion Y shown below (ions of
only one face are shown for clarity), the packing fraction is approximately
Packing efficiency
(packing fraction ) [JEE ADVANCED 2022]
100

(A) 0.74 (B) 0.63 (C) 0.52 (D) 0.48

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5. The cubic unit cell structure of a compound containing cation M and anion X is shown below.

When compared to the anion, the cation has smaller ionic radius. Choose the correct
statement(s). [JEE ADVANCED 2020]
(A) The empirical formula of the compound is MX.
(B) The cation M and anion X have different coordination geometries.
(C) The ratio of M-X bond length to the cubic unit cell edge length is 0.866.
(D) The ratio of the ionic radii of cation M to anion X is 0.414.
6. Consider an ionic solid MX with NaCl structure. Construct a new structure (Z) whose unit cell is
constructed from the unit cell of MX following the sequential instructions given below. Neglect
the charge balance. [JEE ADVANCED 2018]
(i) Remove all the anions (X) except the central one
(ii) Replace all the face centered cations (M) by anions (X)
(iii) Remove all the corner cations (M)
(iv) Replace the central anion (X) with cation (M)
 number of anions 
The value of   in Z is _____.
 number of cations 
7. A crystalline solid of a pure substance has a face-centred cubic structure with a cell edge of 400
pm. If the density of the substance in the crystal is 8 g cm -3, then the number of atoms present in
256 g of the crystal is N × 10 24. The value of N is [JEE ADVANCED 2017]
8. The CORRECT statement(s) for cubic close packed (ccp) three dimensional structure is (are)
[JEE ADVANCED 2016]
(A) The number of the nearest neighbours of an atom present in the topmost layer is 12
(B) The efficiency of atom packing is 74%
(C) The number of octahedral and tetrahedral voids per atom are 1 and 2, respectively

(D) The unit cell edge length is 2 2 times the radius of the atom

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9. If the unit cell of a mineral has cubic close packed (ccp) array of oxygen atoms with m fraction of
octahedral holes occupied by aluminum ions and n fraction of tetrahedral holes occupied by
magnesium ions m and n respectively, are – [JEE ADVANCED 2015]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) , (B) 1, (C) , (D) ,
2 8 4 2 2 4 8
10. The arrangement of X– ions around A+ ion in solid AX is given in the figure (not drawn to scale).
If the radius of X– is 250 pm, the radius of A + is – [JEE ADVANCED 2013]

X-

A+

(A) 104 pm (B) 125 pm (C) 183 pm (D) 57 pm

11. A compound MpXq has cubic close packing (ccp) arrangement of X. Its unit cell structure is shown
below. The empirical formula of the compound is: [JEE-2012]

M=
M=

(A) MX (B) MX2 (C) M2X (D) M5X14

12. The number of hexagonal faces that present in a truncated octahedron is. [JEE-2011]
13. Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol–1) has a density of 10.5 g cm–3. The number of silver atoms on
a surface of area 10 –12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation as y ´ 10 x. The value of x is
[JEE 2010]

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14. The packing efficiency of the two-dimensional square unit cell shown below is

[JEE-2010]

(A) 39.27% (B) 68.02% (C) 74.05% (D) 78.54%

15. The correct statement(s) regarding defects in solid is (are) [JEE 2009]

(A) Frenkel defect is usually favoured by a very small difference in the sizes of cation and anion.
(B) Frenkel defect is a dislocation defect
(C) Trapping of an electron in the lattice leads to the formation of F-center.

(D) Schottky defects have no effect on the physical properties of solids.

Paragraph for Question No. 16 to 18

In hexagonal systems of crystals, a frequently encountered arrangement of atoms is described as

a hexagonal prism. Here, the top and bottom of the cell are regular hexagons and three atoms are
sandwiched in between them. A space-filling model of this structure, called hexagonal close-
packed (HCP), is constituted of a sphere on a flat surface surrounded in the same plane by six
identical spheres as closely as possible. Three spheres are then placed over the first layer so that
they touch each other and represent the second layer. Each one of these three spheres touches
three spheres of the bottom layer. Finally, the second layer is covered with a third layer that is
identical to the bottom layer in relative position. Assume radius of every sphere to be ‘r’.

16. The number of atoms in this HCP unit cells is [JEE 2008]

(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 17

17. The volume of this HCP unit cell is [JEE 2008]

64
(A) 24 2r3 (B) 16 2r3 (C) 12 2r3 (D) r3
3 3

18. The empty space in this HCP unit cell is [JEE 2008]

(A) 74% (B) 47.6 % (C) 32% (D) 26%

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19. Match the crystal system / unit cells mentioned in Column I with their characteristic features
mentioned in Column II. Indicate your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles of the 4 ×
4 matrix given in the ORS. [JEE 2007]

Column I Column II

(A) simple cubic and face-centred cubic (P) have these cell parameters a = b = c and
==

(B) cubic and rhombohedral (Q) are two crystal systems

(C) cubic and tetragonal (R) have only two crystallographic angles of 90°

(D) hexagonal and monoclinic (S) belong to same crystal system.

20. The edge length of unit cell of a metal having atomic weight 75 g/mol is 5 A which crystallizes in
cubic lattice. If the density is 2 g/cc then find the radius of metal atom. (NA = 6 × 1023). Give the
answer in pm. [JEE 2006]
21. An element crystallises in FCC lattice having edge length 400 pm. Calculate the maximum
diameter which can be placed in interstitial sites without disturbing the structure.
[JEE 2005]
22. Which of the following FCC structure contains cations in alternate tetrahedral voids?
[JEE 2005]
(A) NaCl (B) ZnS (C) Na2O (D) CaF 2
23. (i) AB crystallizes in a rock salt structure with A : B = 1 : 1. The shortest distance between A and
B is Y1/3 nm. The formula mass of AB is 6.023 Y amu where Y is any arbitrary constant. Find the
density in kg m–3. [JEE–2004]
(ii) If measured density is 20 kg m-3. Identify the type of point defect.
24. Marbles of diameter 10 mm each are to be arranged on a flat surface so that their centres lie
within the area enclosed by four lines of length each 40 mm. Sketch the arrangement that will
give the maximum number of marbles per unit area, that can be enclosed in this manner and
deduce the expression to calculate it. [JEE 2003]
25. A substance AxBy crystallises in a FCC lattice in which atoms “A” occupy each corner of the cube
and atoms “B” occupy the centres of each face of the cube. Identify the correct composition of the
substance AxBy . [JEE-2002]
(A) AB3 (B) A4B3
(C) A3B (D) composition cannot be specified
26. The figures given below show the location of atoms in three crystallographic planes in FCC lattice.
Draw the unit cell for the corresponding structure and identify these planes in your diagram.
[JEE-2000]

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27. In a solid “AB” having NaCl structure “A” atoms occupy the corners of the cubic unit cell. If all the
face-centred atoms along one of the axes are removed, then the resultant stoichiometry of the
solid is [JEE-2000]
(A) AB2 (B) A2B (C) A4B3 (D) A3B4
28. In any ionic solid [MX] with schottky defects, the number of positive and negative ions are same.
[T/F] [JEE-2000]
29. The coordination number of a metal crystallising in a hcp structure is [JEE-2000]
(A) 12 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 6
30. A metal cryatallises into two cubic phases, FCC and BCC whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 and 3.0 A
respectively. Calculate the ratio of densities of FCC and BCC. [JEE-1999]

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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I
DPP-1
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (D) 6. (B) 7. (C)
8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (D)
11. Polyurethane, Teflon, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride fiber glass are amorphous and all other
solids are crystalline.
12. Type of solid Example
Ionic solid Potassium sulphate, zinc sulphide
Covalent solid Graphite, silicon carbide
Metallic solid Tin, Rubidium
Molecular solid Benzene, Urea, Ammonia, water, Argon
13. Ionic – LiBr , (NH4)3PO4 ; Metallic – Brass, Rb;
Molecular – P4O10 ,  2 , P4
Network – SiC, Graphite, Si, Amorphous – Plastic
14. (5)

DPP-2
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (D)
8. (4) 9. (14)
10. Crystal Axial distance or Axial angles
system edge lengths
Hexagonal a = b ≠ c α = β = 90º
γ = 120º
Monoclinic a ≠ b ≠ c α = γ = 90º
β ≠ 90º
Triclinic a≠b≠c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90º

11. Ques. (a) (b) Total particles

(i) 1/4 1 2
(ii) 1/2 1/4 2
(iii) 1/6 1/2 2
(iv) 1/6 – 1/2
(v) 1/3 1/6 1

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DPP-3
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (D) 7. (12)
8. (14) 9. (86.6%)
DPP-4
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (B)
7. (a) 267 pm, (b) 231.2 pm, (c) 188.8 pm 8. (8)

9. 438.5 pm, 219.25 pm 10. (i) 2r, 2r, 2 3 r , (ii) Square

DPP-5
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B)
8. (C) 9. (8) 10. (14.53 R)
DPP-6
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (40) 6. (0.4)
7. 41.67 g cm–3 8. (4) 9. (120)
DPP-7
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (C) 6. (D) 7. (B)

8. (D) 9. (6) 10. 4,6,8 11. 4, 8, a , a

2 2

DPP-8
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (C) 6. (C) 7. (5)
8. (AB) 9. A2BC 10. ZnAl2O4
DPP-9
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. 267 pm, 534 pm
7. (005) 8. a =5.94×10–8cm, V=2.096 × 10–22 cm–3 9. 30%
DPP-10
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (A)
8. (A) 9. (C) 10. 346·4 11. 67.15 12. 1.81 Å 13. 4.34 Å
DPP-11
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (A) 7. 15.05
8. 6.02 × 1018 9. 12.5
DPP-12
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (D)
8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (A)

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EXERCISE-II
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (D) 7. (C)
8. (ABD) 9. (ABCD) 10. (CD) 11. (AC)
12. (ABCD) 13. (ACD) 14. (ABD) 15. (ABD)
16. (CD) 17. (AD) 18. (B) 19. (D)
20. (C) 21. (B) 22. (A)
23. A → R,S ; B → P,Q,R,S ; C → Q 24. (D) 25. (A) 26. (A) 27. (24)
28. (0.605) 29. (2.07) 30. (0.7285) 31. (2)
32. (37.4) 33. (4) 34. (25)
35. (a)

(b) density = 5.90 g cm–3

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EXERCISE (JEE-MAIN)
1. (B) 2. (36) 3. (4) 4. (59) 5. (3) 6. (85) 7. (D)
8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (C) 13. (C) 14. (143)
15. (A) 16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (D) 21. (B)
22. (B) 23. (A) 24. (C) 25. (A) 26. (D) 27. (B) 28. (B)
29. (A) 30. (A) 31. (B) 32. (B) 33. (C) 34. (C) 35. (B)
36. (A) 37. (C) 38. (C) 39. (A) 40. (A) 41. (C) 42. (A)
43. (A) 44. (C) 45. (C) 46. (B) 47. (B) 48. (C)
EXERCISE (JEE-ADVANCED)
1. (D) 2. ABD 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (A,C) 6. (3) 7. (2)
8. (BCD) 9. (A) 10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (8) 13. (7) 14. (D)
15. (BC) 16. (B) 17. (A) 18. (D)
19. A → P, S ; B → P,Q ; C → Q ; D → Q,R
20. (216.5 pm) 21. (117.1 pm) 22. (B)
23. (i) = 5 kg m–3
(ii) There is huge difference in theoretically calculated density and observed density. It is only
possible if some foreign species occupies interstitial space i.e. substitution defect.
24. (18) 25. (A)
26.

fcc plan

27. (D) 28. (True) 29. (A) 30. (1.259)

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SOLUTION
DPP-1
2. Crystalline compounds are anisotropic
3. Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature.
5. Melting point is very low.
11. Polyurethane, Teflon, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride fiber glass are amorphous and all other
solids are crystalline.
13. Molecular solid → P4O10, I2, P4

Ionic solid → (NH4)3PO4, LiBr

Metallic solid → Brass, Rb

Network/covalent solid → Graphite, Sic, Si

Amorphous solid → Plastic
14. Covalent network solids are → [SiO2, Diamond, Si AlN & SiC]

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DPP-2
1. Factual
2. Factual
3. For triclinic system

abc &      = 90°,

Hence most unsymmetrical.

4. In match box

abc &  =  =  = 90°,

Hence orthorhombic geometry

5. For hexagonal crystal system

a=bc &  =  = 90° &  = 120°

9. There are 14 Bravais lattices possible in 3-D.
10.
Crystal system Axial distance or edge lengths Axial angles
Hexagonal a=b≠c α = β = 90º
γ = 120º
Monoclinic a≠b≠c α = γ = 90º
β ≠ 90º
Triclinic a≠b≠c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90º
11.

Contributions of particles Contributions of particles

Total no.of
Ques.No. marked to theshaded marked to theshaded
Particles
region (a) region (b)
1 1 
(i) 1  4  4 + 1 i.e. 2
4  
1 1 1 1 
(ii)  2  2 + 4  4  i.e. 2
2 4  
1 1 1 1 
(iii)  6  3 + 2  3  i.e. 2
6 2  
1 1  1
(iv) −  6  3  i.e. 2
6  
1 1 1 1 
(v)  3  2 + 6  2  i.e. 1
3 6  

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DPP-3

3. The distance between 2 nearest neighbour in B.C.C. is

3a 3  5.2
= = 4.5A
2 2
4
1 r 3
Vparticles 
4. P.F. = = 3 3 =
Vunitcell (2r) 6
5. For B.C.C.

3a 3  286
r= = i.e. r = 124 pm
4 4
6. In BCC

3 a = 4r

2r 2r 3
Fraction of edge occupied by atoms = = =
a 4 2
r
3

3a
9. IN B.C.C, r=
4
also, edge length of unit cell = a
radius of atom = r
 Edge length not covered by atom = a – 2r

2 − 3 
= a 
3a
or a–
2 2

2− 3 
a 
 2 
 Percentage fraction not covered = 100
a
i.e. 13.4 %

 Percentage fraction of Edge length covered is (100 – 13.4)

i.e. 86.6 %

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DPP-4
7. Edge length (a) = 534 pm
a 534
(a) simple cubic lattice : a = 2r  r=  r=
2 2
i.e. r = 267 pm

3a 3  534
(b) BCC lattice : r =  r=
4 4
i.e. r = 231.2 pm
a 534
(c) FCC lattice : r =  r=
2 2 2 2
i.e. r = 188.8 pm
y.z 74  4
8. now = =8
(x + 1) (37)
2

9. Edge length (a) → 620 pm

a 620
(i) Nearest neighbour distance for F. C. C = =
2 2
i.e. 438.5 pm
a 620
(ii) For F. C. C, radius i.e. r = =
2 2 2 2
i.e. r = 219.2 pm

10. For F.C.C, a = 2 2 r

 a  2 2r
(i) Distance between atoms 1 and 2 : =  = i. e. 2r
 2 2
2 2
a a
Distance between atoms 2 & 3 :   + 
2 2

a 2 2r
= = i.e. 2r
2 2

( 2 2r )
2
Distance between 1 and 3 : + (2 r)2

= 12 r 2

= 2 3r
(ii) Shape = square
Length of square = 2r.

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DPP-5
1. Informative

3. HCP  Void space ~ 26%

6. The shortest distance between 1 st & Vth layer of HCP arrangement is

 2  2
2C = 2    4r  = 8 r
 3 3
 
7. Volume of HCP Prism = (Area of Base × height)

 3 2 2
i.e.  6   a   2 a a
 4 3
 

6 3 2
i.e.  (2 r)2 + 2  (2 r) (As a = 2r)
4 3

3
= 24 2 r .

Volume of HCP cell = (Volume of HCP Prism)/3

= 8 2 r3
8. Factual
10. Perimeter of plane is = (2c + 8R)

2
=2× × 4R + 8R
3

= 6.53 R + 8R
= 14.53 R

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DPP-6
1. solution should Have Z = 1
ZM 2 100
d= = = 5.2gm / cm3
N A  V ( 6 10 )  ( 400 10 )
23 −10 3

2. Volume occupied by atoms in an bcc unit cell is -

 M 
 2 
4 NA 3
2  r 3 =  
3    8
 

fcc,Fe  / 3 2
4. =
bcc,Fe 3 / 8

solid Liq.
5. =
d solid d Liq.

0.74 Liq.
=
3.7 3
0.74  3
Liq. = = 0.6
3.7
% empty space = (1 – 0.6) × 100 = 40 %
7. 200 gm of this element contains 24×10 23 atom.
 200 
 molar mass =  NA  g
 24  10 
23

zM
Now, density =
a3  NA
4  200N A
= = density = 41.67 g cm–3
( 200 10 ) –10 3
 24 10 N A
23

Z.M
8. d=
N A .V
45 Z  27
 = =
16 (6 10 )  (4 10−8 )3
23

Z.M
9. d=
N A .V
gm
 12.5
cm3
4  Mg
= 3
 4 100 2 10−10 
(6 10 )  
23
 cm
3

 2 
 M = 120

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DPP-7
1. It is formed by 4 spheres the centres of which form a regular tetrahedron
2. For tetrahedral voids
r = 0.225 R
& for octahedral voids
r = 0.414 R
 Size of an octahedral void formed in a closed packed lattice is larger as compared to
tetrahedral void.
7. For -----ABCABC----- closed packing sequence, it forms, it forms C.C.P / F.C.C.
 Number of tetrahedral voids is twice the number of atoms in the unit cell.
Number of tetrahedral void = 2 × Z
Number of octahedral void = Z
rA + 88
9. = = 0·440
rB − 200

 r+ 
So, by radius ratio rule is lies in the range i.e.  0·444  −  0.732 
 r 
So, C. N. of A  is 6.
rMg+2 0.65
10. For MgS : = = 0.353
rs−2 1.84

So, by radius ratio rule, C. N = 4

rMg+2 0.65
for MgO : = = 0.464
rs−2 1.40

So, by radius ratio rule, C. N. = 6

rcs + 1.69
for CsCl : = = 0.933
rcl− 1.81

So, by radius ratio rule, C. N. = 8

11. For F.C.C.
Number of octahedral voids = 4
Number of tetrahedral voids = 8

 a 
2 2
a a
Distance between 2 octahedral voids =   +   , i.e.  
2 2  2
a a a
Distance between 2 tetrahedral voids = a – − =
4 4  2 

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DPP-8
1
1. Z for A atoms = 8 × =1
8
1 1
Z for O atoms = 6 × + 12  = 6
2 4
1 1
2. Each unit cell of 'A' atom contains 8 × + 6 = 4
8 2
1
Each unit cell of B atom contains 12 × =3
4
Each unit cell of C atom contains 1 × 1 = 1
Hence, A4 B3 C
1
5. Number of atom X = 7 
8
Number of atom y = 1
 Formula of compound will be (X7 Y8)
6. Number of atom A = 6
In HCP, the number of octahedral void is equal to the number of atoms.
2
Number of atom C =  6 i.e. 4
3
 Formula of compounds is (A3C2)
7. Number of oxide ions = 4
1 4
Number of A particles =  8 i.e.
6 3
1 4
Number of B particles =  4 i.e.
3 3
So formula is A 4 B 4 O4 or ABO3
3 3

x+y+z=5
8. Number of atom A = 1
1
Number of atom B = 8  i.e. 1
8
Formula of compound is (AB)
9. Number of atom A = 4
1
Number of atom B =  8 i.e. 2
4
1
Number of atom C =  4 i.e. 2
2
So, formula of compound is (A2BC).
10. Number of O–2 = 4
Number of Zn+2 = 1
Number of Al+3 = 2
So, formula of spinel is (ZnAl2O4)

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DPP-9

1. For NaCl

( )
2 rNa + + rCl− = a

 2x + 2y = a

2. ( )
For F.C.C. of M+ X– 2 rM + + rX − = 7.2

 2 × 1.6 + 2rx− = 7.2  rx − = 2A

3. The shortest distance between two Na + ion = ½ × face – diagonal

= ½× 
2 2(rNa+ + rCl– ) 
= 2 (95 + 181) pm = 390.3 pm
a
4. r+ + r– =
2

2 a 16
+ 6=  a=
6 2 6
NA
5. 1 mole i.e. 58.5 g NaCl contains unit cells
4

 NA 
 1 gm cubic crystal of NaCl contains   unit cells
 58.5  4 

6. rk + = 54 pm

rf − = 135 pm
(i) Shortest K–F distance is (54 + 135) = 189 pm

(ii) (
Edge length = 2 rk+ + rf − )
= 2 × 189 = = 378 pm

8. (i) (
Edge length i.e. a = 2 rPb+2 + rS−2 )
= 2 (297)
= 594 pm or 5.94 × 10–8 cm
(ii) Volume of unit cell= a 3
= (5.94×10–8)3
= 2.096 × 10–22 cm3

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a r 1
9. r+ + r– = , given + =
2 r− 2

r− a
 + r− =
2 2
3r− a a
 =  r– =
2 2 3
r− a
Also, r+ = =
2 3 2
a
i.e. r + =
6

4   ( r+ 3 + r−3 )
4
Packing fraction = 3 100
a3

4  a   a  
3 3

4   +   
3   6   3  
= 100 = 70 %
a3
 percentage of void space in AB is 30 %

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DPP-10
1. For ZnS type structure
rA +
 = 0.225
rB −

22.5
 = 0.225
rB−

 rB− = 100 pm
4. Factual

5. 4x = 3a
4
a= x
3
4 1.5 3
= 2 =2× 3 A
3 3
= 1.73 × 2 = 3.46 A
6. For compounds (XY) for which crystallizes in 8 : 8 lattice.
3
 rX + + rY − a
2
 3 
 rX+   480 − 225 
 2 

 rX+ = 190.68 pm
1
7. Number of Cs+ → 8  i.e 1
8
Number of Cl– → 1
4 + 3
(r ) + (r)3 
  r +  
3

8. p.f. = 3 =  + 
  1
(2r − )3 6  r −  



(
=   2 3 − 3 = 0.728
2
)
9. For CaF 2 → Coordination number of cation & Anion is 8 : 4
& For CsCl → coordination number of cation & Anion is 8 : 8

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3a
10. Inter–ionic distance in CsCl is
2

3
=  400
2
= 346·4 pm

4 3 4 3
r+ + r–
11. 3 3 100
(2r −)3

  r+  
3

=    + 1 100
6  r–  

= 67.15

12. For CsCl : (

3a = 2 rCs+ + rCl− )
7 = 2 × 1.69 + 2rCl−

 rCl− = 3.62
2

i.e. rCl− = 1.81 A

r+
13. By radius ratio rule = = 0.732 for cubical void
r−
rRb+
 = 0.732  rRb+ = (0.732 × 2.17) = 1.59 A
rI−

Now, (r Rb + )
+ rI− =
2
3
a

2  (1.59 + 2.17)
 a=  a = 4.34 A
3

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DPP-11
1. Schottky defect is shown by ionic substances in which the cation & Anion are of almost similar
sizes.
2. Schottky defect is basically a vacancy defect in ionic solids. In order to maintain electrical
neutrality, the number of missing cation & anions are equal.
3. Factual
1
4. ZnO ⎯⎯⎯
heating
→ Zn +2 + O2 + 2l−
2
So, strongly heated ZnO crystal can conduct electricity, this is due to movement of electrons in
the anion vacancies.
7. Fe0.93 O1.0
Consider 1 mole of oxide
mole of Fe = 0.93 & mole of O–2 = 1
Let mole of Fe+2 be x & mole of Fe+2 be (0.93 – x)

 by charge balancing, 2x + 3 (0.93 – x) = 2 × 1  x = 0.79

mole of Fe+2 = 0.79

0.14
mole of Fe+3 = 0.14  % of Fe+3 = 100 = 15.05 %
0.93
8. Number of Se+2 ions present = number of cationic vacancies

10−3
 Number of cation vacancies per mole of NaCl =  NA
100
i.e. 6.022 × 1018.
1
9. Cation vacancies as a percentage of Fe +2 initially present in sample is   x 100
8

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EXERCISE-II
Area of atoms
5. Percentage area occupied = 100
Area of face

2  r 2
=  100
a2
 2a = 4r

2r 2
 % area occupied = 2
100
 4r 
 
 2

= 100
4
= 78.5%
6. S–2 ions for F.C.C. lattice & Zn +2 ions occupy alternate tetrahedral voids.
A h

3h
0.V
4
7. h
B
2

h
0.V
4

A 0

8. (A) For square close packing , coordination number is 4 is a true statement.

(B) For hexagonal closed packing, coordination number is 6 is a true statement.
(C) There is only one void per atom in square close packing but 2 in hexagonal close packing is
wrong statement.
(D) P.F. in Hexagonal close packing is 90.65 %
9P.F. in square close packing is = 78.5 %
Hexagonal close packing is more Efficiently packed then square closed packing.
6
9. (A) Ratio is is 1 : 1
6
4
4  r 3
3 16r 3
(B) P.F. =  100 =  100 = 26%
(4 r)3 3  64r 3

(C) Distance between Z planes is always same.

(D) Total number of unit cell = x 3.
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10. All the octahedral voids are at edge centre & at the body centre.
All the tetrahedral void are on the diagonal nearer to the corners.
So by the above the conditions option C & D are most appropriate.
11. Factual
13. F.C.C octahedral voids are present at each edge centre & at the body centre
 Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6 spheres & Each sphere is surrounded by
6 octahedral voids.
14. Correct options are (A), (B), (C) and (D)
CsCl mainly shows Schottky defect due to comparable size of cation & Anion.
ZnS mainly shows Frenkel defect due to variation in size of cation & Anion
For NaCl,
(i) Unit cell contains 4Na + & 4Cl–
a a
(ii) One Na+ is surrounded by 6Cl– then 12 Na+ & then 8Cl– at a distance , & a
2 2

respectively.
3
 4  17.32 
18. Volume occupied by O2 =    0.32 = 20.5 litres
 3 
Using, PV = nRT
P.V 5  20.5
n O2 = = =2
RT 0.08  640
 number of oxygen molecules present in unit cell = 2 × N A = 2 × 6 × 1023 = 12× 1023
Correct option is (B)
2  (64 + 64)
19. Total density = 3
= 6.6 × 10–27.
 4 17.22 
  6 10
23

 3 

 6.6 − 3.3 
 % increase in density =   100 = 50 %
 6.6 
 Correct option is (D).
Z M
20. d=
a3  NA

3.2  (437 10 –10 )3  6.022 10 23

 Z=  Z=4
40
 F.C.C.
Correct option is (C)

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a 437
21. Nearest neighbour distance = = = 309 Pm
2 2
 Correct option is (B)
22. Density of molten metal is 3 g cm–3.
3  (437 10 –10 )3  6.022 1023
 Z=
40
 Z = 3.76
Now, If Z = 4 the % occupancy 74%
74
 For Z = 3.76 the % occupancy =  3.76 = 69 %
4
 % Empty space = 31%
23. (A) Rock salt structure :
(R) Coordination number of cation & anion are 6. i.e. same
a
(S) Distance between 2 nearest anion is
2
(B) Zinc blend structure :
(P) Coordination number of cation is 4.
3a
(Q) = r+ + r–
4
(R) Coordination number of cation & anion are same
a
(S) Distance between two nearest anion is
2
(C) Fluorite structure
3a
(Q) = r+ + r–
4

 1 1 4 3
12  + 2    r
28. Packing fraction =
 6 2 3
= 0.605
3
6  (2 r)  2r
2

4
2R 2 2
29. Distance between two layers = = 10
3 3
 R = 5 pm
r
for octahedral void = 0.414
R
r = 0.414 × 5 = 2.07 pm

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4 4
1 r+3 + 1 r−3
30. P.F. = 3 3 3 3
8(r+ + r− ) 3

4 4
1 r+3 + 1 r−3
3 3 3 3
8(r+ + r− )3

4
 (r+ + r− )3
= 3  3 3 = 0.7285
8(r+ + r− )3

a
31. X ⎯→
2
a
y ⎯→
2

y 2 a 22
 = =2
X 2 a
r+
32. Let = 0.732
r−

 r +  3 
4 3 4 3  3  −  + 2 
4  r+ + 8  r+  r  
P.F = 3 3  3 3 = = 62.6 %
64(r+ + r− ) 3
 r+ 
3

4  − + 1
r 
 Void space in favorite structure per unit cell = 37.4 %
Z M
33. d=
a3  NA

Z 18
0.92 = Z=4
 3 
6  (4.53)2  7.4110 –24   6.022 1023
 4 
 a 3  N A
34. For AgCl, z= = 3
M
Percentage of sites that are unoccupied is = (1/4) × 100
35.

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= Cu

=O

= Ba

=Y

c
b
a

density = 5.90 g cm–3

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EXERCISE-JEE MAIN
1
1. 𝑋4𝑥1 𝑌 1 1
8 +1×1 6× × 3 2

⇒ 𝑋 1 +1 𝑌1
2

⇒ 𝑋 2 𝑌1
3

⇒ 𝑋1.5 𝑌1
⇒ 𝑋3 𝑌2
2. One unit cell of hep contains = 18 voids
No. of voids in 0.02 mol of hcp
18
= × 6.02 × 1023 × 0.02
6

≈ 3.6 × 1022
≈ 36 × 1021
3. Given:
Edge length, 𝑎 = 5 A∘ = 5 × 10−8 cm
Density, 𝐷 = 3.8 g cm−3
Molecular mass of FeO = 56 + 16 = 72u
We have the equation,
𝑍𝑀
𝐷=
𝑁𝐴 𝑎3
NA → 6.023 × 1023
Z → Number of FeO per unitcell
Substituting the values,
𝐷𝑁𝐴 𝑎3
𝑍=
𝑀
3
3.8×6.023× 1023 ×(5×10 −8 )
= =4
72

So there are four FeO per unit cell. Hence 4Fe2+ per unit cell.

4.
2𝑥 + 3(0.83 − 𝑥) = 2
𝑥 = 0.49
0.49
%𝑀2+ = × 100
0.83

= 59%

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A → 4 –  2   = 3
1
5.
 2

1
B → 12 × +1×1=4
4
So, Compound is A3B4
The value of x is 3.
6. In Fe0.93O for every 93 Fe ions 14 are Fe +3 and (93– 14) = 79 are Fe +2 ions

79
F+2 = 100 = 84.9%
93
 nearest integer = 85%
10. Theory based.
Z M
13. Density =
NA  a3

2 M
6.17 =
6 10  (300 10 –10 )3
23

M = 50
200  N A
 Number of molecules in 200 gm. = = 4 NA
50
Z M
14.  Density =
NA  a3

Z  2.7 10–2
2.7 × 103 =
6.02 1023  (405 10 –12 )3
Z=4

 Structure is FCC.

So, a = 2 2R

405 10–12
R= m
2 2
= 143 × 10–12 m
a
15. min distance between two octahedral voids in fcc =
2

(Distance between edge centre and body centre)

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16. The radius of largest sphere which fits properly at the centre of edge of a body centred
a – 2r
cubic unit cell =
2

2 3a
a–
= 4
2
= 0.067 a

17. Length of body diagonal = 3a

= 2r A + 2rB

= 2r A + 4rA [rB = 2rA]

= 6r A

 a = 2 3rA

4 3 4
Volume of Particle rA + (2 rA )3
P·F = = 3 3
Volume of unit cell a3

4
(9 rA3 )
= 3
(2 3 rA )3

= ·906 i.e. 90%

18.  B forms CCP structure So its effective number in a unit cell = 4

 A occupies half of the octahedral holes

So, it effective number in a unit cell = 2

 Oxygen atoms occupy all the tetrahedral holes

So, its effective number in a unit cell = 8

 Simplest ratio of A, B and oxygen atom = 1 : 2 : 4

19. Let AE be the Edge length = a.

BD be the nearest distance b/w 2 tetrahedral voids.

3a 3a
AC = & CD =
2 4

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 by properties of triangle,

AE BD
=
AC BC

a2 BD  4
 =
3a 3a

a
 BD =
2

i.e., Distance between the centers of 2 nearest T h voids In the lattice is a/2

a
22. The closest approach between 2 atoms in metallic crystal in F.C.C. structure is
2
23. CrO2 is magnetic & ferromagnetic both
3a
24. For B.C.C. r=
4

3  4.29
 r=
4

i.e. r = 1.86 A

3
25. For CsCl rcs+ + rcl− = a
2
1
26. Number of atom A = 8  i.e. 1
8

1
Number of atom B = 5 
2

 Formula compounds is (AB 5/2) i.e. A2B5

27. The appearance of colour in solid–alkali metal halide is generally due to F–centers.
28. For monoclinic unit cell :

abc &  =  = 90°  a

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29. The total number of octahedral void per atom present in cubic close packed structure is 1.

30. M0.98O1

Consider 1 role of oxide

mole of M = 0.98, mole of 0 –2 = 1

Let moles of M+3 = x

& moles of M+2 = (0.98 – x)

 By charge bereaving (0.98 – x) 2+ 3x – 2 = 0.

0.04
 x = 0.04  % of M+3 = 100 i.e. 4.08 %
0.98
31. For F.C.C

a= 2 2r

 a = 2 2 × 0.14

i.e. a = 0.4 mm
32. The only incorrect statement is (3) i.e.. void space in hcp mode of packing is 32%

1 3
33. Number of atom A = 6  i.e.
8 4

1
Number of atom B = 6  i.e. 3
2

 Formula of compound is AB 4

34. For F.C.C.

a 361
r= = i.e. r = 128 pm
2 2 2 2

35. For B.C.C.

3a
r=
4

3  351
= i.e. r = 152 pm
4

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36. The only incorrect statement is (3) i.e. electrical conductivity of semiconductors & metals
increases with Increases in temperature.

37. For B.C.C

3a
The distance of Nearest Approach between atom is equal to
2

3a
= 1.73
2

 a = 2A or 200 pm
38. For NH4Cl in B.C.C lattice:

(rNH 4 +
+ rCl− )= 3a
2

3  390
 rNH + + 180 =
4
2

3  390
 rNH + = – 180
4
2

 rNH + = 158 pm
4

rCa +2 94
39. For Cao : = = 0.643
rO −2 146

 By radius radio rule it should be octahedral.

40. For C.C.P.

% Of free space = 26 %

For B.C.C.

% Of free space = 32 %
a
41. (r+ + r– ) =
2

508
110 + r – =
2
508
 r– = – 110
2

 r– = 144 pm

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2
42. Number of Atom X = 8
3

Number of Atom Y = 4

X16
 Formula of compound is Y4 or X4 Y3
3
4
43. Total volume of atoms present in a face. centred unit cell of metal is 4  r 3
3

16 3
i.e. r
3
44. Lattice energy of an ionic compounds depends on → (3)

i.e. charge on the ion & size of the ion.

1
45. Number of Atom A = 4  i.e. 1
8

1
Number of Atom B = 6  i.e. 3
2

 Formula of compound is AB 3
46. Schottky defect

6.022 10 23
47. 58.5 gm of Nacl contains unit cells
4

6.022  10 23  1
 1 gm of Nacl should contain i.e. 2.57 × 1021 unit cells
58.5  4
48. 2,4

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EXERCISE-JEE ADVANCED
1. Mx Y2 O4
X +3 2X
M +2 = ,M =
3 3
So, total of O.N. of all atoms
2X 2X
+ 3 ( ) + 2(+3) + 4(−2) = 0
3 3
2X
+ 2X + 6 − 8 = 0
3
8X
=2
3
6 3
X = = = 0.75
8 4
2.

Element 𝐗 𝐘 𝐙

Packing FCC BCC Primitive

Edge Lx Ly Lz

4
Relation between edge length and radius Lx = 2√2rx Ly = ry Lz = 2rz
√3

π √3π π
Packing fraction
3√2 8 6

8 √3 √3 8
Now, ry = r &rz = ry = × r ⇒ rz = 4rx
√3 x 2 2 √3 x
4 8
So, Lx = 2√2rx , Ly = × r ,L = 8rx
√3 √3 x z
32
Lx = 2√2rx ,Ly = r , L = 8rx
3 x z
So Ly > Lz > Lx
4Mx 2×My
Density ,
L 3x L 3y

3My
Now, 3Mx = or Mx × 2 = My
2

32 3
density (x) 4Mx L3y 4Mx ( 3 )
= × = ×
density (y) 2My L3x 4Mx (2√2) 3
4 3 3 4
1× 𝜋𝑟− +3× 𝜋𝑟+ 𝑟+
3. Packing fraction (P.E.) = 3 3
= 0.414 (Square planar void), 𝑎 = 2𝑟−
a3 𝑟−
4 3 3
𝜋(𝑟− +3𝑟+ )
We get, P.F. = 3
3
8𝑟−

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4 4
1 r−3 + 3  r+3
4. Packing fraction (P.E.) = 3 3
3
a
r+
= 0.414 (Square planar void), a = 2r_
r–
We get,
4 3
(r– + 3r+3 )
P.F. = 3
8r–3

 
=  (1 + 3(0.414)3 ) 
6 
= 0.63
5. The given compound has CsCl type structure in which anion x form simple cubic unit cell and
M+ cation is present in cubic void.

a 3
Q rM + + rX− =
2
rM + + rX− 3
Q = = 0.866
a 2
Coordination no. of M+ = 8
Coordination no. of X– = 8
rM+
And 0.732  1
rX –

 Correct Ans. (A), (C)

zm
6. For F.C.C : Desity () =
a3  NA

 a 3  N A 8  (4  10 −8 ) 3  N A
 m= = = 128 × 10–24 NA
z 4
256 256  N A
Number of Atoms =  NA = = 2×1024  N=2
m 128  10 –24 N A

7. (a) Nearest neighbor in the top most layer of CCP structure is 9 thus incorrect.
4
4  r 3
(b) Packing efficiency is 74% thus correct. % of packing efficiency = 3  100
a3
4
4  r 3
= 3 100 i.e. 74 %
(2 2 r)3

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(c) Number of tetrahedral void per atom = 2

Number of octahedral void per atom = 1
this correct
(d) In ABC A
r
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 r
 (4r)2 = a2 + a2 a r
r
 4r = 2a C
B a
 a = 2 2r
8. In CCP, O–2 ions are 4
Hence total negative charge = – 8
Let number of Al+3 ions be x
& number of Mg+2 ion be y
 Total position charge = 3x + 2y  3x + 2y = 8
This relation is satisfied only by x = 2 & y = 1
Hence number of Al+3 = 2
& number of Mg+2 = 1
2 1
 m i.e. fraction of octahedral holes occupied by Al +3 ions = i.e.
4 2
1
and n i.e. fraction of tetrahedral holes occupied by Mg +2 ions =
8
9. The given arrangement is octahedral void arrangement.
rA +
 0.414  rA+  0.414 × 250
rX −

i.e. rA+  103.5 pm

rA +
< 0.732  rA+ < 183 pm.
rX −

So, the radius of A+ is 104 pm.

1
10. Solution → No. of M atoms =  4 +1 = 2
4
1 1
Number of X atoms =  6 + 8 = 3 + 1 = 4
2 8
So, empirical formula of compound is (MX2).

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11. Fig → copy from solution given of back.

Explanation : The truncated octahedron is the 14-faced Archimedean solid with 14 total faces :
6 square & 8 regular hexagons.
The truncated octahedron is formed by removing the six right square pyramids one from each
point of regular octahedron.
Truncated octahedron unfolded in two dimensions.
12. 4R = L 2

So, L= 2 2 R

( )
2
 Area of square unit cell = 2 2 R = 8R2

14. 4R = L 2
So, L= 2 2 R

( )
2
 Area of square unit cell = 2 2 R = 8R2

R R
R 4R=
R So, L=
R r
R

 R 2 
Area of atoms present in 1 unit cell = R + 4·  = R2
2

 4 

2R 2
 Packing efficiency =  100 = 78.54 %
8R 2
15. Frenkel defect is a dislocation defect Trapping of an electron in the lattice leads to the
formation of F-centres
 1  1
16. Total number of atoms in 1 unit cell = 12   + 3 +  2   = 6
 6  2
2
17. C=  4r
3

3
Area of Base = 6  (2 r) 2
4
 3   2 
 volume of Hexagon = Area of base × height =  6  4r 2     4r  = 24 2 r
3

 4   3 

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4
6  r 3
Volumeof atomin1unit cell 3
18. Packing fraction = 100 = 100 = 74%
Volumeof 1unit cell 24 2r3
 Empty space = 26%
19. (A) simple cubic & FCC
Have the cell parameters a = b = c &  =  =  = (p) & are 2 crystal systems (Q)
(C) Cubic & Tetragonal are 2 crystal system. (Q)
(D) Hexagonal & Monoclinic are 2 crystal system (Q) have 2 crystallographic angles of 90° (R).
Z M
20. =
a3  NA

 a 3  N A 2  (5 10 –8 )3  6 1023
Z= = =2
M 75
So, it is a B.C.C. unit cell
3a 35
R= =  R = 216.5 pm
4 4
21. In a cubic crystal system, there are 2 types of void known as octahedral & Tetrahedral voids.
It r1 is the radius of void & r 2 is the radius of atom creating these voids, then
 r1 
  = 0.414
 r2 octahedral

 r1 
  = 0.225
 r2  tetrahedral
The above radius ratio values indicate that octahedral void has larger radius, have for
maximum diameter of atom to be present in interstitial space
r1 = 0.414r 2

Also in F.C.C., 4r 2 = 2a
2  0.414  a 0.414  400
 Diameter required (2r 1) = 2 × 0.414 r 2 = =
2 2 2
i.e. 117.1 pm
22. In C.C.P, number of tetrahedral voids = 2 × number of atoms.
As there are 4S–2 ions at lattice points & they need 4 zn +2, which are adjusted in alternate
tetrahedral voids.
23. (i) 5 kg m–3
(ii) There is a huge difference density & observed density. It is only possible if some foreign
species occupy interstitial space i.e. substitution defect.

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(i) In Rock salt like crystal AB, there are 4 AB units per unit cell
Z M 4  6.023y
 density = =
a  NA
3
8y  10 –27  6.023 10 23
1 1
= 5 × 03 g/m3 [ a = 2y 3
nm or 2y 3 10–9 m ]

or 5kg/m3
24. To have maximum number of spheres, the packing must be hcp.
Maximum number of spheres = 25.

Area of figure = 2 × Area of equilateral triangle of side = 40 mm or 4 cm.

3 25
= 2 (4) 2 = 13.856  = 1.804 marbles/cm2
4 13.856
1
25. Number of atom of A per unit cell = 8  i.e. 1
8
1
Number of atoms of B per unit cell = 6  i.e. 3  formula is AB 3
2
26.

1 1
27. Number of atoms A per unit cell =   8 + 4   = 3
8 2

 1 
Number of atom B per unit cell = 4·12  + 1
 4 
 Formula is (A3B4)
28. Factual
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29. 3 - consecutive layers of atom in hcp are there.

Atom X is in correct of 12 like atoms, 6 from layer B and 3 from to and bottom layer A each.
 C.N. = (6 + 3 + 3) i.e 12
Z
30. Density 
a3
d.F.C.C 4 (3)3
=  = 1.259
d B.C.C (3.5)3 2

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