Control and Coordination

Stimuli- Change in the environment to which an

organism responds

Response- Reaction of an organsim to a stimulus

working together of various parts of body to

respond to a stimuli is called coordination
 COORDINATION IN ANIMALS

NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CRANIAL NERVES
BRAIN
Arise from brain

SPINAL CORD SPINAL NERVES

Arise from Spinal Cord

Nervous Tissues

made up of an organized network of nerve

cells
bundle of neurons
Receptors- Cells, tissues or organs that Structural and functional unit of nervous system
receive the stimulus Longest cell in body
NEURON
Carry messages in the form of electrical impulses
Sense
Receptor Stimuli
Organ

Photo receptors Eyes Light Dendrite Cell body

takes information from the
Olfactory receptors Nose Smell collects
dendrite in the form of
information
Gustatory electrical impulse
Tongue Taste
receptors

Phono receptors Ear Sound

Nucleus

Heat/
Thermoreceptors Skin Axon
Cold
electrical impulse
Nociceptors Skin Pain travels along the axon Nerve ending
electrical impulse
causes release of
effectors - muscles/tissues/glands chemicals
which act in response to a stimuli
 TRANSMISSION OF IMPULSE BETWEEN 2 NEURONS

Receptors receive the stimulus

Information is collected at the end of dendritic tip

Chemical reaction creates an electrical impulse

Impulse travel from dendrite to cell body

Impulse travels through the axon

Reaches nerve endings

SYNAPSE Release of chemicals at the synapse

Microscopic gap between two neurons

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
There is a release of chemical substances at the Junction between nerve ending of a motor neuron and a muscle
synapse between two neurons which help in the
transmission of electrical impulse

Neurotransmitters- Chemical substances that

help in the transmission of nerve impulse
 TYPES OF NEURONS
Sensory Neurons
Transmit impulse from Receptor to CNS
Presence of stimulus
Motor Neurons
Transmit impulse from CNS to Effectors ( muscle or gland )
Receptors receive the stimulus
Relay Neurons/ Interneurons
Connects Sensory and Motor neurons
Impulse taken by sensory neurons

Conduction of impulse through the neurons Receptor Effector

Information reaches to CNS Sensory neueron Motor neuron

CNS
Relay neurons present in CNS transfers Brain
impulse from sensory to motor neurons
Spinal cord
Relay neuron
Motor neurons carry information from CNS to
effectors
How do muscles move?
Muscle cells move by changing their shape so that they shorten
Effectors (muscles/glands) respond to stimuli
Muscle cells have special proteins that change their shape and
arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical
impulses
(i) What is meant by receptors in the human body?
(ii) Name any four types of receptors with their locations.
(CBSE 2018,2020, 2023,2024)
Draw a diagram of neuron and label its parts:
(i) where information is acquired,
(ii) through which information travels as an electric impulse, and
(iii) where the electric impulse must be converted into a chemical signal for
onward transmission.
(CBSE 2018,2019)
 REFLEX ACTIONS (Reflex Movement)

Sudden and quick movement

Involuntary movement
Brain not involved (directly not involved)
Reflex actions are controlled by spinal cord

Type of
Description Examples
Action

Voluntary - Controlled by will- Walking, Writing,

Actions Thinking and brain involved Dancing

Involuntary - Uncontrolled- No thinking- Blood pumping,

Reflex Arc - Path followed by nerve impulse
Actions Brain involved Peristalsis during reflec action

Reflex - Uncontrolled- No thinking- Hand withdrawal,

Actions No brain involved Sneezing
Evolution of reflex arc in animals
Ravi accidentally touches a hot pan while cooking and immediately pulls his hand
away. This rapid response saves him from a severe burn.
1. (i) What is the correct sequence of events when Ravi's hand touches the hot pan
unconsciously?
2. (ii) Define a reflex action. Using a flowchart, illustrate the path of the reflex
action Ravi experienced when he touched the hot pan.
3. (iii) Explain why reflex arcs are considered more efficient for quick responses in
such situations.

CBSE 2024
 CNS --> Brain + Spinal Cord
BRAIN Main coordinating center of the body Cranium - Bony
box of skull
Cerebrum
Fore- Brain Spinal cord-
Main thinking part of brain Protected by
Consists mainly of the vertebral column or
cerebrum backbone
Hearing, smell, sight.
Thinking, memory,
reasoning,
speech
Interpretation
All voluntary actions

MID-BRAIN Cerebro spinal Fluid

connects fore & hind brain (CSF) - Provides
Controls some involuntary
actions
shock absorption
Hind- Brain
Pons- Regulates breathing rate and
sleep cycle Hypothalamus
Medulla- Controls involuntary actions
like blood pressure, Heart beat,
salivation and vomiting
Cerebellum - Precision of voluntary actions
Maintaining posture and balance of body
(picking a pencil, riding a bicycle)
Which part of the brain is involved in activities like
(i) picking a pencil with precision
(ii) vomiting?
State whether these actions are voluntary or involuntary.
(CBSE 2024)
(i) Identify which parts of the brain are responsible for:
(a) maintaining posture and balance
(b) controlling heartbeat
(c) enabling thinking
(d) regulating blood pressure.
(ii) Explain how the brain and spinal cord are protected from shocks and injuries.
(iii) What constitutes the central and peripheral nervous systems?
(CBSE 2020, 2023)
 HORMONES IN ANIMALS
role in the release of many Hormones - chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body
hormones e.g. releases growth Gland - a structure that secretes a specific substance
hormone releasing hormone - master gland
releases many hormones
stimulates pituitary gland to
growth hormone - regulates
release growth hormone
growth and development of body
(GHRH)
deficiency of growth hormone -
dwarfism
hypersecretion of growth hormone
- gigantism

thyroxin hormone
regulates carbohydrates,
proteins and fat metabolism
in body
Iodine required for synthesis
of thyroxine
deficiency of iodine causes
goitre
Testosterone- changes symptoms - swollen neck
during puberty, development iodised salt in diet
of secondary sexual
characteristics
Oestrogen
Development of
secretes adrenaline (emergency hormone) secondary sexual
increases heart rate (more supply of oxygen to muscles) Pancreas - insulin
characteristics
blood to the digestive system and skin is reduced regulates blood sugar levels
increased blood to skeletal muscles deficiency of insulin - diabetes
breathing rate increase
Gland Hormone Function Related disease

Hypothalamus Releasing hormones Stimulates pituitary gland to release hormones

Excess - Gigantism
Pituitary gland Growth hormone Body growth, development of bones & muscles
Deficiency - Dwarfism

deficiency of lodine -
Thyroid gland Thyroxine Regulates carbohydrate, protein , fat metabolism
Goitre

Pancreas Insulin Control blood sugar levels diabetes

Adrenal gland Adrenaline Prepare body to cope with emergency situations.

Development of secondary male characters the

Testes in males Testosterone
deep voice, beard, and sex organs

Development of secondary female characters like

Ovaries in females Oestrogen
mammary glands, menstrual cycle and sex organs.

Feedback mechanism - the timing and amount of hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanism
e.g. blood sugar levels increase - pancreas produces more insulin
blood sugar levels decrease - insulin secretion is reduced
Question - Rahul, a 14-year-old boy, has been experiencing abnormal growth
patterns. His parents are concerned as he is much shorter than his peers. The
doctor conducts a
series of tests and finds that he has a deficiency of a particular hormone
responsible for growth regulation. Meanwhile, his grandfather has been advised to
reduce sugar intake due to high blood glucose levels.

(i) What disease is Rahul’s grandfather likely experiencing? Identify the hormone
and the gland responsible for the imbalance.
(ii) What hormone deficiency is Rahul likely facing, which gland secretes it, and
how does it impact growth regulation?
(iii) How does the timing and amount of hormone release get regulated in the
body? Explain with an example.
(CBSE 2016, 2018, 2020)
One day, while walking through a jungle, Aman suddenly spots a tiger
nearby. His heartbeat increases, his breathing rate becomes rapid, and he feels an
adrenaline rush in his body. He immediately climbs a tree to save himself. This
reaction helps him survive the dangerous situation.

Answer the following questions based on the given case:

(a) Name the hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in such stressful situations.
(b) List three responses shown by the human body when this hormone is secreted
into the blood.
(CBSE 2020, 2023)
Question -
(i) Where is the thyroid gland located in the human body? Name the hormone
secreted by the thyroid gland and explain its function.

(ii) What hormone is secreted by the adrenal gland during stressful situations, and
what are three responses the body exhibits when this hormone is released into
the blood?
(CBSE 2020, 2023, 2024)
 MOVEMENT IN
PLANTS COORDINATION IN PLANTS

NASTIC MOVEMENT TROPIC MOVEMENT

TROPIC MOVEMENT
Tropic Movement - growth dependent
growth movement of a plant part in response to external
stimuli is called tropism
direction of stimulus determines the direction of response
Growth of plants towards stimulus --> positive tropism
Growth of plants away from stimulus --> negative tropism

Growth of plant part towards POSITIVE PHOTOTROPISM - movement towards light NEGATIVE PHOTOTROPISM - movement away from light
Phototropism
or away from Light eg. stem of a growing plant bends towards light eg. roots of a plant moves away from light

Growth of plant part towards POSITIVE GEOTROPISM - movement towards gravity NEGATIVE GEOTROPISM - movement against gravity
Geotropism
or away from Gravity eg. roots of a plant moves downward towards gravity eg. stems of a plants moves upwards against gravity

Growth of plant part towards POSITIVE HYRDOTROPISM - movement towards water NEGATIVE HYRDOTROPISM - movement away from
Hydrotropism
or away from water eg. roots of a plant grow towards water water

Growth of plant part towards POSITIVE CHEMOTROPISM - movement towards chemical NEGATIVE CHEMOTROPISM - movement away from
Chemotropism
or away from chemicals eg. growth of pollen tube towards ovule during fertilisation chemical

the direction of growth movement of a plant part in response

Growth of plant part towards to the touch of an object
Thigmotropism
or away from touch e.g. climbing parts of a plant such as tendrils grow towards
support and wind around them
 NASTIC MOVEMENT
Non-directional movement in plant in response to stimuli
Growth independent movement
e.g. - when we touch the leaves of a sensitive plant like
Mimosa pudica, they fold

Characteristic Tropic Movements Nastic Movements

Response to Unidirectional Non-directional

Stimulus Response to Stimulus Response to Stimulus

Dependency on Growth-dependent Growth-independent

Growth movements movements

Nature of Permanent and Temporary and ANIMALS PLANTS

Movement irreversible reversible
Specialised tissues for No specialised tissues for
conduction of information conduction of information
Occurrence in Found only in a few
Found in all plants
Plants specialized plants
They change shape because
They change shape
of change in amount of water
because of specialised
Speed of in cells (resulting in
Slow action Immediate action proteins in muscles
swelling/shrinking)
Movement
Question -
(i) The leaves of ‘chhui-mui’ plant begin to fold up and droop in response to a
stimulus. Name the stimulus and write the cause for such a rapid
movement. Is there any growth involved in the movement?
(ii) State the types of movements seen in plants due to water and chemical
stimulus and explain with the help of diagrams respectively.
(CBSE 2016, 2024)
Question - Define geotropism. Draw a well-labeled diagram of a plant showing
geotropic movement of its parts. What is meant by positive and negative
geotropism?

(CBSE 2019, 2020)

 HORMONES IN PLANTS
BENDING OF PLANT
light comes on one side of
AUXINS plant
help cells to grow longer auxin diffuses toward shady
auxin is made by cells at the tip of side of shoot
stems cells grow longer on the
side of shoot away from
light
Thus plant appears to bend
towards light

CYTOKININS GIBBERELLINS ABSCISIC ACID

promotes cell division help in growth of the growth inhibitor

present in greater Stress hormone
concentration in areas of rapid stem
wilting of leaves
cell division (such as fruits and
seeds)