BAS105 / BAS205: SOFT SKILLS Suffix

 What is suffix ?
AKTU Syllabus : Unit-1  Suffix is a letter or group of letters that is added at the end of a word.
 Role of suffix
Applied Grammar and Usage:
1-It changes the meaning and function of the word.
Transformation of Sentences: Simple, Compound and Complex,
Subject verb agreement, Prefix and Suffix, Antonyms, Synonyms, 2- It introduces a new word.
Homophones, Homonyms, New word Formation, Select word power  Example -
 Light +ly =lightly
 Bright +ness = brightness
 Wonder + full=wonderful
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Prefix Antonyms
 What are antonyms ? Antonym is a word that means the opposite of a word.
 What is Prefix ?
It is a semantic term for a word that has a meaning in contrast to the given
 A prefix is a letter or group of letters, that are added in the beginning of
word.
the word.
 Role of Antonyms -
 1-It brings variety in a sentence.
 Role of Prefix -
 2-By using antonyms, we can convey shaded of meaning and express our
1-It changes the meaning and function of a word.
intellectual insight into language.
2-It introduces a new word.
 3-It makes reading interesting, engaging and hence increases readability in
writing.
For example -
 Example -
 Un+qualified = unqualified
 Odd- Beautiful
 Multi+National = multi national
 Coward-Brave
 Dull-Bright
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 Synonyms Homophones
 What are synonyms ? Synonyms are the words that offer similar or identical meanings of a
 What are Homophones ? Homophones are the pair of words, that has words
particular word.
with same sounds ,but different meanings.
Hence Synonyms presents an alternate for a particular word.
 Role of synonyms -  Role of homophones -
 1- It brings variety.  Homophones, actually are semantic terms that are complicated to understand
and often create confusion to understand, because of having the same
 2-It helps us to avoid repetition and hence removes monotonous impact in our writing.
pronunciation.
 3-It makes reading interesting, engaging and hence increases readability in writing.
 4-Synonyms can be used to enrich our vocabulary, add depth to descriptions and enhance  Example -
communication.  Two-to
 Flour-floor
 For example -
 Their-there
 Target- Aim Beautiful –Pretty Rest- Repose
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Homonyms
 What are Homonyms ? Homonyms are the pair of words that have same Fair- (Good enough)
pronunciation, same spellings but have entirely different meanings. Fair- (Charges)
 Role of Homonyms -
 Homonyms, actually are semantic terms that are complicated to understand Bat- ( A tool to kick ball)
and often create confusion to understand, because of having the same Bat- ( A kind of Animal to be seen at night usually)
pronunciation, and even the same spellings.
 Example -
 Bank( river bank)/Bank (An organization, where all our financial services are
taken into consideration.
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 Homophones Vs Homonyms Phrase
 What is Phrase-
 Difference between Homophones and Homonyms- Phrase is a group of words ,that makes sense but not complete sense. It does not
 (1)-In homophones we have similar pronunciation but different meaning .while- have a subject and a verb.
In Homonyms, these are spelt and pronounced similar but has different meanings.
 Role of Phrase-
 (2)- In homophones ,only pronunciation is the same here. Whereas in  1-Phrase beautify our conversation/piece of writing.
Homonyms, with pronunciation, spelling is also the same.  2-By using phrase we may sound intelligent and knowledgeable.
 3-It brings variety in our writing, removing monotonous impact and hence
 (3)- All homophones are not essentially Homonyms. But -All Homonyms are increases readability.
Homophones, because they sound the same.  Example -
 Fit and fine
 On purpose
 Safe and sound
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Clause Simple Sentence
 What is Clause- Clause is a group of words, that includes a subject and a  Simple Sentence - A simple sentence consists of just one independent clause. It
verb. It gives a complete thought. expressed a complete thought. It usually has a subject and a verb.
 Kinds of clauses - There are 03 kinds of clauses - For example-
 1-Noun clause 2-Relative clause 3-Adverb clause  I like to read books.
 Role/Function of Clause-  Complex sentence- A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and
 1- It functions as an adjective. one or two dependent clauses (sub-ordinate).
 2-It modifies a Noun in a sentence. A dependent clause can not stand alone as a sentence.
 For example -  For example -
 She went to the college. They can go(independent clause), wherever they want(dependent clause)
 She speaks loudly.
 I shall come tomorrow.
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 Compound sentence Word Formation- How words are formed – Different Method
 Words are formed by using different techniques. Infact human beings create a new word as
per changing needs. These words are formed by using different methods. These are-
 Compound sentence - A compound sentence consists of two or more co-
ordinate (Independent) clauses. These are joined by a coordinating conjunction  (1) Borrowing words from other languages- it's a very commonly used method to recreate
or a semicolon. a new word. In English many words are formed ,borrowing words from other languages.
 Example -  Examples are many-
 Aman is a doctor (dependent clause)and Manu is an actor (Independent clause).  "Alcohol" from Arabic
 "Communication" from Latin.
 I like coffee (independent clause), he prefers tea.(independent clause).  "Technology" from Greek and Latin.
 "Boss" from Dutch.
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Word Formation- How words are formed – Different Method Word Formation- How words are formed – Different Method
 (2) By constructing portmanteau words- These are formed by combining the sound  (4) By using suffix - In this a group of letters are added to the end of a word to
and meaning of two different words. change the meaning of that particular word or to introduce a new word.
 For example -
 For example-  Light+ly
 netiquette-net+ etiquette  Lightly
 brunch-Breakfast+Lunch  Soft+ness
 Educom- Education+Communication  Softness
 (3) By back formation - In this method, generally a noun is reduced to the word of  (5)By using Prefix - In this a group of letters are added to the beginning of a word to
another type, usually a verb. change the meaning of that particular word or to introduce a new word.
 For example -
 For example -  Un+ Educated
 Opt from option  Uneducated
 Act from action  Multi+dimensional
 Emote from emotion  Multidimensional
 Quote from quotation
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 Word Formation- How words are formed – Different Method Rules of Subject, Verb Agreement
 (6) By using root words- Root words are actually the most original form of creating a  (1) If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too.
new word. Root words are actually the roots ,from these many new words the easily
formed.  Example : She writes every day.
 For example –
 (2) If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural.
Mal:-
 Example : They write every day.
 Malpractice, malnutrition
Pro:-  (3) When the subject of the sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns
connected by and, use a plural verb.
 Proactive, Proverb
 Example : The doctoral student and the committee members write every day.
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Rules of Subject Verb Agreement Rules of Subject Verb Agreement
 (4) When there is one subject and more than one verb, the verbs throughout the  (6) In sentences beginning with "there is" or "there are," the subject follows the verb.
sentence must agree with the subject. Since "there" is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows the verb.
 Example : Interviews are one way to collect data and allow researchers to gain an in-  Example : There is little administrative support.
depth understanding of participants.  Example : There are many factors affecting teacher retention.
 Example : An assumption is something that is generally accepted as true and is an  (7) Collective nouns are words, that imply more than one person but are considered
important consideration when conducting a doctoral study. singular and take a singular verb. Some examples are "group," "team," "committee,"
"family," and "class."
 (5) Some countable nouns in English such as earnings, goods, odds, surroundings,
proceeds, contents, and valuables only have a plural form and take a plural verb.  Example : The group meets every week.
 Example : The earnings for this quarter exceed expectations.  Example : The committee agrees on the quality of the writing.
 Example : The proceeds from the sale go to support the homeless population in the
city.
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 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement Rules of Subject Verb Agreement
 (8) Sentences with pronouns such as anybody, anyone, no one, somebody, someone,
everybody, everyone, nothing and nobody are treated as singular subjects and will  (10) When we are using a sentence to express a wish or a sentence expressing a
therefore use a singular verb. request, verbs are used a little differently from other sentences.
 For example :  For example:
 Nobody has understood anything.
 Everyone was happy with the outcome.  I wish I were a bird!
 Nothing fits me well.
 No one finds the movie interesting.  If you were here, I would not be sad.
 (9) When sentences have subjects like police, news, scissors, mathematics, etc.
(nouns that are plural by default), the verb used should be plural.
 For example:
 The news of demonetization shock the entire nation.
 The police have been looking for the culprits.
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Unit-1 : Lec-2 – Vocabulary Section ….Synonyms
Synonyms
 Adequate – Sufficient  Awesome – incredible
 Ample- Adequate  Awful-horrible (AKTU ,2023)
 Audacious – Bold  Announce – Describe
 Adorable - Lovable/Charming  Afraid-scared
 Astonish - Surprised
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 …..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Benefit- Gain  Cozy - comfortable
 Blank -empty  Close - near
 Blossom -bloom  Context -conditions
 Bright- dazzling  Cease- capture (aktu,2023)
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…..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Darling- dear
 Eager- keen
 Demand- request
 Efficient - Able
 Dream- illusion/vision
 Effort - Attempt
 Destroy- Devast, demolish
 Enjoy - Entertain, ecstasy
 Deny -Refuse(aktu,2023)
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 …..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Fade- Dim
 Gentle- compassionate
 Fragile -feeble
 Garbage - Rubbish
 Forgive -Pardon
 Gift-Present
 Factual -Actual
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…..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Hurt- damage  Idea- plan
 Ideal -perfect
 Hold- grip
 Independent - autonomous
 Habit - practice  Innocent -pure
 Inspire - boost
 Hire- appoint
 Invent -create
 Humanity -mankind  Issue- matter
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 …..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Kind-compassion
 Joke -Jest
 Kingdom-domain
 Journey -voyage
 Knock- bang
 Justice - equity  Knot-tie
 Knowledge- insight
 Kudos -admiration
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…..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Laudable - appreciable  Magic -enchantment
 Language -dialect  Mask- cover
 Luck - destiny  Mercy -pity
 Love- Affection  Middle- center, amid
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 …..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Neat- tidy  Obedient -docile
 Objective -Aim
 Normal -usual
 Offer- proposal
 Nourish - feed, sustain
 Omnipotent - divine
 Native-local (aktu,2023)
 Optimistic -positive
 Novice-New
 Outstanding - Excellent
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…..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Pause- discontinue
 Quality - trait
 Place- Location
 Power- Force  Quick -swift
 Pretty- lovely
 Quit- leave
 Price- cost
 Prize- gift
 Productive - constructive
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 …..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Rush- hurry  Timid- Coward(Aktu,2023)
 Talent- Skill
 Short- tiny
 Tired -exhausted
 Simple -easy
 Try-Attempt
 Soft - comfy
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…..Synonyms …..Synonyms
 Victory-success
 Ultimate -last
 Visual-optical
 Unite- Amalgamate
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 …..Synonyms Unit-1 : Lec-2 – Vocabulary Section
 Warning-caution Antonyms
 Accept - deny
 Withdraw -remove
 Active -passive
 Wind- breeze  Accurate -inaccurate
 Winner -champion  Alive-dead
 Award- punishment
 Write- jot down
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Approval - denial  Ally- enemy
 Abundant -scarce  Abjure-withdraw
 Artificial -natural  Accord -harmony
 Assent-descent  Adversity- prosperity
 Attack -defence  Approval-rejection
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 ……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Blunt- Sharp
 Create-destroy
 Begin -end
 Calm- harsh
 Blame-praise
 Brave-coward  Clever - innocent
 Bravery -cowardice  Conceal-reveal
 Broad-narrow
 Courteous -harsh
 Brittle -crisp
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Chaste- pure  Dull- active
 Consolidate- Strengthen  Despair - hope
 Contradict - favour, approval  Down-up
 Cautious - careless(aktu 2023)  Downside -upside
 Crooked -Honest (Aktu 2023)  Devil- angel
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 ……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Dry- wet  Enormous - petty
 Despair- hope
 Envy- affection
 Deny - accept
 Enemy- friend
 Deprive - blissed
 End- begin, start
 Depart- Arrival
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Free - busy
 Ebb- flow
 Fat-slim
 Exit- entrance
 Front- back
 Expand-diminish
 Full- empty
 Economize - waste  Fat- slim
 Front- back
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 ……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Fail - succeed
 Generous –mean (Aktu 2023)
 Frequent - seldom
 Gloomy -cheerful
 Feeble-strong
 Giant -dwarf
 Frank - shy
 Friend - foe
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Horizontal -vertical  Internal - external
 Intra -extra
 Humble- proud
 Intra-inter
 Hero- villain  In-out
 Intentional- accidental
 Heavy- light
 Irrational -rational
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 ……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Jocular - serious  Keen - dull
 Jovial -pensive  Keep- break
 Joy -sorrow
 Kind- unkind
 Just- unjust
 Kill- sustain
 Junior- senior
 Judicious- foolish  Knot- untie
 Jubilant -depressing  Kindle- extinguish
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Light - dark  Lost - found
 Lack - abundance  Lazy -industrious
 Land -water  Learn-teach
 Late- early  Lead - follow
 Laugh -cry  Love -hate
 Last - first  Lend- borrow
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 ……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Less- more  Minor - major
 Lie- truth  Mend-break
 Liquid -solid  Meek -impatient
 Low- high  Mercy- cruelty
 Little - less  Modern- ancient
 Lose-win  Mortal- immortal
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Momentary - permanent
 Native- foreigner( aktu,2023)
 Mobile- fixed /im-mobile
 Near- distant
 Mild- strong
 Negative -affirmative
 Majority -minority
 Never- always
 Malice- Amity
 Nice- awful
 Moral -immoral
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 ……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Narrow - broad  Odd- Beautiful
 North - south  On- off
 Out- in
 Novice- veteran
 Our- your
 Nimble- sluggish
 Optimistic - Pessimistic
 Nadir -zenith  Optimist- pessimist (Aktu,2023)
 Opaque - transparent
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Pass -fail
 Polite- rude
 Push- pull
 Past -future
 Plant- harvest  Professional - amateur
 Poor-rich  Profuse - scarce
 Past- future
 Powerful- weak
 Peace -war
 Poverty - prosperity
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 ……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Quiet-noisy, loud
 Prosperity - adversity
 Queen -king
 Pretty -ugly  Question -answer
 Qualified -unqualified
 Polite- rude
 Quick -slow
 Quarrel -ally
 Quit -stay
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Rest- work  Right- left
 Remember - forget  Rise- fall
 Regret - satisfaction  Reduce -increase
 Refuse - agree  Rough- smooth
 Repair - damage  Rude - polite
 Reply -ask  Rural -urban
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 ……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Seldom - often  Shallow- deep
 Safe- dangerous  Short- long
 Salt- sugar  Shelter - exposure
 Same -different  Stupid - clever
 Satisfy- dissatisfy  Stand -lie
 Seperate - connect  Spring- autumn
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Sour -sweet  Stop - start
 Some -many  Slim - fat
 Sell- buy  Sick - healthy
 Safety - danger  Sunny - cloudy
 Save - spend  Suspect - trust
 Scream - whisper  Sweet - bitter
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 ……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Take-give  Tiny -giant
 Teach- learn  Together -apart
 Then- now  Total -Partial
 Thick-thin  There -here
 Top- bottom  Teacher - pupil
 Tragedy- comedy  Tall - short
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……Antonyms ……Antonyms
 Ugly - beauty
 Timid- bold
 Unite- divide
 Transient - lasting, enduring  Uncouth- graceful
 Up- down
 True- false
 Under -over
 Utterly - incompletely
 Urban -rural
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 ……Antonyms Lec-4
Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -01)
 Vacate- packed
 Vacation -routine  Homophones/ Homonyms
 Vagrant- settled (1) Allusion- indication
 I do not get any allusion from you. (Aktu,2023)
 Vain -productive  Illusion -Fallacy
 Worldly pleasures are all illusions .
 Win- lose (2) Adept-expert (Very Important)
 War - peace  I am adept in teaching.
 Adopt- To acquire legally
 Warrior- pacifist  I am adopting a baby
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Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
(3) Air- wind. (Important)  (5) Addition- to plus
 The air is cool.  Give me some sums of addition. (Very Important)
 Heir- descendant
 I am appointing you as my heir.  Edition - collection (sank Alan)
 My poem is published in July edition.
(4) Aloud- loudly
 Please read it aloud.  (6) Accessary- Compliance (Apradh karne me sathi)
 Allowed - to permit  Raman is accessary in rape with shardul.
 My teacher allowed me to participate.
 Accessory-An extra item
 We should not use gaudy accessories in interview
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 Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
 (9)Bat- A playing tool to hit the ball in cricket ( Important)
 (7) Ail- to be ill
 I have a cricket bat.
 She is ailing.
 Bat- An animal
 Ale-Beer
 Bat generally fly in evening.
 This ale is used as a drug.
 Bet- Gamble
 (8)Bear -An animal
 I can bet that he would won the match.
 Bear lives in jungle.
 (10)Bank- side of river(nadi ka kinara)
 Bear- tolerate
 He sat on the river bank.
 I can not bear this pain anymore
 Bank (organization, where our financial services are provided)
 Beer- Alcohol/liquor
 My saving account is in Bank of Baroda.
 I do not drink beer.
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Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
 (11)Beside-next. (Very Important)  (13)Blew-Flow
 Sit beside me.  The wind is blewing.
 Besides-except  Blue- a colour
 Besides General Knowledge, every subject is prepared.  I don't have any shirt in blue.
 (12) Berth- seat ( Very Important)  (14) Coarse -rough
 My berth is reserved.  You have a coarse tone of talking.
 Birth- To born  Course- syllabus
 My birth place is Meerut.  My course is lagging behind.
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 Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
 (15)Confidant- one who is trustworthy (Very Important)  (17)Ceiling- Roof
 Shivani is confidant. You can rely on her.  I have to arrange a ceiling fan.
 Confident- sure  Sealing- Printing/Stamp
 I am confident of my success.  This is in sealing.
 (16)Council - committee. (Very ,Very Important)  (18) Complement -addition
 I am an active member of English Council.  Husband and wife are complement to one another.
 Counsel- advise  Compliment- praise,admire
 She gave me a good counsel.  She gave me a compliment.
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Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
 (19) Cereal- Grain  (21) Deceased - one who died recently
 The rates of cereals are high.  His new car made him deceased.
 Serial- Sequence  Disease- Illness
 This is in serial.  Many are suffering from this disease.
 (20) Cheque- Financial document  (22) Descent-To rise
 Please issue me a cheque of rs. 6000/ for the purchase of bicycle.  Write it in descent order.
 Check- prevent  Dissent-Disagree(matbhed)
 Please check yourself.  We two are in dissent.
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 Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
 (23) Eligible -capable(Very Important)  (25)gait- the way of walking
 I am eligible for this post .  Models have a unique gait.
 Illegible- that can not be read.  Gate -door
 Doctor's handwriting is often illegible.  Open the gate.
 (24) Except- besides  (26) Hole- Pit
 I like everyone, except him. (Very Important)  There is a hole in the wall.
 Expect- to hope  Whole- complete
 I am excepting you to favour me.  The whole game is turned in the second half.
 Accept -To agree
 I am accepting my fault.
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Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
 (27)Hale- healthy  (29) Knead - massage
 The new born baby is hale and healthy.  I am kneading the dough.
 Hail- frozen rain  Need- Requirement
 Today there is hail storm in our locality.  I need your help.
 (28) Insight- Knowledge (Very , Very Important)  (30) Lessen - mitigate
 She has a good insight of G.K.  This ointment is lessening my pain.
 Incite- to quote  Lesson - session( Sabak)
 Kindly incite a good quotation.  Teach him a lesson.
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 Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
 (31)Pain- Suffering
 I am suffering from pain.  (33) Rapture -joy /ecstasy ( Very Important)
 I got rapture in the Alumni Meet -2023
 Pane- Glass
 My window pain is broken.  Rupture-crack
 I got rupture in my knee.
 (32)Quit-Leave (Important)
 She quitted the game.  (34)Real - Actual
 This movie is based on real story.
 Quiet-peaceful, calm
 It is quiet here.  Reel- Filmy
 Quite- Sufficient  Real life is quite different from reel life.
 She is quite shy.
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Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
 (35)sight-scene of a place
 The sight of Nainital is beautiful.  (37)Sour- acidic
 The curd is sour.
 Sight- Vision
 My eye sight is weak.  Soar- to fly high
 The birds are soaring in the sky.
 Site- Location
 I am going to visit the site.  (38)Sale- marketing (bikri)
 How is the sale today?
 (36)Stationary- fixed
 The stars are stationary.  Sail-voyage
 Stationery- Articles of writing ,reading etc.  I am on sail.
 My father owns a stationery shop.
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 Homophones/ Homonyms Homophones/ Homonyms
 (39)Steel (a metal)  (41) Weak-feeble (Important)
 This glass is made of steel.  I am very weak in Mathematics.
 Week- 7 days
 Steal( theist)- churana  This week is going to be hectic.
 You stole my heart.
 (42) Way - Path
 (40) Tasty- Delicious  My way of living life is different.
 The pudding is tasty.
 Weigh-balance, measure
 Testy- angry  What is it weighs?
 My class coordinator is testy
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Homophones/ Homonyms Lec - 5
 (43)Waist-back Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02)
 My waist is 30.
 (1) In-Inside
 Waste- Worthless
 I am in some problem
 It is prepared from waste material.
 Inn- a place to stay
 Will you study in inn ?
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 Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02) Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02)
 (4) Personal - individual
 (2) Medal- A reward
 It is your personal problem.
 I got a medal.
 Personnel - officials /employees in an organisation
 Meddle- to interfere
 Call the personnel for an urgent meeting.
 Please don't meddle me I will solve my problem on my own.
 (5)Route- way
 (3) Pail- bucket
 This route is long.
 Fetch me a pail of water.
 Root- Underground part of a plant
 Pale- yellowish/faded
 Carrot is a root.
 Your eyes are looking pale.
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Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02) Homophones/ Homonyms - (Part -02)
 (6)Stair- ladders  (8)Aver- to confirm
 There are 500 stairs in temple.
 I can't aver this.
 Stare- to gaze
 Why are you staring me?  Ever- always
 Don't ever make this kind of mistake.
 (7) Tale - a story
 It is a funny tale.
 Tail- Body part of animal
 The cow has a tail.
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 Unit-1 : Lec-6 Word Formation
Word Formation
 By suffix  (4) en-
 (1) ism-  Widen
 Terrorism  Sharpen
 Tourism
 (5) ify-
 (2) er-  Simplify
 Employer  Diversify
 Cricketer  Personify
 (3)Or-  (6) able-
 Actor  Reasonable
 Creator  Profitable
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Word Formation Word Formation
 (7)ly-  (10)ise-
 Unhappily  Socialize
 Naturally  Moralise
 (8)ful-  (11)ish-
 Wonderful  Snobbish
 Cheerful  Kiddish
 (9)ous-  (12)ness-
 Joyous  Rudeness
 Dangerous  Smartness
 Furious
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 Word Formation Word Formation
 (13)al-  (16)ly-
 Approval  Quickly
 Removal  Rapidly
 Dismissal  Daily
 (14)less-  (17)age-
 Careless  Wreckage
 Shameless  Brokerage
 (15)some-  (18)ance-
 Awesome  Importance
 Quarrelsome  Resonance
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Word Formation Word Formation
 (19)ant-
 Assistant  (22)ry-
 Distant  Bravery
 Pleasant  Mockery
 (20)ee-  (23)ing-
 Absentee  Shipping
 Awardee  Shopping
 Refree
 (24)wise-
 (21)ery-  Heightwise
 Bakery  Lengthwise
 Cutlery
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 Word Formation Word Formation
 (25)ive-  (27)y-
 Supportive  Noisy
 Effective  Honesty
 Reflective
 Excessive  (28)ty-
 Sincerity
 (26)ion-  Loyalty
 Irritation 
 Irrigation  (29)er-
 Decoration  Larger
 Plantation  Smaller
 Brighter
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Word Formation Word Formation
 (30)al-  (33)ness-
 Parental  Happiness
 Bacterial  Shyness
 Fungal
 (34)ship-
 (31)est-  Friendship
 Fastest  Internship
 Biggest
 Largest  (35)ion -
 Conversion
 (32)ment-  Invasion
 Basement
 Shipment
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 Word Formation Word Formation
 (36)tion-  (39)able-
 Invention  Capable
 Intention  Craftable
 (37)ic-  (40)ive-
 Iconic  Expensive
 Heroic  Authoritative
 (38)ward/wards  (41)ant-
 Inward  Poignant
 Towards  Extravagant
 Outwards  Brilliant
 Backwards
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Word Formation Word Formation
 By Prefix
 (42)ion-  (1)Pro
 Opinion  Proactive
 Revision  Prodigy
 (43)er-  (2) Pre
 Writer  Prepaid
 Pre-wed
 Helper
 Pre university
 Driver
 (3)mono-
 (44)eer-  Monopoly
 Engineer  Monologue
 Volunteer  Monolingual
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 Word Formation Word Formation
 (4)Multi-  (6)Un-
 Multipurpose  Uneducated
 Multicolored  Unlimited
 Multicultural  Unpolished
 Unfriendly
 (5)Post-
 Postpaid  (7) Under -
 Post lunch  Understand
 Postwar  Undergraduate
 Postgraduate  Undertaking
 Postmaster
 Postmartem
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Word Formation Word Formation
 (8)Tri-  (11)Semi-
 Triangle  Semifinal
 Tricolour  Semiconductor
  Semiconscious
 (9)Therm-
 Thermodynamics  (12)Re-
 Thermometer  Return
  Retake
 (10)Sub
 Submarine  (13)Para-
 Subdue  Paranormal
 Subway  Paramedical
 Paramount
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 Word Formation Word Formation
 (14) Over -  (17)Mis-
 Overlook  Misconduct
 Overtake  Mistreat
 (15)Omni-  (18)Mid-
 Omnipotent  Midway
 Omnipresent  Midday
 (16)Non-  (19) Macro -
 Nonsense  Macro-economics
 Nonfiction  Macrobiotic
 Nonfilmy
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Word Formation Word Formation
 (23)Im-
 (20)Micro-  Immature
 Microbiology  Immoral
 Microsoft  Immortal
 (21)Inter-  (24)In-
 (aktu,2023)  Insert
 Intermediate  Intake
 Interview
 (22)Intra- (Aktu,2023)
 Intraday
 Intraschool
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 Word Formation Word Formation
 (25)II- (Aktu ,2023)  (28)In-
 Illiterate  Invoice
 Illogical  Information
 (26)Ir-  (29)Anti-
 Irregular  Antibiotic
 Irrational  Anti-aging
 (27)Infra  (30)De-
 Infrastructure  Decode
 Infrared  Demoralise
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Word Formation Word Formation
 (34) Fore-
 (31)Dis-  Foreplay
 Disconnect  Forecast
 Discount  Foresight
 (32)Em-  (35)Inter-
 Embrace  International
 Interact
 Emphasis
 (36) Un-
 (33)En-  Unkind
 Encouragement  Unusual
 Encode  Unlucky
 Encounter  Unlimited
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 Word Formation Word Formation
 (37)Hyper -  (40)Auto-
 Hypertension  Automatic
 Hyperactive  Autobiography
 (38)Ante-  (41)Co-
 Antedate  Co-worker
 Antemeridian  Co-piolet
 (39)Anti-  (42)De-
 Antiseptic  Devalue
 Antibody  Degrade
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Word Formation Word Formation
 (46)Tele-
 Telecommunication
 (43) Ex -
 Telephone
 Exhale
 Extract  (47)Trans-
 Transmit
 (44)Homo-  Transfer
 Homosexual
 Homophone  (48)Tri-
 Tricycle
 (45) Homeo-  Triangle
 Homeopathy
 Homeostasis  (49)Up-
 Upload
 Upgrade
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 Word Formation Word Formation
 Form Adjectives from Noun  Bird- Birdlike
 Beauty -Beautiful
 Noun- Adjective
 Burden- Burdensome
 Accident -Accidental
 Air-airy  Bronze- Bronzen
 Advice-advise  Bulk -Bulky
 Angel-angelic  Bliss- Blissful
 Atom-Atomic  Blood- Bloody
 Affection -Affectionate  Brim- brimful
 Awe-aweful  Boy- boyish
 Authority -Authoritarian  Brother - brother like
 Adventure - Adventurous  Body- bodily
 Anger- Angry  Brother- brotherly
 Advantage- Advantageous
 Body- bodily
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Word Formation Word Formation
 Day- daily
 Ceremony - ceremonial
 Drama- dramatic
 College- collegiate
 Digit- digital
 Colony-Colonial
 Defect- Defective
 Chivalry - Chivalrous
 Delight - Delightful
 Confidence -Confidential
 Death- deathlike
 Charm- charming
 Dog- doggy
 Conscience- Conscientious
 Duty- dutiful
 Child- childlike
 Climate- climatic
 East- eastern
 Comedy- comical
 Expression - expressive
 Custom - customary
 Emphasis - Emphatic
 Elder- Elderly
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 Word Formation Word Formation
 Fire- Fiery
 Force- forceful  Herb- herbal
 Fog- foggy  Habit- Habitual
 Fraud- fraudy  Hair-Hairy
 Fate -fatal  Haste- hasty
 Friend- Friendly  Taste- tasty
 Face- Facial  Heart- Hearty
 Fun- Funny
 Focus- focal
 Irony- ironical
 Glory- Glorious
 Joy- Joyous
 Gold- golden
 Gloom- gloomy
 Graph -graphic
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Word Formation Word Formation
 Law- Lawful
 Love- Lovable  Week- weekly
 Line-lineal  Wood- wooden
 Live- lively  War- warlike
 Luck- lucky
 Zone- zonal
 Music- musical  Zoology - zoological
 Merit – meritorious
 Soul- soulful
 Scene- scenic
 Value- valuable
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 Unit-1 : Lec-7 Word Formation(Part-II)
Word Formation(Part-II)
 Portmanteau Words  The portmanteau words, actually are the blend words . These words are
formed when parts of two different words come together and form a new
 What are Portmanteau Words- The words, that are formed by combining word.
the sound and meaning of two different words are Portmanteau Words.
 Some Portmanteau Words-
 The word 'portmanteau' is a French word. It is made of two different words-
 Portal(a suitcase, when opened is divided into two equal parts.) Affluence + Influenza
Affluenza
&
 Manteau ( A cloak, loose garment, overcoat )
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Word Formation(Part-II) Word Formation(Part-II)
 Be+ Cause  Web+ Log
 Because  Blog
 Bombay+Hollywood  Britain+Exit
 Bollywood  Brexit
 Breakfast+Lunch  Banana+Coffee
 Brunch  Banoffee
 Biography+Picture  Blood+Rushing
 Biopic  Blushing
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 Word Formation(Part-II) Word Formation(Part-II)
 Bang+smash  Chuckle+Snort
 Bash  Chortle
 Brother+Romance  Chill+Relax
 Bromance  Chillax
 Binary+Unit  Chinese+English
 Bit  Chinglish
 Cinema+Complex  Camera+ Recorder
 Cineplex  Camcorder
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Word Formation(Part-II) Word Formation(Part-II)
 Car-Hijack  Electricity+Execute
 Carjack  Electrocute
 Drama+ Comedy  Europe+Asia
 Dramedy  Eurasia
 Emotion+Icon  Friend+Enemy
 Emoticon  Frenemy
 Electronic+ Mail  Foreign+Exchange
 E-Mail  Forex
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 Word Formation(Part-II) Word Formation(Part-II)
 Fourteen+Night  Giant+Huge+Enormous
 Fortnight  Ginormous
 Free+Software  Guess+Estimate
 Freeware  Guestimate
 Fantastic+Fabulous  Hindi+English
 Fantabulous  Hinglish
 Global+English  Hungry+Angry
 Globish  Hangry
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Word Formation(Part-II) Word Formation(Part-II)
 Haggle+tussle  Jeans+Leggings
 Hassle  Jeggings
 Hospital+Respite  List+ Article
 Hospice  Listicle
 International+Network  Mock+Documentary
 Internet  Mockumentary
 Internal+ Communication  Motor+Hotel
 Intercom  Motel
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 Word Formation(Part-II) Word Formation(Part-II)
 Motor+Pedal  Melody+Drama
 Moped  Melodrama
 Medical+Care  Net+Flicks
 Medicare  Netflix
 Malicious+Software  Not+Ever
 Malware  Never
 Multiple+Complex  Internet+Citizen
 Multiplex  Netizen
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Word Formation(Part-II) Word Formation(Part-II)
 Oxford+Cambridge  IPod+Broadcast
 Oxbridge  Podcast
 Pocket+Monster  Romantic+Comedy
 Pokemon  Romcom
 Phone+Tablet  Swept+Wipe
 Phablet  Swipe
 Picture+Element  Spoon+Fork
 Pixel  Spork
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 Word Formation(Part-II) Word Formation(Part-II)
 Situation+Comedy  Shop+Alcoholic
 Sitcom  Shopaholic
 Smoke+Fog  Television+Broadcast
 Smog  Telecast
 Stagnation+Inflation  Urdu+English
 Stagflation  Urdish
 Science+Fiction  Wireless+Hi
 Sci-fi  Wi-fi
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Word Formation(Part-II) Unit-1 : Lec-8
Root Words
 Web+Seminar
 Webinar
 Root Words
 Work+Alcoholic  What are Root Words - Root words are the roots, from where
 Workaholic
number of new words can be recreated.
 And
 God+Be+With+You
 Goodbye(only for this lecture)
 Here is a list of root words
 Otherwise
 Root word- Meaning - New words
 NEVER SAY GOODBYE
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 Root Words Root Words
 Acri- (Bitter)  Agro (farming)
 Acrid  Agricultural
 Acrimony  Agrarian
 Astro (star)  Act (to do)
 Astrology  Actor
 Astronaut  Action
 Aud(Hear)  Arbor (tree)
 Audio  Arborist
 Audience  Arboreal
 Auto(self)  Ambi (both)
 Automobile  Ambilocal
 Autobiography  Ambidextrous
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Root Words Root Words
 Bene (good)  Cert (sure)
 Benefit  Certain
 Beneficial  Certify
 Bio (life)  Cide (kill)
 Biology  Pesticide
 Biography  Genocide
 Bi (two)  Carn (flesh)
 Bicycle  Carnivorous
 Biweekly  Reincarnation
 Cent (Hundred)  Co (together)
 Century  Coordinator
 Percent  Cooperative
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 Root Words Root Words
 Corp (body)  Form (shape)
 Corporate  Reform
 Corpse  Formation
 Cred (believe)  Fac (to do)
 Credible  Factory
 Incredible  Faculty
 Dict (Say)  Gen (birth)
 Diction  Genesis
 Dictate  Generate
 Ego (I)  Graph (writing)
 Egoist  Graphic
 Egocentric  Phonograph
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Root Words Root Words
 Homo (Same)  Lum-Light
 Luminous
 Homosexual
 Lumen
 Homophone
 Homonym  Logy (to study)
 Sociology
 Jud (judge)  Zoology
 Judgment
 Judicial  Meter (measure)
 Kilometre
 Legal-Related to law  Parameter
 Illegal
 Legalities  Micro (small)
 Microscope
 Microbiology
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 Root Words Root Words
 Multi (Many)  Mis (Hate)
 Multiple  Mistake
 Multinational  Mislead
 Mal ( Bad)
 Mort (death)
 Malafide
 Malpractice
 Mortal
 Malnutrition  Mortality
 Malware 
 Norm (typical)
 Morph (form)  Abnormal
 Morphology  Paranormal
 Mit (Send)  Mym (Name)
 Admit  Antonym
 Transmit
 Synonym
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Root Words Root Words
 Phil (Love)  Pseudo (false)
 Philosophy  Pseudoscience
 Philosophical  Pseudonym
 Phobia (Fear)  Phon (sound)
 Hydrophobia  Phone
 Claustrophobia  Symphony
 Port (carry)  Struct (to build)
 Portal  Structure
 Transport  Destruction
 Portable
 Scope- (viewing instrument)
 Microscope
 Telescope
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 Root Words Unit-1 : Lec-9
 Tele (far) Subject verb agreement
 Television  Subject verb agreement
 Telegram
 Telephone  1-Every student like the teacher.
 Thie (God/Religion)  Ans-Every student likes the teacher.
 Theist
 2-One should keep his promise.
 Atheist
 Ans-One should keep one's promise.
 Techno (art/science/skill)
 Technology  3-Bread and butter are a wholesome food.
 Technical
 Ans-Bread and butter is a wholesome food.
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Subject verb agreement Subject verb agreement
 4- The dog lost his chain.  9-Everyone must do his work.
 Ans- The dog lost its chain.
 Ans- Everyone must do one's work.
 5-The police is coming.
 10-One must do their duties.
 Ans- The police are coming.
 6-They cooked dinner by themself.  Ans- One must do one's duties.
 Ans- They cooked dinner by themselves.  11-Two miles are not a long distance.
 7-I saw two deers in the park.
 Ans- Two miles is not a long distance.
 Ans- I saw two deer in the park.
 8-Let her and I do this work.  12-This is one of the most interesting books that have ever been published.
 Ans- Let her and me do this work.  Ans- This is one of the most interesting book that has ever been published.
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 Subject verb agreement Subject verb agreement
 13-The quality of mangoes are good.  17-Is this scissors yours?
 Ans-The quality of mangoes is good.  Ans- Are these scissors yours?
 14-Bread and butter are not fit for breakfast.  18-These sceneries are beautiful.
 Ans - Bread and butter is not fit for breakfast.  Ans- This scenery is beautiful.
 15-My pants is short.  19-Neither my sister not my brother are going there.
 Ans- My pants are not short.  Ans-Neither my sister not my brother is going there.
 16-A pair of new pants are available now.  20-Neither the teachers nor the students is happy with your attitude.
 Ans- A pair of new pants is available now.  Ans- Neither the teachers nor the students are happy with your attitude.
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Subject verb agreement Unit-1 : Lec-9 – Subject verb agreement
 21-Neither of the boys are qualified.  24- There is three heros in the movie.
 Ans-Neither of the boys is qualified.  Ans-There are three heros in the movie.
 22-He did not buy neither the pants nor the shirt.  25-Not only she but her sisters is invited .
 Ans -He bought neither the pants nor the shirt.  Ans-Not only she but her sisters are invited .
Or
 He did not buy either the shirt or the pants.  26-Not only the flowers but also the trees needs watering.
 23-There are a book in the library, that is of ancient History.  Ans -Not only the flowers but also the trees need watering.
 Ans-There is a book in the library, that is of ancient History.  27-The wages of sin are eternal suffering.
 Ans-The wages of sin is eternal suffering.
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 Unit-1 : Lec-9 – Subject verb agreement
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 28-The news are spreading quickly.
From Google Play store
 Ans- The news is spreading quickly. All Subjects
Link in Description
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