P210/3

EUROPEAN
HISTORY
Paper 3 MARKING GUIDE
July / Aug. 2017
3 hours

UGANDA TEACHERS’ EDUCATION CONSULT (UTEC)

Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education

HISTORY

Paper 3

(EUROPEAN HISTORY)

3 hours

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

Answer FOUR questions only.

All questions carry equal marks.

Any additional question(s) will not be marked.

© 2017 UTEC Mock Examinations Turn Over

 MARK RANGES / SCORE BOARD

00 – 05 : Almost irrelevant / hopeless

06 – 09 : Just to the point / more outlines
10 – 12 : ‘O’ Level essay / generalized essay
13 – 15 : Fairly Good Essay
16 – 19 : Good Essay
20 – 23 : Very Good essay
24 – 25 : Excellent essay

NB: (i) Marking of history is by impression and expression of ideas but not
mere accumulation of points,
(ii) Examiners; therefore should read details of the candidates by looking
at;
a) Introduction / background
b) Point identification which should be a logical sentence
c) Explanations of the points given
d) Examples to backup the explanations where necessary / details
e) Relation to the question or analysis or conclusion of paragraph in
reference to the questions
f) Clear stand point where required
NB: Remember behind every script there is a human being (soul)
Every correct response a tick, wrong ones a wave.

1. To what extent did the burdens of the third estate influence the outbreak of
the 1789 revolution in France? (25 marks)
Preamble
2
- Candidates are expected to clearly identify and explain the contribution of
the burdens of the third estates towards the outbreak of the French
revolution of 1789. Visa – vis other causes / reasons for the outbreak of the
revolution.
- A clear stand point is required.
Cores
- The French revolution referred to the social, political and economic
changes France experienced from 5th May 1789 to 1799.
- It was led by the middle class and the peasants
- It was a war against the privileged nobles and the clergy, king Louis XVI
and his government
- The third estate comprised of the middle class and the peasants
- At the time of revolution the pleasantry comprised / numbered about 23
million in a total population of 25 million people
- The peasantry paid high taxes e.g. land tax, tithe, salt tax and property tax
i.e. it was an oppressive taxation system
- Many peasants were hanged with their children inclusive for failure to pay
indirect tax by the nobility
- Peasantry could not gain exemption from military service which was a
period of six years – peasants never had any freedom.
- The peasants were landless and were just serfs and tenants on land owned
by the nobles and clergy
- They were forced to supply labour on the estates of the nobles and clergy
- They suffered from religious intolerance i.e. were forced to become
Catholics
- The grievances of the bourgeoisies who were rich middle class

3
- They were excluded from the government of France – i.e. they had very little
political power yet they were both wealthy and educated
- Third estate suffered under letter – de – catechet.
- Political power was centralized in the hands of the king, nobles and the
clergy
- There was no prospect of promotion for the bourgeoisie in the French Army
because officer class was the preserve for the nobility
- The middle class had economic grievances i.e. the government borrowed
funds from them but failed to pay back due to increased debt burden
- The middle class were out competed by the British merchants after the
signing of the free trade treaty by the government of France with Britain
1786 (cobden treaty)
- There was high levels of unemployment and reduced profits by the middle
class
- Peasants suffered social discrimination because they were the last in the
social ladder
- Suffered severe food shortages, high food prices, poor standards of living.
Other causes / reasons / factors
- The privileged position of the catholic church
- The influence of the French political philosophers and encyclopaedists
- The nature of the ancient regime
a) No constitution
b) No functioning parliament
c) Unfair judicial system
d) Dictatorship of the bourbon monarchy
- The Financial crisis / bankruptcy of the ancient regime
- The social classes / inequalities
4
 - The influence of the American war of independence
- Grievances of the Army
- The weaknesses of King Louis XVI
- The personality and weaknesses of Marie Antoinette
- The influence of England
- The unfair taxation
- The influence of the reformist financial ministers
- The economic crisis
- The natural calamities of 1788 – 1789
- The calling of the estates general meeting on 5th May 1789.
(Mark as a whole) 25 marks

2. Explain the impact of Napoleon Bonaparte I’s rule in the history of Europe
by 1848. (25
marks)
Preamble
- Candidates are expected to clearly identify and explain the impact of
Napoleon I’s rule on the history of French empire i.e. positively and
negatively
- A clear stand point is required

Core
- Napoleon Bonaparte I was born in 1769 in Ajarcio on the Island of Corsica
- He came into power in 1799 after overthrowing the weak directory
government
- He became an emperor in 1804
- Napoleon’s rule led to the formation of alliances in order to safe guard their
national interest i.e. 3rd and 4th coalitions
- Napoleon carried out great public works e.g. roads that linked France with
other parts of Europe e.g. Trans – alpine road

5
- He introduced financial and economic reforms like fair taxation banking
system not only in France but also in German and Italian states
- Napoleon I spread the new ideas and institutions of the French revolution of
1789 to many parts of Europe through his conquests
- He led to the birth of the Vienna congress / Settlement of 1814 – 1815 to
solve problems created by the French Revolution and Napoleon
- He introduced legal reforms through the code Napoleon to other parts of
Europe like in Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Belgium, Portugal and parts of
Germany
- Napoleon I introduced religious reforms through the concordat or treaty
with the Pope. This reduced the hostility from catholic states like Italy,
Spain, Austria towards France
- He introduced the Legion of Honour which promoted loyalty hard work and
patriotism by rewarding talented and hardworking people. This was spread
to parts other of Europe
- He carried out educational reforms e.g. he set up the University of France
with 17 branches / academics in Belgium, Italy, etc
- He led to birth of the congress system 1818 – 1830
- He contributed to the birth of Bonapartism in Europe which led to the
outbreak of 1848 revolutions in France
- Napoleon abolished feudalism in Prussia and Italy where the peasants got a
right to own land and feudal laws were also abolished
- He extended French glory to other parts of Europe e.g. in Belgium, Italy,
Austria, Germany, Switzerland where revolutionary ideas and culture
became popular.
- He expanded the size of France through the conquests of other European
territories
- He signed peace treaties with other European powers e.g. the treaty of
Amiens with Britain 1802, Treaty of Tilsit with Russia 1807
- Napoleon abolished despotism in parts of Europe e.g. in Italian and German
states after the defeat of Austria.
- Napoleon introduced military reforms in France that were adopted by other
European countries like Prussia, eg. His conduct of warfare and military
strategy

6
 - He facilitated the unification of Italy and Germany e.g. he established the
cisalpine Republic in Italy and reduced the 200 German states into the
Rhine confederation

Negative impact
- Napoleon I caused political instability in Europe through his aggressive
wars like the peninsular, Moscow campaign etc
- His continental system caused economic insecurity in Europe leading to
scarcity of goods, unemployment etc
- Napoleon’s imprisonment of the Pope in 1808 led to hostility from the
catholic Europe like Spain and Austria against France
- He created Napoleonic empire and dynasty in Europe after the overthrow of
legitimate rulers
- His rule led to the rise of Nationalism throughout Europe
- He disorganized the map of Europe through his conquests
- He led to loss of lives due to his endless wars e.g. in the peninsular 1808 and
Moscow wards 1811 – 12.
- His aggressive wars led to the destruction of property not only in France but
also in the whole of Europe
- He revived arbitrary arrests to reduce opposition

3. Assess the contribution of Tzar Nicholas I of Russia in the outbreak of the

polish revolt of 1830. (25 marks)

Preamble
- Candidates are expected to analyze the contribution of Tsar Nicholas I in
the outbreak of the Polish revolt Visa – Avis other factors
- A clear stand point is required

Core
- The Polish rebellion / revolution of November 1830 was a nationalistic and
liberal uprising by the poles against the leadership of despotism of Russia

7
- Tsar Nicholas I came to power in 1825 after the Death of Tsar Alexander I
- He denied the poles their independence
- He denied liberal reforms to the poles like freedom of speech and
association
- He withdrew a liberal constitution that had been drafted by Tsar Alexander I
before his death
- He made the poles to speak the Russian language in all public offices.
- He promoted religious intolerance i.e. he made orthodox religion official
religion instead of allowing protestant religion
- He made Russians dominate government positions
- He censored the polish news papers
- Failure of Tsar Nicholas I to call polish parliament since 1825.
- The Russian secret police harassed the polish nationalists
- There was unfair promotion into government ranks i.e. Russian never
promoted the poles
- He promoted economic domination of polish resources by the Russians
- Tsar Nicholas’s failure to add Lithuania to Poland as had been promised
- Imposed unfair taxation to the poles
- He promoted feudalism
- He exploited polish labour

Other factors
- The rise of polish nationalism
- The Vienna settlement 1815 which put Poland under the Russian control
- The success of the July 1830 revolution in France
- The British liberal attitude and support of liberalism
- Russian dictatorship and arbitrary rule upon the poles
- The Death of Alexander I of Russia
- The influence of Napoleon I’s reforms
- The role of polish intellectuals from the university of Warsaw
- Inspiration from 1789 French revolution
- The Russian plan to send the polish army to suppress the French and
Belgian revolts of 1830
- Desire by polish nobility to regain their political economic and social
priviledges.
8
4. Account for the collapse of the Austrian Empire by 1866. (25 marks)
Preamble
- Candidates are expected to explain the reasons / factors that contributed to
the collapse of the Austrian empire by 1866.

Core
- Austrian / Hapsburg empire comprised of nationalities like Czechs’ Serbs,
Slovaks, Germans, Hungarians (Magyars, croats, Slovenes, galacians,
Italians and the Austrians)
- The empire collapsed because of;
- The rise of nationalism among different nationalities
- Downfall of prince Metternich in March 1848
- The influence of 1789, 1830, and 1848 revolutions in France led to the
revolutions in the Austrian Empire
- The rise of intellectuals like Louis Kossuth in Hungary, Cavour in Italy
Bismack in Prussia etc
- Dictatorship and despotic nature of the Hapsburg rule e.g. Francis I,
Ferdinard and Francis Joseph
- Religious intolerance with the empire it promoted Catholicism at the
expense of other religions
- Strict censorship of the press with in the empire
- Influence of feudalism and serfdom
- Economic grievances of the middle class
- Social inequalities i.e. there existed social stratification with in the empire
- Economic hardships e.g. unemployment, inflation, poor working conditions,
food shortages, bankruptcy of the empire, poor trade policies etc
- Failure of emperor Ferdinand to implement proposed reforms
- High population growth rates
- Rise of socialism and socialist activities (Karl Marx writings)

9
 - Negative effects of bad weather and economic depression of 1846 – 47.
- The defeat of Austria by Piedmont in 1859
- Creation of Italian kingdom in 1861 made her lose states of Naples, Papal
states, central Dutchies, Lombardy
- The defeat of Austria by Prussia in 1866 made her lose northern German
states.
- Heterogeneous nature of the empire
- Rise of a liberal
- Role of France
- Role of Britain
- Pope Pius XVII in 1846
Mark as a whole
25 marks

5. ‘Internal factors were primarily responsible for the disintegration of the

Ottoman Empire in the 19th Century’ Discuss.
(25 marks)
Preamble
- Candidates are expected to discuss the contribution of internal factors
towards the collapse of the Ottoman empire visa - avis other factors which
were external in nature
- A clear stand point is required

Core
- The Ottoman / Turkish empire comprised of various nationalities e.g. serbs,
Rumamans, Greeks, Bulkans, Albanians, Egyptians, Algenians and other
nationalities of South Eastern Europe
- At the end of the 18th Century the Ottoman Empire started declining as the
various subject nationalities in the Baveans struggled to secure their
independence
- Rise of nationalism and liberalism with the empire
- Religious differences (Muslims V’s Orthodox Christians)
- Poor leadership and administration
10
 - Weak character of successive Turkish sultans
- Bankruptcy of the empire
- Decline in military strength
- Emergence of a strong middle class and elites
- Disloyalty of the Turkish governors
- Inconsistencies of the empires foreign policy
- Huge size of the empire

Other factors / external factors

- The influence of the revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity of
1789
- The heterogeneous nature of the empire
- Interference of the great powers of Europe Britain, Russia, France, Prussia,
France, Prussia and Austria
- Failure of the Vienna peace makers to discuss the declining position of
Turkey
- Weaknesses of the congress system.
Mark as a whole
25 marks

6. How did Otto Von Bismarck isolate France between 1871 and 1890?
(25 marks)
Preamble
- Candidates are expected to analyze the methods / policies used by Otto Von-
Bismarck to isolate France between 1871 – 1890

Core
- Viable introduction
- Imposition of heavy war indemnity on France, 1871
- Left the army of occupation in France 1871
- Supported the establishment of the republican state in France 1872 - 75
- Formed the three emperors league (Dreikaiserband) of Germany Russia and
Austria, Hungary – 1872
- He supported French claims over Tunisia in the Berlin congress of 1878

11
 - Strengthened the Dual Alliance of 1879
- Renewed the three emperors league in 1881
- Formed the triple Alliance of Germany Austria – Hungary and Italy 1882
- Made alliance with Rumania in 1882
- Support many of French claims in the Berlin conference of 1884 – 1885
- Settled colonial conflict to avoid any international conflicts 1884 - 1885
- Made reinsurance treaty with Russia in 1887
- He avoided conflicts with Britain – 1887 - 88
- He used military threats starting 1875 against France (War of the mores)
- Signed 1st and 2nd mediterrenian agreements - 1888 - 89
- Created internal unity of Germany
- Created a strong Germany Army
- He used a strong Germany, Economy by Exploiting Alsace and Lorraine -
1872 – 1890.
- Suffocated Catholics in Germany
- Suffocated the liberals in Germany

Mark as a whole
25 marks

7. Why did European powers fail to avert the occurrence of World War I by
1914? (25 marks)
Preamble
- Candidates are expected to explain the reasons or factors that made
European powers to fail to a stop / avert the occurrence of world war I by
1914.
- Candidates should explain the inevitability of the war by 1914

Core / points to consider

- World War I was a military conflict that was fought by Britain France
Russia and their allies like USA, Belgium, Serbia, Japan, Italy, and Romania

12
 (Triple entente) against Germany, Austria – Hungary and their allies like
Bulgaris; Turkey
- It was fought between 1914 – 1918
- It was fought on land, air and sea across different continents
- It was made inevitable because;
- The formation of hostile alliance by 1914 (triple entente and triple alliance)
- The impact of arms race (failure of disarmament conferences of 1899 and
1907) Emergence of the revenge movement from France as a result of the
Franco – Prussian war of 1870 – 71.
- Rise of selfish nationalism on the European continent
- Emergence of Balkan nationalism (outbreak of Balkan wars 1912 – 13)
- The impact of imperialism and economic conflicts / rivalry by 1914 both in
Europe and Africa and Asia
- The role of the press exaggerations
- The arrogant character of Kaiser William II of Germany
- The emergence of militarism on the continent of Europe
- The influence of Dawin’s theory of survival of the fittest
- The French desire to regain Alsace and Lorraine from Germany
- Change in the European balance of power in favour of Germany and Italy
after their unifications
- Absence of European diplomats after the resignation of Ottovon Bismarck in
1890
- The murder of Francis Ferdinand the Arch Duke on 28th June 1914
- The harsh ultimatum issued by Austrian – Hungary
- Germany invasion of Belgium in her attempt to attack France and Russia
on 1st August 1914.
25 marks (mark as a whole)

8. Assess the achievements of Benito Mussolini for Italy between 1922 and
1944. (25 marks)
Preamble

13
- Candidates are expected to analyze the achievements visa – avis failures of
Benito Mussolini.
- A clear stand point is required.

Core
- Benito Mussolini was a prime minister of Italy between 1922 and 1944
- He was appointed prime minister of Italy by King Victar Emmanuel II to
replace Vitorio Orlando
- His regime was built on the principles of Fascism that centred on extreme
nationalism and dictatorship
- He created law and order in Italy and ended the lawlessness associated with
the previous regime.
- He ended conflicts between the state and the Catholic Church through the
signing of the concordat with the Pope in 1929.
- Promoted Italian foreign glory and national pride e.g. occupation of Ethipia
1935 - 41
- He encouraged industrialization programs through government subsidies
- He encouraged infrastructural development e.g. motorways, bridges, blocks
of flats, railways etc
- Promoted agricultural development through privatization, teaching farmers
better production methods etc.
- He promoted education in Italy through allocating huge resources i.e.
building and renovating schools, libraries etc.
- He managed environmental challenges e.g. promoted afforestaion, land
reclamation etc.
- Promoted trade through cooperative trade unions.
- Promoted European diplomacy with France, Austria and Germany e.g.
Locarno conference and Munich agreement
- Helped to check the spread of commuinism
- He improved the relationship between the workers and the employers in
Italy e.g. high wages, loan cars (vox wagon)
- Stabilized national administration and balanced the annual budget of Italy
- He promoted nationalism and feelings of patriotism especially through the
education institutions.

14
 - He promoted sports in Italy e.g. built various sports stadiums and funded
sports activities.

Failures

- he failed to monitor the economy and allowed the fascist leaders to exercise
excessive corruption and misuse of government funds which consequently
crippled the Italian economy.
- He failed to stabilize the exchange rates and this ruined the economy
- Failed to provide social services e.g. he never invested in the rural
development
- Limited his achievements to a few Italians for example he promoted under
development of Southern Italy where the people did not support the facist
regime
- Failed to solve the problem of shortage of basic raw materials e.g. coal and
oil
- He encouraged anti – Semitism against the Jews in 1938
- He suffocated other political parties in Italy and dealt with opposition
ruthlessly
- He revived aggressive foreign policies and revived alliance system
- He established fascist dictatorship and ruled by decrees
- Carried out strict censorship of the press
- Undermined international trade by promoting protectionism in Italy
- Failed to plan and control higher birth rates in Italy leading to high
population densities and shortage of land.

Mark as a whole (25 marks)

9. Examine the impact of World War II by 1970. (25 marks)

Preamble
- Candidates are expected to clearly explain the impact of world war II by
1970.
- Candidates should show the positive and negative effects of the war
- A clear stand point is required

15
 Core
- World War II started in 1939 when Britain and France declared war on
Germany following Germany invasion of Poland and lasted up to 1945.
- It was fought between Germany and her allies like Italy and Japan (Axis
powers) against Britain, France, Russia later USA plus their allies in
different parts of the world.
- It ended in 1945 with the defeat of Germany and her allies
- The effects were both positive and negative in nature which were political
social and economic in nature.
- The end of the war II led to the trial of German war criminals between 1945
– 1946
- The war led to the signing of peace treaties between the allies and the minor
defeated powers especially Italy, Rumania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland.
- It led to the redrawing of the map of Europe i.e. Austria was detached from
Germany. Russia received part East Prussia, Poland was given a western
frontier.
- It increased Russian influence in European affairs – Russia played a key
role in liberating eastern Europe from Nazzi occupation
- It led to the provision of relief and rehabilitation of war torn Europe.
- It led to war time conferences organized by the allied powers.
- It led to the formation of United Nations Organization to replace the LON.
- Facilitated rapid scientific and technological development in Europe
- It led to loss of colonies by European powers due to the decolonization
process that followed.
- It led to the establishment of Jewish state of Israel in 1948.
- It led to the spread of communism in Europe

16
 - It led to the downfall of dictators and axis leaders
- It led to the defeat of Germany and her allies.
- Led to change of governments in Europe e.g. in Italy, there was
establishment of a republican government in 1946, in Germany and in
France 3rd French republic collapsed and the Vichy government was
established.
- Gave birth to European economic community EEC.
- Contributed to unpopularity of liberal democracy and rise of welfare states.
- Enhanced womens’ rights movement in Europe
- It led to increased American influence in European affairs
- Led to massive loss of lives both combats and civilians (about 40 million
people)
- It led to mass destruction of property in Europe
- Led to displacement of people i.e. about 21 million people were displaced
- The war led to economic decline in Europe
- It gave birth to the cold war between Russia and her former allies
- Led to allied occupation of Germany
- Led to formation of alliances and renewed arms race
- Led to ideological division of Europe into two camps
- Led to the collapse of the League of Nations
- Led to massive population movements in Europe
- Massive unemployment
Mark as a whole (25 marks)

10. How did the communists control Eastern Europe by 1970? (25 marks)
Preamble

17
 Candidates are expected to analyze the methods used by communists to
control their countries.

Core
- Communism emerged after the success of the Bolshevik revolution of 1917
in Russia
- It was officially adopted in Russia in 1924 when Josef Stalin became the
leader of the communist Russia
- By 1945 Russia had succeeded in turning Poland, Hungary Czechoslovakia
Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania and East Germany communist countries hence
forming USSR, Yugoslavia was a communist country but not a member of
USSR i.e. she gained her independence in 1945 but president Sir Tito (1953
– 1980) refused to join USSR.
- Josef Stalin made them Carbon copies of Russia through Comin form and
Come corn.
- All countries were supposed to have same political and educational systems
- They had to adopt five year development plans which included
nationalization of industries ruthless collectivization of agriculture
- All countries had to carry out the bulk trade with Russia
- All foreign policies and armed forces were controlled by Moscow.
- There were executions of un reliable leaders e.g. in Czechslovaika clement
is and Slansky were executed.
- Cultural revolution based on Russian principles was adopted
- There was creation of communes as small administrative units in different
countries
- The countries had supported the establishment of small scale industries
while large scale private owned were nationalized
- The population was kept in a state of poverty for easy administration

18
- Justifications programmes were adopted in USSR
- They established soviets in all countries.
- Use of force and strong armed forces
- Establishment of strong spy network.
- Use of economic aid
- Use of blockage e.g. Berlin blockage.

25 marks (Mark as a whole)

END

19