BASIC ELECTRICAL MACHINE UNIT1 Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic Materials: Magnetic circuits ‘A magnetic circuit is a closed loop that contains a magnetic flux and is made up of one or more paths + Flux: Generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets + Paths: Made up of ferromagnetic materials like iron, air gaps, or other materials A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux. The flux is usually generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets and confined to the path by magnetic cores consisting of ferromagnetic materials like iron, although there may be air gaps or other materials in the path. Magnetic cireuits are employed to efficiently channel magnetic fields in many devices such as clectric motors, generators, transformers, relays, lifting electromagnets, SQUIDs, galvanometers, and magnetic recording heads. Here are some characteristics of magnetic circuits: + Magnetic field lines: Each magnetic field line makes a complete unbroken loop + Flux: All the lines together constitute the total flux. + Parallel circuit: If the flux is divided so that part of itis confined to a portion of the device and part to another, the magnetic circuit is called parallel + Series magnetic circuit: |f all the flux is confined to a single closed loop the circuit is called a series magnetic circuit.Magnetic Flux Electric Current ogni Crit 2mm Some laws that govern magnetic circuits include: + Ohm's law for magnetic circuits This law states that This law states that = a where gis the magnetic flux, MMF is the magnetomotive force, and Ris the reluctance. # + Kirchhoff's law for magnetic circuits This law states that the sum of magnetomotive forces around a closed loop is equal to the sum of the products of magnetic flux and reluctance in that loop. + Kirchhoff's first law ‘This law states that the algebraic sum of the magnetic flux entering and leaving a node ina magnetic circuit is zero + Hopkinson's law This law is the counterpart to Ohm's law for magnetic circuits. + Faraday's laws of induction These laws state that any change in magnetic flux linking a coil induces anelectromotive force (emf) in the coil Faraday’s first law + Acchanging magnetic field linked with a conductor induces an EMF in the conductor. + The induced EMF lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux continues. Faraday’s second law + The magnitude of the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the conductor. + The flux linkage is the product of the number of turns in the coil and the flux associated with the coil + Lenz's law This law states that the induced current flows in a direction to oppose the change producing it. Magnetic flux(): The magnetic lines of force produced by a_magnet is called magnetic flux. It is denoted by and its unit is Weber 1 weber = 108 lines of force 2. Magnetic field strength This is also known as field intensity. magnetic intensity or magnetic field, and is represented by the letter H. Its unit is ampere turns per metre. H= Ampere turns / Length H=NU/ AT/m 3.Flux densityThe total number of lines of force per square metre of the cross-sectional area of the magnetic core is called flux density, and is represented by the symbol B. Its ST unit (in the MKS system) is testa (weber per metre square). B= $/a Wh/m2 or Tesla where -total flux in webers A- area of the core in square metres B- flux density in weber/metre square 4. Magneto-Motive Force The amount of flux density setup in the core is dependent upon five factors - the current, number of turns, material of the magnetic core, length of core and the cross -sectional area of the core. More current and the more turns of wire we use, the greater will be the magnetizing effect. We call this product of the turns and current the magneto motive force (mmf), similar to the electromotive force (ernf) MME = NI ampere - turns Where mmf is the magneto motive force in ampere turns Nis the number of turns, A. 5. Magnetic ReluctanceIn the magnetic circuit there is something analogous to electrical resistance, and is called reluctance. (symbol S). The total flux is inversely proportional to the reluctance and so if we denote mmf by ampere turns. we can write S pla S-KI/a K = Constant of proportionality = Reciprocal of absolute permeability of material S=L/pa =1/popra A/Wb Where, S - reluctance I- length of the magnetic path in meters j1o- permeability of free space ur- relative permeability a - cross-seetional area 6. Residual Magnetism Itis the magnetism which remains in a material when the effective magnetizing force has been reduced to zero. 7. Magnetic Saturation ‘The limit beyond which the strength of a magnet cannot be increased is called magnetic saturation. 8. End RuleAccording to this rule the current direction when looked from one end of the coil is in clock wise direction then that end is South Pole. If the current direction is in anti clock wise direction then that end is North Pole. 9. Len’s Law When an emf is induced ina circuit electromagnetically the current set up always opposes the motion or change in current which produces it 10. Electro magnetic induction Electromagnetic induction means the electricity induced by the magnetic field Faraday’s Laws of Electro Magnetic Induction There are two laws of Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction. They are, 1) First Law 2) Second Law First Law Whenever a conductor cuts the magnetic flux lines an emf is induced in the conductor. Second LawThe magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux-linkages. 11. Fleming's Right Hand Rule This rule is used to find out the direction of dynamically induced emf. According to the rule hold out the right hand with the Index finger middle finger and thumb at the right angels to each others. If the index finger represents the direction of the lines of flux, the thumb points in the direction of motion then middle finger points in the direction of induced current. Direction of iced EMF Figure 1.3 Fleming's Right Hand Rule Inductance is a measure of how much energy an induetor can store in a magnetic field, and the energy stored in an inductor is directly proportional to its inductance. Explanation + Inductance A property of an electrical conductor that measures its opposition to changes incurrent, Its represented by the symbol L. and measured in Henries + Energy stored in an inductor The energy stored in the magnetic field of an inductor. It’s represented by the equation w= 4 LI, where Wis the energy. Lis the inductance. and /'is the current. # + Magnetic field The field created around a conductor by an electric current. The strength of the field depends on the magnitude of the current Inductance is a fundamental concept in electromagnetism that describes a circuit clement's ability to oppose changes in current by storing energy in a magnetic field. It's typically associated with inductors, but it applies to any conductor where a magnetic field is generated by current flow. Inductance (L) + Definition: Inductance is the property of a conductor or circuit that quantifies its ability to induce an electromotive force (EMF) due to a change in current. + Unit: The unit of inductance is the henry (1), where 1H. = Formul. & Bo a inductance, ©) Bis the magnetic flux linkage, © Tis the current. For a coil or inductor: N® ee T where IN is the number of turns in the coil.Energy Stored in an Inductor An induetor stores energy in the magnetic field created by the current passing through it. + Formula e-iir 2 + Eis the energy stored (in joules), © Lis the inductance (in henries). Lis the current through the inductor (in amperes). Key Points 1. Self-Inductance: The property of a single coil or circuit to induce an EMF in itself due to a change in its current. 2. Mutual Inductance: The property of one coil to induce an EMF ina neighboring coil due to a change in current 3. Energy Conversion: An inductor converts electrical energy into magnetic energy and can release it back into the circuit 4. RL Circuit: In circuits with resistors and inductors, the energy dissipation and storage depend on the time constant (t=L/R\tau = L/Rt=L/R). 1. Statically Induced EMF produced when the magnetic fiel 1g with a stationary 1e. In this case, there is no relative motion between the conductor and the magnetic field. Types of Statically Induced EMF: + Self-induced EMF: ‘© When the magnetic field in a circuit changes due to a varying current in thesame circuit. © Governed by Lenz's Law and Faraday’s Law of Induction. © Example: An inductor in an AC circuit. © Formula: © B where: © Lis the inductance, © di\dtis the rate of change of current. ® Mutually Induced EMF: ‘| When the magnetic field in one circuit changes due to varying current in a neighboring circuit. + Example: Transformers. = Formula: dl EMF — Mz, © where: + MMMis the mutual inductance between the circuits, * di/dt is the rate of change of current in the primary circuit. 2. Dynamically Induced EMF Dynamically induced EMF is produced when there is relative motion between a conductor and magnetic field. The conductor cuts through magnetic flux lines, inducing an EMF according to Faraday's Law. Examples of Dynamically Induced EMF: + Generators: A rotating coil cuts through the magnetic field to induce an EMP. + Moving conductors in a magnetic field.Formula: + EME-B-L-v-sin® where: © Bis the magnetic flux density (in teslas), @ is the angle between the conductor and the magnetic fi Lis the length of the conductor (in meters), vis the velocity of the conductor relative to the field (in m/s), Differences Between Statically and Dynamically induced EMF: Feature Mechanism Conductor Movement Examples Governing Law Statically Induced EMF Change in magnetic flux linkage due to tis Stationary. Transformers, inductors. Faraday’s Law (time- varying field). Dynamically induced EMF Relative motion between conductor and magnetic field. Moving relative to the magnetic field. Generators, moving conductors in a magnetic field. Faraday’s Law (motion-induced field) TOrque is a measure of the rotational force that causes an object to rotate around anDiamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic materials materials materials They are weakly repelled by | They are weakly attracted by | They ere weakly strongly yas omgn a mognet. attracted by a magnet. aluminum iron 3 | sear | PaaS Repel : ‘Aetract Attract They are weakly magnetised | They are weakly magnetised | They are strongly magnetised in opposite direction of in same direction of ‘n same direction of ‘magnetic Field. rmognetic Field, magnetic Field. Mognetic <——o Magnetic: ~—— Mognetic $——o fied * field field * Zi— —8H —t Diamagnetic Poramagnetic Ferromagneticom=a ma uniform magnetic field, no unitorm mognetic Field, | w.aumitorm magnetic field, they slowly align in perp direction. they slowly align in parellel. | they quickly align in parallel. Se 3 | os | cs eS Paromagnetic Ferromagnetic Diamagnetic materials lose their | Paramognetic materials lose their | Ferromagnetic materials dont ‘magnetism on removal oF magnet. | magnetisrm on removal of mognet.| lose magnetism on removal of external magnet. ‘Im a.monuniform magnetic Field, | ima nonuniform magnetic field, | Ina nonuniform magnetic Fie\ they move From stronger to they move from weoker to they move from weaker to weaker field due to repulsion. | stronger Field due to attraction, | stronger field due to attracth strong => weak ‘Strong ——> weak Strong ———> ioeok —EEESSSSSS—— SSS A permanent magnet is a material that retains its magnetic properties even after being removed from an external magnetic field, meaning it generates its own magnetic field due to the aligned electron spins within its atomic structure, allowing it to attract ferromagnetic materials iron without the need for an electric current; commonly use¢ applications speakers, motors, and medical imaging devices due to their al consistent magnetic force over time.Key points about permanent magnets: + Mechanism: of electrons within its ing The magnetism in a permanent magnet arises from the atoms, where most of the electrons within the material spin in the same direction, cre a collective magnetic field. ‘= Material properties: Materials like iron, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements (neodymium, samarium) are commonly used to make permanent magnets, as their atomic structure readily allows for electron spin alignment. © Magnetic field strength: The strength of a permanent magnet is deter measured by its "magnetic energy produ be stored per unit volume. 1d by its material composition and shape, indicates how much magnetic energy can * Applications: Permanent magnets are used in a wide range of apy compasses, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, wind turbi automotive components due to their ability to generate a consistent magnetic field. ications including speakers, motors, and certain Important concepts related to permanent magnets: © Coercive force: The amount of magnetic field strength required to demagnetize a permanent magnet. + Remanence: The residual magnetic field strength a magnet retains after being magnetized. + Magnetic domains: Tiny regions within a magnetic material where the electron spins are aligned, and when these domains are aligned across the whole material, it becomes magnetized.