BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM REFINED PALM

OIL THROUGH TRANSESTERIFICATION: EFFECT

IN A PILOT THERMAL PLANT

PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL A PARTIR DE ACEITE DE

PALMA REFINADO MEDIANTE TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN:
EFECTO EN UNA PLANTA TÉRMICA PILOTO

Jorge Vicente Guzmán Laverde

Universidad ECCI – Colombia

Brayan Ignacio Cardozo Miranda

Universidad ECCI - Colombia

William Alfonso Vargas Correa

Universidad ECCI – Colombia

Jhonatan Ospina Molina

Universidad ECCI – Colombia

Andrea Aparicio Gallo

Universidad ECCI - Colombia
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i2.10967
Biodiesel production from refined palm oil through transesterification: effect
in a pilot thermal plant

Jorge Vicente Guzmán Laverde 1 Brayan Ignacio Cardozo Miranda

[email protected] [email protected]
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5991-3065 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5540-0130
Universidad ECCI Universidad ECCI
Colombia Colombia

William Alfonso Vargas Correa Jhonatan Ospina Molina

[email protected] [email protected]
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5023-221X https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4218-2447
Universidad ECCI Universidad ECCI
Colombia Colombia

Andrea Aparicio Gallo

[email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3425-3693
Universidad ECCI
Colombia

ABSTRACT
This article presents the biodiesel production process from refined palm oil (RPO) through
transesterification with ethanol and investigates its impact on a pilot thermal plant, encompassing both
physical and environmental characterizations. The study adheres to the ASTM D 6751 standard, which
delineates specifications for non-fossil origin fuels. The results indicate that biodiesel derived from RPO,
when mixed with diesel in various proportions, exhibits significant potential, as its properties align with
quality standards, particularly concerning power generation and gas emissions in the pilot thermal plant at
ECCI University.

Keyword: biodiesel production, refined palm oil, transesterification, ethanol, pilot thermal plant

1 Autor principal.
Correspondencia: [email protected]

pág. 5537
Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceite de palma refinado mediante
transesterificación: efecto en una planta térmica piloto

RESUMEN
Este artículo presenta el proceso de producción de biodiesel a partir de aceite de palma refinado (RPO)
mediante transesterificación con etanol e investiga su impacto en una planta térmica piloto, abarcando
caracterizaciones tanto físicas como ambientales. El estudio se adhiere a la norma ASTM D 6751, que
delinea especificaciones para combustibles de origen no fósil. Los resultados indican que el biodiésel
derivado de RPO, cuando se mezcla con diésel en diversas proporciones, presenta un potencial significativo,
ya que sus propiedades se alinean con los estándares de calidad, particularmente en lo que respecta a la
generación de energía y las emisiones de gases en la planta térmica piloto de la Universidad ECCI.

Palabra clave: producción de biodiesel, aceite refinado de palma, transesterificación, etanol, planta térmica
piloto

Artículo recibido 15 marzo 2023

Aceptado para publicación: 15 abril 2023

pág. 5538
INTRODUCTION

In Colombia, the renewable fuel industry is experiencing growth due to the increasing use of a 10% blend

with diesel, a percentage expected to rise over time [1]. This necessitates the exploration of biodiesel

production from conventional raw materials such as palm, soy, and corn [2].

The use of refined palm oil as an alternative fuel source has gained traction due to its ecological,

biodegradable, and non-toxic attributes, among others, which were stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol [3].

Additionally, biodiesel is produced cleanly and, in the event of accidental spills, is less polluting than fossil

fuels. Furthermore, it represents a 100% renewable and environmentally friendly source of energy [4,5].

This biofuel was produced using the transesterification method, the predominant technique in industrial

production when vegetable oils are employed as raw materials. This method entails the reaction of esters

(monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides) with alcohol (ethanol) and a catalyst, resulting in the

conversion of triglycerides into biodiesel and glycerin. This transesterification process [6,7] is illustrated in

Figure 1.

Figure 1. Chemical Reaction of Transesterification [8]

The physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel produced from Refined Palm Oil (RPO) vary

depending on the properties of the raw materials used in its production. As a result, it was imperative to

subject the biodiesel to ASTM D 6751 standards, which are American standards established to regulate the

pág. 5539
quality of non-fossil fuel production, specifically focusing on biodiesel [9].

These tests were conducted utilizing certified and calibrated equipment and instruments provided by ECCI

University and the Uniagraria University Foundation of Colombia, ensuring the reliability of the obtained

results. Initially, the physical properties of density and viscosity were determined. Viscosity is defined as a

fluid's resistance to flow when subjected to an applied force. High-viscosity fluids exhibit resistance to

flow, while low-viscosity fluids flow easily. Viscosity is influenced by factors such as temperature and

pressure [10].

Subsequently, density was calculated, representing the mass contained within a specified volume. Density

can be expressed in absolute terms, denoting mass per unit volume, or relative terms, indicating the

relationship between a substance's density and a reference density. In the latter case, it results in a

dimensionless magnitude without units [10]. Following these tests, the flash point was determined, serving

as a descriptive parameter used to assess the flammability risk associated with biodiesel. The flash point

was determined in accordance with the ASTM D 93 standard [9].

Additionally, the acid number was determined, which is expressed as the neutralization value. It represents

the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams required to neutralize the acids present in one

gram of oil. This measure signifies the degree of degradation due to oxidation and bears a direct correlation

with the thermal plant's operational lifespan and lubrication, in this context. Lastly, several parameters were

calculated, including the consumption rate per minute for various biodiesel-diesel mixtures (B0, B10, B20,

B30, B50, B70, and B100), gas emissions utilizing the BACHARAC model PCA-65 analyzer, and

mechanical power using the digital dynamometer LUTRON reference FG-5100.

The primary objective of this study is to produce biodiesel from refined palm oil through the process of

transesterification with ethanol, assessing its impact on a pilot thermal plant, and characterizing its physical

and environmental properties.

METHODOLOGY

This research falls into multiple categories, including exploratory, descriptive, correlational, and

pág. 5540
explanatory types. It encompasses the establishment of causal relationships between variables and

measurements to comprehend the resulting effects [11].

The procedural framework was designed in four distinct phases with the primary objective of producing a

high-quality product that adheres to the environmental emission standards outlined in the ASTM standard.

These sequential phases are visually depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Methodological Phases [23]

The laboratory-scale production of biodiesel (Phase 1) was conducted as follows:

Initially, palm oil was subjected to heating at 110°C for a duration of 5 minutes. This step was aimed at

eliminating moisture content from the raw material. The palm oil was placed in a beaker on a heating plate

for this purpose. Subsequently, 150 ml of ethanol and 3.754 g of catalyst (KOH) were precisely measured

and added to an Erlenmeyer flask. A magnetic stirrer was introduced, and the solution was promptly covered

with aluminum foil to facilitate the dissolution of the catalyst flakes.

Following the dissolution, the catalyst-ethanol solution was combined with the vegetable oil in a 1000 ml

four-neck glass reactor. The reaction mixture was brought to a state of ebullition while ensuring the

connection of water supply hoses to the full reflux condenser to maintain the necessary cooling. The

pág. 5541
reaction proceeded for a duration of 90 minutes.

Upon completion of this period, any excess ethanol was distilled or removed from the reaction mixture until

it became turbid. Subsequently, the mixture was transferred to a separating funnel and allowed to stand for

a period of 24 hours. This duration allowed the formation of two distinct layers, as depicted in

Figure 3: one consisting of glycerin and the other of biodiesel.

Figure 3. Separation of biodiesel from glycerin [23]

Density

The measurement of density, denoted as mass per unit volume, is conducted in grams per milliliter at

ambient room temperature, as prescribed by the formula outlined in standard NTC 336 [13]. The procedure

encompasses the following sequential steps:

1. Preliminary calibration of the pycnometer at the ambient room temperature.

2. Computation of the pycnometer's precise volume.

3. Determination of the cubic expansion coefficient inherent to the pycnometer.

4. Subsequent utilization of these derived values in the aforementioned formula.

Viscosity (Kinematic At 40 °C)

Viscosity, in the kinematic sense, is evaluated in adherence to the ASTM D 445-06 [14] standard. This

involves the utilization of an Oswald viscometer. The operational steps are as follows:

1. Loading the specified sample into the Oswald viscometer.

pág. 5542
 2. Inverting the viscometer instrument and subsequently applying suction to tube L.

3. Immersing tube N within the liquid sample and withdrawing the liquid until it reaches the

designated mark F.

4. Ensuring the drying of arm N and returning the viscometer to its upright vertical position.

5. Placement of the viscometer within a specialized receptacle affixed to the equipment, followed by

immersion into a controlled-temperature bath, with meticulous alignment to maintain verticality.

6. Allowing the liquid sample to attain a precisely regulated temperature of 40 °C, followed by a

stipulated 10-minute stabilization period.

7. Application of suction to tube N, accompanied by gentle agitation to ensure the liquid rises slightly

above the demarcation at point E.

8. Accurate measurement of the flow time, as the liquid traverses freely from the designated point E

to the F mark.

9. Repeating this measurement thrice and subsequently computing the average value to ensure robust

experimental results.

Figure 4 Cannon Fenske Viscometer [14]

pág. 5543
Acid Number

The determination of the ACID NUMBER adheres to the ASTM 664-07 standard [15], which involves

quantifying the quantity of milligrams of potassium hydroxide necessary to neutralize the free fatty acids

present within 1 gram of the sample, expressed in milligrams per gram (mg/g). The procedure begins by

selecting a sample size proportionate to the anticipated acidity percentage, as detailed in Table 1.

Subsequently, the potassium hydroxide solution is dissolved in 125 mL of titration solvent that has been

previously neutralized. To serve as a pH indicator, four (4) drops of phenolphthalein are introduced into the

solution. Simultaneously, the solution is stirred, and titration is performed with the potassium hydroxide

solution until reaching the endpoint, characterized by the emergence of a clear solution. This method allows

for the accurate determination of the ACID NUMBER, a vital parameter in the characterization of sample

acidity.

Table 1 Mass of test proportion

Concentration of alkali
Percentage of acidity Accuracy in
Mass of test portion g solution
expected weighing

<1 28,0 0,05 0,0200

1a4 7,0 0,10 0,0200
4 a 15 2,5 0,25 0,0100
15 a 75 0,5 0,50 0,0010
>75 0,1 0,50

The Flame Point

Determination follows the guidelines outlined in the ASTM D 93-07 standard. This test employs a

dynamic methodology that relies on specific heating rates, and its accuracy is contingent upon precise

measurement techniques.

The procedure entails filling the equipment container up to a predetermined mark, which is subsequently

sealed with a lid of precise dimensions. The sample within the container is subjected to heating at a

specific stirring rate. At regular intervals, the sample is exposed to an ignition source while agitation is

pág. 5544
momentarily interrupted. The flame point is determined when a flame becomes apparent, and the

corresponding temperature reading on the thermometer is recorded as the flame point value.

This method provides a reliable means of assessing the flame point, a critical parameter, while adhering

to standardized protocols in accordance with ASTM D 93-07.

Figure 5 Flame point reading [12]

Table 2 presents the physical and chemical criteria that biodiesel must conform to, as specified by ASTM

664-0, ASTM D 93-07, NTC 336, and ASTM D 445-06 standards. The table includes the respective

units of measurement and outlines the minimum requirements for each characteristic.

Table 2. Biodiesel characterization [16]

PROPERTY UNIT REQUIREMENT TESTING
METHOD
Density at 15 ° C 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 860-900 ASTM D4052
Viscosity (kinematic at 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑠 1,9 – 6,0 ASTM D445
40 ° C)
Acid Number mg KOH / g 0,5 Maximum ASTM D664
Flash point °C 120 Minimum ASTM D93

pág. 5545
Consumption

Fuel consumption testing is conducted within the pilot thermal facility at ECCI University. This testing

occurs subsequent to the successful production of 25 kilograms of biodiesel with the optimal laboratory-

level characteristics. Figure 6 illustrates the methodology employed during the characterization process,

providing insights into the testing procedure.

Figure 6. Procedure for characterization of Biodiesel consumption [23]

Environmental

For the assessment of gases discharged from the boiler utilizing various biodiesel-diesel blend ratios, a

portable BUCHARAC model PCA-65 apparatus was employed. A total of five (5) readings were recorded

for each biofuel mixture, with adherence to the parameters delineated in Table 3 [17]. This evaluation was

conducted as part of the environmental assessment.

Table 3. Gas Analyzer Measurement Parameters

MEASUREMENT
PARAMETER SENSORS ACCURACY
RANGE
O2 oxygen 0 -20,9%°C Auto
+/− 0,3%
calibration
Ambient temperature ° C +/− 1% 0 -537°C
Chimney gas +/- 15,5 in 0 -123°C 0 -1093°C
temperature ° C +/- 14,5 in 124 -249°C
+/- 13,5 in 250 -1093°C
Carbon monoxide +/− 5% 0 -2000 ppm
Draft pressure in the +/- 1% -8¨- +8 in w.c.

pág. 5546
 The environmental operating conditions Room temperature 0-40°C
must be: Relative humidity 20 - 80%
versatility Integrated dot printer

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results obtained from the characterization of biodiesel at the pilot plant and laboratory level are shown

in table number 4.

Table 4. Results obtained from the characterization of biodiesel [23]

RESULTS RESULTS
PROPERTY UNIT REQUIREMENT
(LABORATORY) (PLANT)
Density at 15 ° 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 860-900 875 876
C
Viscosity 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑠 1,9 – 6,0 4,8 4,81
(kinematic at 40
° C)
Acid Number mg KOH / g 0,5 Maximum 0,42 0,44
Flash point °C 120 Minimum 183,5 185

The characterization of the biodiesel reveals its compliance with the stipulated requirements outlined in the

ASTM standard. This compliance extends to the density measurement conducted at 15°C, both at the

laboratory scale and during plant production. In fact, the density values obtained not only fall within the

specified range but also demonstrate negligible differences between them (875.876), indicating the

attainment of a higher thermal energy output [18].

Furthermore, the kinematic viscosity, determined to be 1.9 mm^2/s, aligns comfortably within the bounds

set by the ASTM standard. This is a noteworthy achievement as it enhances engine combustion, affording

optimal lubrication properties, and mitigating environmental damage in the event of spillage [19, 20].

pág. 5547
The acid number results obtained (0.42 and 0.44) closely approximate the values mandated by the ASTM

standard. This observation underscores the favorable quality of the biodiesel, a characteristic attributed to

the catalyst, alcohol, and recommended distillation purification processes employed during production [20].

In terms of the flame point result (183°C), it signifies the production of a biodiesel that is 50% safer than

conventional diesel, surpassing the minimum requirement as stipulated in the standard [21]. Figure 7

illustrates the outcomes of the experimental evaluation of biodiesel yield under various treatment

conditions, involving the excess alcohol-to-catalyst ratio.

Figure 7. Effect of the percentage of catalyst and excess alcohol on biodiesel yield. [2. 3]

Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p = 0.013, 95% significance) among the treatments,

specifically between 150E1C (150% molar excess and 1% catalyst) and 200E1.5C, while no significant

differences were found between 200E1C and 150E1.5C in terms of yield percentage.

The highest yield, 66.7 ± 5.24%, was obtained from the 200E1.5C treatment (200% alcohol excess and

1.5% catalyst), while the 200E1C and 150E1.5C treatments yielded 59.6 ± 2.75% and 59.5 ± 6.15%,

respectively. The 150E1C treatment yielded the lowest at 50.7 ± 2.81%.

The results for biodiesel-diesel mixture consumption are illustrated in Figure 8

pág. 5548
Figure 8. Biodiesel consumption in a pilot thermal plant. [2. 3]

The data reveals that the B20 mixture exhibits the highest consumption at 3.83 L/min, while the B100

mixture demonstrates the best performance with the lowest consumption at 2.82 L/min. Examining the

data dispersion for each sample, it becomes evident that biodiesel consumption increases from the B0

mixture to the B20 mixture, after which it improves (decreases) from the B30 mixture to the B100

mixture. Moreover, the data dispersion for each sample is adjusted, indicating the statistical significance

of the results.

Table 5 presents a summary of gas emissions obtained from the gas analyzer installed in the chimney of
the pilot plant at ECCI University, along with biodiesel consumption and emissions test details [23].
VARIABLE B0 B10 B20 B30 B50 B70 B100
Consumo (1/min) 3,05 3,19 3,83 3,13 3,02 2,89 2,82
O2(% 5,34 3,36 4,08 3,72 4 5,02 4,16
CO2 (%) 12,38 13,04 12,78 12,78 12,66 11,80 12,58
CO (ppm) 6,92 6,53 6,75 6,54 6,56 6,57 6,52
NO (ppm) 55,60 55,20 52.80 54,00 43,60 42,20 43,80
NOx (ppm) 58,40 57,40 55,40 56,4 46 44,40 45,80
XS (%) 27,73 27,11 26,27 26,69 22,56 22,00 22,57
T (c°) 337,8 360 352,4 353,20 359,40 328,20 351,20

pág. 5549
The most fuel-efficient biodiesel-diesel blend in terms of consumption is B100, surpassing the B20

mixture, which proved to be the least efficient. In percentage terms, the B100 mixture exhibits a

remarkable 26.45% greater efficiency compared to the B20 blend.

Regarding the measurements conducted in the thermal plant, it is evident that the B0 mixture emits the

highest percentage of O2 into the environment, at 5.34%, while the B10 mixture emits the lowest O2

percentage at 3.36%. On average, the other mixtures hover around 4%, slightly lower than conventional

diesel.

In terms of CO2 emissions, the least environmentally favorable mixture is B10, emitting 13.04%,

whereas the B70 mixture emits the lowest amount of CO2 at 11.8%. The other mixtures show minimal

variation, averaging around 12.5%. This suggests that the biofuel produced is of good quality, as reduced

CO2 emissions contribute to improved boiler combustion [22].

No emissions (in ppm) range from 55.6 ppm for the B0 mixture to 42.2 ppm for the B70 mixture. The

remaining mixtures fall within this range, with an average of 55 ppm. The results exhibit low dispersion,

and emissions are not statistically significant.

Illustrations, Tables, Figures

Figures

Figure 1. Chemical Reaction of Transesterification [8]

Figure 2. Methodological Phases [23]

Figure 3. Separation of biodiesel from glycerin [23]

Figure 4 Cannon Fenske Viscometer [14]

Figure 5 Flame point reading [12]

Figure 6. Procedure for characterization of Biodiesel consumption [23]

Figure 7. Effect of the percentage of catalyst and excess alcohol on biodiesel yield. [2. 3]

Figure 8. Biodiesel consumption in a pilot thermal plant. [2. 3]

pág. 5550
Tables

Table 1 Mass of test proportion

Table 2. Biodiesel characterization [16]

Table 3. Gas analyzer measurement parameters

Table 4. Results obtained from the characterization of biodiesel [23]

Table 5 presents a summary of gas emissions obtained from the gas analyzer installed in the chimney of

the pilot plant at ECCI University, along with biodiesel consumption and emissions test details [23].

CONCLUSIONS

The biodiesel produced in this study exhibits several environmental advantages compared to fossil

diesel. It has a higher flash point (130°C) in contrast to petroleum-based diesel (52°C) [28], making it

less prone to combustion. Biodiesel is biologically active and biodegradable, unlike diesel, which is

challenging to break down. Additionally, it leads to lower carbon monoxide (CO) emissions due to

reduced ignition delay. Furthermore, its compatibility with international markets offers promising

avenues for commercialization.

A biodiesel was successfully manufactured through transesterification of refined palm oil using ethanol

as a catalyst. This biodiesel possesses properties that closely resemble those of traditional fossil diesel

and adheres to ASTM D 6751 standards.

In terms of fuel efficiency, B100 emerges as the most efficient biodiesel-diesel mixture, while the B20

blend proves to be the least efficient. The B100 mixture demonstrates an impressive 26.45% increase in

efficiency compared to the B20 blend.

These conclusions highlight the promising environmental and efficiency advantages of the biodiesel

produced in this study. The findings underscore its potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative

to conventional diesel, with particular merit for B100 as a highly efficient fuel blend. Further research

and application in real-world contexts could further validate its viability and benefits.

pág. 5551
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