PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, VS.

TOMAS DIMACUHA,
JR., EDGAR ALLEN ALVAREZ, RODEL CABALLERO, LUIS EVANGELISTA, RICKY
BARRIAO, LITO GUALTER, TESS GUALTER, BOGS EVANGELISTA, ALIAS THEO,
ALIAS NONONG, ALIAS JOHNY AND JOHN DOES, ACCUSED, EDGAR ALLEN
ALVAREZ AND RODEL CABALLERO, ACCUSED-APPELLANTS.

2015-02-02 | G.R. No. 191060

SECOND DIVISION

RESOLUTION

DEL CASTILLO, J.:

Appellants Edgar Allen Alvarez (Alvarez) and Rodel Caballero (Caballero), together with the accused who
remain at-large, were charged with the crime of murder1 for the fatal shooting of Nicanor Morfe Agon (Agon).2
During the arraignment, appellants entered separate pleas of not guilty.3 After trial, the Regional Trial Court
(RTC) of Batangas City, Branch 2, rendered a Decision4 dated May 11, 2007 finding the appellants guilty
beyond reasonable doubt of the crime charged, viz:

WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing, accused EDGAR ALLEN ALVAREZ and RODEL
CABALLERO, are hereby found guilty of the crime of Murder defined and penalized under Article 248
of the Revised Penal Code, with the qualifying and/or aggravating circumstance of treachery and
evident premeditation and both accused are hereby sentenced to suffer the penalty of RECLUSION
PERPETUA. They are further ordered to pay the heirs of Nicanor Agon y Morpe jointly and severally
the amount of P100,000.00 as civil liability and to pay the costs.

Considering that accused Tomas Dimacuha, Jr., Luis Evangelista, Ricky Barriao, Alias Joey, Alias
Theo, Alias Nonong, Alias Johny and John Does are still at large, let the charges against them be
archived subject to revival upon their apprehension.
Let a copy of this decision be furnished the Secretary of Justice for his information of the procedural
lapses in the selection of George Vitan as prosecution witness and for his appropriate action.
SO ORDERED.5

Aggrieved, appellants appealed to the Court of Appeals (CA). In a Decision6 dated October 8, 2009, the CA
affirmed with modifications the ruling of the RTC, viz:

WHEREFORE, the appeal is DENIED. The assailed decision is AFFIRMED insofar as the
Accused-Appellants Edgar Allen Alvarez and Rodel Caballero are found guilty beyond reasonable
doubt of Murder and are penalized with imprisonment of reclusion perpetua. However, the award of
civil indemnity is REDUCED from One Hundred Thousand Pesos (Php100,000.00) to Fifty Thousand
Pesos (Php50,000.00). In addition, the Accused-Appellants are ORDERED to pay, jointly and severally,
the heirs of Nicanor Morfe Agon the amounts of Fifty Thousand Pesos (Php50,000.00) as moral
damages and Twenty Five Thousand Pesos (Php25,000.00) as exemplary damages. Costs against the
Accused-Appellants.

SO ORDERED.7

Hence, this appeal.

In a Resolution8 dated August 16, 2010, the Court directed the parties to file their respective supplemental
briefs, if they so desire. Both, however, opted to adopt the briefs they submitted before the CA as their
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supplemental briefs.9

Appellants insist that the evidence was insufficient to warrant their conviction. First, the witnesses for the
prosecution did not testify on the material allegations stated in the complaint sheet and the sworn statements,
thereby depriving them of the opportunity to cross-examine said witnesses. Second, there was no proof that
Agon and the person referred to in the death certificate are one and the same. Third, the prosecution failed to
present in court the murder weapons, as well as the slugs. Fourth, there was no testimony proffered on the
caliber of the gun used in shooting Agon. And lastly, appellants maintain that they were denied due process
when the RTC ordered the discontinuance of their presentation of additional witnesses.

The Court is not convinced.

The elements of the crime of murder are: (1) a person was killed; (2) the accused killed him or her; (3) the
killing was attended by any of the qualifying circumstances mentioned in Article 248 of the Revised Penal
Code (RPC); and (4) that the killing is not parricide or infanticide.10 These requisites have been established by
the prosecution.

The gunman himself who testified for the prosecution, George Vitan (Vitan), testified that his group “Black
Shark” killed Agon. One of the responding policemen PO2 Arnold Abdon, for his part, testified that he went to
the hospital where Agon was taken and the latter was already dead when he arrived. Further, the
Medico-Legal Officer, Dr. Antonio S. Vertido, testified on the post-mortem examination he conducted upon
Agon which showed that the latter sustained six gunshot wounds, two of which were fatal. The element
therefore that a person was killed is obtaining in this case.

That appellants killed Agon was established through the prosecution witnesses composed of Vitan and two
other self-confessed former members of “Black Shark”, Arnel Balocon and Romulo Gasta. Their testimonies
pointed to appellants as among those who planned and executed the killing of Agon.

The fatal shooting of Agon was attended by treachery, a qualifying circumstance listed under Article 248 and
notably, alleged in the Information. For treachery to be properly appreciated, two conditions must be present:
(1) at the time of the assault, the victim was not in a position to defend himself; and (2) the offender
consciously adopted the particular means, methods, or forms of attack employed by him.11 These conditions
were present in the killing of Agon. The assault upon Agon was deliberate, swift and sudden, denying him the
opportunity to protect or defend himself. He was unarmed and unaware of the plot of appellants to kill him.
Moreover, the means, method or manner of execution of the attack was deliberately and consciously adopted
by appellants, the same being in accordance with their group’s plan to liquidate Agon. As aptly ruled by the
RTC:

The prosecution evidence show that herein accused, together with their group deliberately executed
their aggression without any risk arising from their victim, who was caught unaware, helpless and
defenseless. At the time the group commenced their aggression, Nick Agon was entirely unsuspecting,
as he was on board his Mitsubishi Pajero traversing a narrow street leading to the highway. He (Agon)
was surprised when Theo and George Vitan suddenly approached from the right side of his vehicle and
promptly fired at him successively. This manner purposely adopted by the duo coupled with the help
given by their comrades to ensure the commission of the crime clearly constitutes treachery; x x x.12

Finally, the killing of Agon was neither parricide nor infanticide.

All the elements of the crime of murder being present in this case, the RTC and the CA thus correctly ruled in
finding appellants guilty of the said crime.

It must be noted as well that the evidence adduced by the prosecution is also sufficient to establish the
presence of the aggravating circumstance of evident premeditation, which has the following elements: (1) the
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time when the offender determined to commit the crime; (2) an act manifestly indicating that the accused
clung to his determination; and (3) a sufficient lapse of time between determination and execution to allow
himself time to reflect upon the consequences of his act.13 Vitan testified that the plan to kill Agon was
conceived a day before the victim was fatally shot. Appellants and their cohorts therefore, had adequate time
to reflect on the consequences of their contemplated crime prior to its execution. The period of time when
appellants planned to kill Agon and the time when they implemented such plan afforded them the opportunity
for meditation and reflection on the consequences of the murder they committed.

The lower courts’ finding of conspiracy must also be sustained. There is conspiracy “when two or more
persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it. It arises on
the very instant the plotters agree, expressly or impliedly, to commit the felony and forthwith decide to pursue
it.”14 Here, the evidence is sufficient to prove that appellants conspired to murder Agon. Vitan testified that on
February 21, 2004, he, the accused and appellants agreed to murder Agon. In accordance with their plan,
they proceeded the next day, February 22, 2004, to the cockpit arena, a place which they knew that Agon
would be at on that particular day. Upon their arrival thereat, the members of the group which included
appellants positioned themselves according to their plan and waited for Agon to leave. Later on, Caballero
signaled Vitan and the other alleged gunman, accused Theo (Theo), that the target had left the arena and that
his vehicle was already approaching their position. When Agon’s vehicle came, Vitan and Theo fired at him.
Vitan, Caballero, Alvarez, who acted as one of the back-ups, and the rest of the group then fled the scene of
the crime. Clearly, there was unity of action and purpose among the members of “Black Shark,” which include
appellants in killing Agon.

Conspiracy having been established, evidence as to who delivered the fatal blow is no longer indispensable.
Hence, it is immaterial if Caballero’s role was merely to signal the gunmen and Alvarez’s, to act as back-up.
Each of the offender is equally guilty of the criminal act since in conspiracy the act of one is the act of all.15

Anent appellants’ claim of denial of due process since their presentation of additional witnesses was
disallowed by the RTC, the Court finds that the CA had already amply and correctly addressed this issue,
thus:

x x x We find that the RTC had every reason to discontinue the presentation of evidence by the
Accused-Appellants. They sought postponements, to reiterate, not only once or twice, but on many
instances. Considering that the RTC and its entire staff had to travel outside the province of Batangas,
and the fact that the Accused-Appellants intended to present other witnesses, they should have
therefore been more discerning in seeking the resetting of the trial proceedings to avoid unreasonable
delay.

As the RTC correctly held, the concept of speedy trial is available not only to the accused but also the State
because, while an accused does have rights, let it not be forgotten that the aggrieved also have the same
rights. Thus, the Accused-Appellants were not denied due process considering that they were able to testify
on their own behalf and that it is within their power, which they miserably failed, to ensure that they are able to
present their case without delay 16

In the same vein, appellants’ other arguments, i.e., that there was no testimony respecting the complaint
sheet; that the murder weapons and the slugs were not presented in evidence; and that the medico-legal
officer who conducted the post-mortem examination on Agon did not testify on the identity and caliber of the
firearms used in the killing, do not deserve credence. The non-presentation of such items and testimonies is
not indispensable to the successful prosecution of the appellants since they are not elements of the crime of
murder.17

As to the alleged failure of the prosecution witnesses to testify on their sworn statements, suffice it to say that
the failure of the prosecution witnesses to reiterate the contents of their sworn statements during trial does not
affect their credibility and render the sworn statements useless and insignificant, as long as they are
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presented as evidence in open court. The sworn statements and the open court declarations must be
evaluated and examined together to obtain a thorough determination of the merits of the case. The
presentation of these sworn statements during the trial and the attestation of the prosecution witnesses
thereto render the same admissible in evidence. Moreover, appellants’ contention that they were denied the
opportunity to cross-examine the prosecution witnesses on the contents of their sinumpaang salaysay(s) has
no factual basis. The records reveal that they cross-examined the witnesses after the prosecution’s direct
examination.

It must be noted that in the face of the glaring evidence against them, appellants could only muster the
defenses of denial and alibi. As consistently ruled by the Court, denial and alibi are disfavored on account of
the facility with which they can be concocted to suit the defense of an accused. Being negative defenses, they
must be corroborated and substantiated by clear and convincing evidence; otherwise, they would merit no
weight in law and cannot be given greater value in evidence than the testimony of credible witnesses who
testified on affirmative matters.18 In this case, appellants failed to proffer corroborative evidence in spite of the
opportunities provided to them. Hence, their self-serving testimonies of denial and alibi cannot prevail over
Vitan’s positive identification of them as perpetrators of the crime. Indeed, their defenses do not deserve any
weight in evidence.

Going now to the imposable penalty, the crime of murder is punished by reclusion perpetua to death. The
RTC and the CA were correct in ruling that the attendant circumstance of treachery qualified the killing to
murder. However, with the aggravating circumstance of evident premeditation also found to be present, the
greater penalty of death is the imposable penalty pursuant to Article 6319 of the RPC. Nevertheless, in lieu of
death penalty, the imposition upon appellants of the penalty of reclusion perpetua in this case is proper
pursuant to Republic Act No. 9346.20 It must also be added that appellants are not eligible for parole.21

With respect to damages, the amounts of civil indemnity, moral damages and exemplary damages awarded
by the CA must be increased to P100,000.00 each in line with prevailing jurisprudence.22 Moreover, temperate
damages in the amount of P25,000.00 must also be awarded in view of the absence of evidence of burial and
funeral expenses. Lastly, interest of 6% per annum shall be imposed on all the awards of damages from the
date of finality of this judgment until fully paid.23

WHEREFORE, the October 8, 2009 Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR-H.C. No. 03048
affirming the conviction by the Regional Trial Court of Batangas City, Branch 2 of appellants Edgar Allen
Alvarez and Rodel Caballero of the crime of murder for which they were sentenced to suffer the penalty of
reclusion perpetua, is AFFIRMED with MODIFICATIONS that (1) appellants are not eligible for parole; (2) the
awards of civil indemnity, moral damages and exemplary damages to the victim’s heirs are each increased to
P100,000.00; (3) appellants are further ordered to pay the victim’s heirs temperate damages in the amount of
P25,000.00; and, (4) all damages awarded shall earn interest at the rate of 6% per annum from date of finality
of this judgment until fully paid.

SO ORDERED.

Carpio, (Chairperson), Velasco, Jr.,* Mendoza, and Leonen, JJ., concur.

* Per Special Order No. 1910 dated January 12, 2015.

[1] The accusatory portion of the Information reads as follows:

That on or about the 22nd day of February 2004, at Sta. Rita, Batangas City, Philippines, and within the
jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, confederating, mutually helping each
other and with conspiracy and with intent to kill, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously
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 killed [sic] NICKANOR MORFE AGON in the following manner, to wit: They planned to kill Nickanor
Morfe Agon as they followed him first from the cockpit, while his [P]ajero was about to turn, it slowed
down and at that juncture, and taking advantage of superior strength armed with several guns, they
fired at him for many times and on the different parts of his body thereby inflicting upon him mortal
wounds which were the direct and immediate cause of his death.
CONTRARY TO LAW with qualifying and[/]or aggravating circumstances of evident premeditation,
treachery, with aid of armed men, for consideration or reward and with use of motor vehicles. (Records,
pp. 1-2)

[2] Sometimes spelled as Nickanor Morfe Agon and Nicanor Morpe Agon in the records.

[3] Id. at 106.

[4] Id. at 314-329; penned by Presiding Judge Maria Cecilia I. Austria.

[5] Id. at 328.

[6] CA rollo, pp. 170-195; penned by Associate Justice Normandie B. Pizarro and concurred in by Associate
Justices Rosalinda Asuncion-Vicente and Ramon R. Garcia.

[7] Id. at 194.

[8] Rollo, p. 38.

[9] Id. at 39-41 and 44-47.

[10] People v. Lagman, G.R. No. 197807, April 16, 2012, 669 SCRA 512, 522.

[11] Id. at 524.

[12] Records, pp. 325-326.

[13] People v. Nimuan, G.R. No. 182918, June 6, 2011, 650 SCRA 597, 604-605.

[14] People v. Amodia, 602 Phil. 889, 911-912 (2009).

[15] People v. Agacer, G.R. No. 177751, December 14, 2011, 662 SCRA 461, 472.

[16] CA rollo, pp. 183-184.

[17] People v. Nicolas, 448 Phil. 253, 264-265 (2003).

[18] People v. Dela Paz, 569 Phil. 684, 700 (2008).

[19] Article 63. Rules for the application of indivisible penalties. – x x x x

In all cases in which the law prescribes a penalty composed of two indivisible penalties the following
rules shall be observed in the application thereof:
1. When in the commission of the deed there is present only one aggravating circumstance, the greater
penalty shall be applied.
xxxx

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[20] AN ACT PROHIBITING THE IMPOSITION OF DEATH PENALTY IN THE PHILIPPINES.

[21] People v. Tolentino, 570 Phil. 255, 284 (2008).

[22] People v. Gambao, G.R. No. 172707, October 1, 2013, 706 SCRA 508, 535.

[23] People v. Lagman, supra note 10 at 529.

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