SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Define physics?
2. Define nuclear?
3. What are three fundamental frontiers science? ( 2times)
4. Define base quantities, derived quantities? ( 4times)
5. Define base unit?
6. Define derived unit?
7. What are supplementary units? Write their names.
8. Define radian and Steradian? ( 6times)
9. Draw a table for base units? ( 2times)
10. What do you mean by scientific notation? Give an example.
11. Write down four convections for indicating units?
12. Density of air 1.2 kg/m3. Change it into g/cm3.
13. According to Einstein’s mass energy equation, find the energy equivalent to mass 1 kilogram?
14. Write the name types of error?
15. Differentiate between random error and systematic error? ( 5times)
16. How can we reduce random and systematic error?
17. What are two principle characteristics an ideal standard?
18. Define significant figure? ( 2times)
19. What rules are of round off the significant figure?
20. Differentiate between precise and accurate measurement? ( 2times)
21. Assess the total uncertainly in the final result of a timing experiment with the help of an example?
22. Add the mass given in kg up to appropriate precision: 2.189, 0.89, 11.8 and 5.32. ( 2times)
23. How can you determine the uncertainly in the time period?
24. Describe the principle of homogeneity of dimensional analysis?
25. Does dimension analysis give any information on constant of proportionality that may appear in algebraic expression? Explain
26. Write the dimension of pressure?
27. Write the dimension of density?
28. Write the dimension of velocity?
29. Write the dimension of force?
30. Find the dimension do coefficient of viscosity in case of drag force of an object is given by F = 6rvt . (9 times)
1 2
31. What are the dimension and units of gravitational constant G in the formula F =G mm . ( 9times)
r2
1
32. Show that the equation S = vit + at 2 is dimensionally correct?
2
33. Show that the equation E=mc2 is dimensionally correct?
34. Show that the expression vf =vi+at is dimensionally correct?
35. Show that the relation v=fλ is dimensionally correct?
36. The wavelength λ of a wave depends on the speed v of the wave and its frequency f. knowing that [λ] = [L], [v] = [LT-1].
Decide which of these is correct? f = vλ or f = v/λ.
37. Write the dimension of angular momentum?
38. The period of simple pendulum is measurement by a stop watch. What type of error are possible in the time period?
39. Why do we find it useful to have two units for the amount of substance kilogram and mole? ( 2times)
40. Give the drawbacks to use the period of a pendulum as a time standard?
41. Name several repetitive phenomenon occurring in nature which could serve as reasonable time standard? ( 2times)
42. How many seconds are three in one year? ( 2times)
43. How many nanoseconds are there in 1 year? ( 5times)
44. How many meters are there in one light year? ( 3times)
45. Define systematic errors, Explain how can we remove the effect of systematic errors?
46. Define radian and steradian?
47. Define the supplementary unit of plane and solid angle?
FI
48. Check the correctness of relation V=
1
49. Differentiate between the precision and accuracy? ( 2times)
50. How many years in 1sec? ( 2times)
51. A measurement taken by Venire caliper with least count as 0.01cm is 0.45cm find absolute, fraction and percentage
uncertainly?
52. Differentiate between Radian and Steradian?
53. Define and explain supplementary units?
54. What are derived units? Explain
55. What are base units name all of them?
56. Differentiate between base units and derived units?
57. Find the dimension and hence the SI unit of co-efficient of viscosity? (2times)
58. Name two major types of error in measurement and also define them?
5.34810−2  3.64104
59. Using rules of significant figures, compute up to appropriate significant figures?
1.336
60. How many second are there in one year?
61. Write down the two uses of dimensional analysis?

SHORT ANSWERS
1. The branch of science which deals with the study of matter and energy and the relationship between them is called physics.
2. The branch of physics which deals with the study of the constituent particle and interaction of atomic nuclei is called Nuclear
physics
3. The three fundamental frontiers of fundamental science are:
(i) The world of extremely large bodies
(ii) The world of extremely small objects
(iii) The world of middle sized object OR the world of complex matter.
4.
Base quantities: Those physical quantities in terms of which other physical quantities are defined, are called base quantities.
For example, length, mass, time etc.
Derived quantities: The quantities which are defined in terms of base quantities, are called derived quantities. For example,
Velocity, acceleration, force etc.
5. The units’ associates with the base quantities are called base units. These are meter, kilogram, second. Ampere, kelvin candela
mole.
6. The unit’s associates with the derived quantities are called derived units. SI units for using measuring all other physical
quantities are derived from the base and supplementary units. For example, newton, joule, watt, Pascal etc.
7. The General Conference on weights and measures has not yet classified certain unit of SI under either base or derived units.
These SI unit are called supplementary units. Radian and Steradian are supplementary units.
8. Radian: The radian is the plane angle between two radios of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc, equal length
to the radius.
Steradian: The steradian is the solid angle (three dimension angle) subtended at the center of the sphere by an of its surface
equal to the square of radius of the sphere.
9. Base Quantity Base Unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilometer kg
Time Second S
Electric Current Ampere A
Thermodynamic Kelvin K
Amount of Substance Mole mol
 Luminous Intensity Candela cd
10. The standard form to represent number using power of ten is called scientific notation. The accepted practice is that there should
be only one non.zero digit left of decimal. For example: The scientific notation of measurement 134.7 is 1.347×10 2
11. The convection for indicating units are as follows:
(i) Full name of the unit does not begin with the capital letter even if named after a scientist e.g. newton.
(ii) The symbol of unit names after a scientist has initial capital letter e.g. N for newton.
(iii) The prefix should be written before the unit without any space e.g. 1×10-6m=1µm
(iv) Compound prefixes are not allowed. For example: 1µµF should be written as 1р F.
12. Now:
1.2 1000
1.2kg / m3 = g / cm3
3
(100)
1.2 1000
1.2kg / m3 = g / cm3
100 100 100
1.2kg / m3 = 0.0012g / cm3

13. Since:
E=mc2
E= 1× (3×108)2
E= 9×1016J

14. There are two types of errors possible in physical measurement.

(i) Random error (ii) Systematic error
15. Random error: If the repeated measurement of a quantity give different values under same conditions, then the error is called
random error. It occurs due to some unknown cause. It can be reduced by taking an average of measured.
Systematic error: refers to the effect that influence all measurement of particular quantity. It occurs due to poor calibration or
zero error of the instrument. It can be reduced by applying a correction factor.
16. Reduce random error: Repeating the measurement several times and taking average can reduce the effect of random error.
Reduce systematic error: The systematic error can be reduced by comparing the instrument with another which is known to
be more accurate and correction factor is applied.
17. An ideal standard has two principle characteristics.
i. It is accessible. (ii) It is invariable
18. In any measurement the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit a called the significant figure. For example: The
number of significant figures the measurement 02.59 are 3.
19. (i) If the first digit dropped is less than 5, the last digit retained should remain unchanged.
(ii) If the first digit dropped is 5, the digit to be retained is increased by one.
(iii) If the first digit to be dropped is 5, the previous digit which is to be retained increase by one if it odd and retained as such
if it is even.
20. Precise measurement: A measurement which has less absolute uncertainty called precise measurement.
Accurate measurement: Is one which has less fraction or percentage error.
21. The time of 20 vibrations records by stopwatch up to the tenth of a second 40 s.
40s
Its period will be T= = 2s
20
0.1s
And uncertainly is = 0.005s
20
thus the period is T = 2s  0.005s
22. As m = 2.189+0.089+11.8+5.32=19.398kg
By appropriate precision m = 19.4 kg
23. The uncertainty in the time period of a vibrating body is found by dividing the least count of timing by the number of vibrations.
For example: the time of 20 vibrating recorded by stopwatch up to the tenth a second is 40s.
 40s
Its period will be T= = 2s
20
0.1s
And uncertainly is = 0.005s
20
thus the period is T = 2s  0.005s
24. According to homogeneity principle “ if the dimension of physical quantities on both sides of equation are the same, then the
equation will be dimensionally correct”
25. Dimensional analysis does not give any information about constant of proportionality in any expression. This constant can be
1
T = 2
determined by experiments. For example, in the time period of a pendulum.
g
2π is not included in dimension analysis.
26. Since
[F ]
[ p] =
[ A]
−2
[MLT ]
[P] =
[L2 ]
[P] = [ML−1T −2 ]

27. Since
[m]
[ p] =
[V ]
[M ]
[P] =
[L3 ]
[P] = [ML−3 ]
28. Since
[d ]
[v] =
[t]
[L]
[v] =
[T ]
[v] = [LT −1 ]
29. Since

F = ma
[F ] = [m][a]
[F ] = [M ][LT −2 ]
[F ] = [MLT −2 ]
30. As
F= 6πղrv
F
ղ=
6rv
6π is dimensionless number, so
 [F ]
[ ] =
[r][v]
[MLT −2 ]
[ ] =
[L][LT −1 ]
[ ] = [ML1−2T −2+1 ][= [ML−1T −1 ]
It is required result.
31. As
m1m2
F =G
r2
Fr 2
G=
m1m2
[F ][r 2 ]
[G] =
[m1 ][m2 ]
[MLT −2 ][L2 ]
[G] = = [M 1−2 L3T −2 ]
[M ][M ]
[G] = [m −1L3T −1 ]
And
Fr 2
G=
m1m2
Nm 2
Units of G = Nm 2 kg −2
kg 2

32. As
1
S =vt+ at 2
i
2
1
[S ] = [v ][t] + [a][t 2 ]
i
2
1
[L] = [LT ][T ] + [LT −2 ][T 2 ]
−1

2
1
[L] = [L] + [L]
2
3
[L] = [L]
2
3/2 is a dimensionless number.
[L] = [L]
L.H.S=R.H.S
Hence the equation S= vit + ½ is dimensionally correct.

33. As E=mc2
L.H.S
[E ] = [F ][d ] = [ma][d ]
[E] = [MLT −2 ][L]
[E] = [ML2T −2 ]
 R.H.S [mc2 ] = [ML2T −2 ]
L.H.S = .R.H.S.
Hence so equation E= mc2 is dimensionally correct.
34. As
vf = vi + at
L.H.S
[vf ] = [LT −1 ]
R.H.S
[vi] + [at] = [LT −1 ] + [LT −2 ][T ]
[vi] + [at] = [LT −1 ] + [LT −1 ]
[vi] + [at] = 2[LT −1 ]
2 is a dimensionless number
[vi] + [at] = [LT −1 ]
.
L.H .S. = R.H .S.
Hence so, that equation vf =vi + at is dimensionally correct.
35. As
v = f
L.H.S [v] = [LT −1]
[ f ][ ] = [T −1 ][L]
R.H.S [ f] = [LT −1 ]
L.H.S = R.H .S
Hence so, the equation v=fλ is dimensionally correct.
36. As
f = v
L.H.S. [ f ] = [T −1 ]
[ f ][ ] = [LT −1 ][L]
R.H.S. [v ] = [L2T −1 ]
L.H .S = R.H .S
Hence so, the equation f= vλ is not dimensionally correct.
37. Since
L = mrv
[L] = [m][r][v]
[L] = [M ][L][LT −1 ] = [ML2T −1 ]
38. The two types of error are possible. Random error which is due to the negligence or inexperience of a person at the time of
starting and stopped the stopwatch. And systematic error which occurs due to the poor calibration of the instrument.
39. Both units are used to describe the amount of the substance. Kilogram is used for macroscopic objects or on microscopic scale
when number of atoms or molecules are connected.
40. As
1
T = 2
g
The value of time period of a simple pendulum depends upon its length and gravitational acceleration. So, the following
drawback will be observed.
(i) The value of g varies with altitude
(ii) Length of the pendulum varies due to the increase or decrease in temperature.
 (iii) Air resistance will affect the time period.
41. Some of the natural phenomena that can be used as time standard are as follows:
(i) The rotation of earth around the sun
(ii) The revolution of earth
(iii) The rotation of moon around the earth
(iv) Atomic vibrating in crystals
42. Now
1year = 1 365days
1year = 365 1days
1year = 8760  24hour
1year = 8760  3600sec onds
1year = 3.1536 107 s
43. As
1year = 3.1536 107 s
1year = 3.1536 1071s
1year = 3.1536 107 109 10−9 s
1year = 3.1536 107 109 ns
1year = 3.1536 1016 ns
44. Since
s = vt
s = ct
s = (3 108 ms −1 )(365  24  60  60s)
s = 9.46 1015 m
45. Systematic Error: Systematic error occurs when repeated measurement of a quantities give the same values under the same
conditions. This error is due to poor calibration or zero error in the stopwatch. This error can be removed by applying correction
factor.
46. Radian Error: the radian is the plane angle between two radial of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc, equal in
length to the radius.
Steradian; the steradian is the solid angle (three dimensional angle) subtended at the center of the sphere by an area of its
surface equal to the square of radius of the sphere.
47. The General Conference on weights and measures has not yet classified certain unit of SI under either base or derived units.
These SI units are called supplementary units. Radian and steradian are supplementary units.
Radian: the radian is the plane angle between two radial of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc, equal in length
to the radius.
Steradian: The steradian is the solid angle (three dimensional angle) subtended at eh center of the sphere by an area of its
surface of radius of the sphere.
48. Dimensions of L.H.S
[v] = [LT −1]
Dimensions of R.H.S
 F 1 [MLT −2 ] [L]
=
m [M ]
1/2
 [MLT ] [L] 
−2

= 
 [M ] 
= [L T ]
2 −2 1 / 2

= [LT −1 ]
As Dimensions of L.H.S= Dimension of R.H.S
So the equation is dimensionally correct.
49. Precision: A measurement which has less absolutes uncertainty is called precise measurement. The precision of a measurement
is determined by the instrument beings used. Absolute uncertainly, in effect, is equal to the least count of measuring instrument.
Accuracy: Is the one which has less fractional or percentage error. Accuracy measures, how close a measured value is to the
actual value.

50.
1year = 1 365days
1year = 365 1days
1year = 8760  24hour
1year = 8760  3600sec onds
1year = 3.1536 107 s
1
1sec = years
3.1536 107
1sec = 0.317 107 years
1sec = 3.17 10−8 years
51.
preecision or absolute uncerta int y = least count =  0.01cm
0.01cm
Fractional uncertainly = = 0.02
0.45cm
0.01cm 100 2
precentageuncertainly =  = = 2.0%
0.45cm 100 100
52. Radian: The radian is the plane angle between two radial of a circle which cut on the circumference an arc, equal in length to
the radius. It is two dimensional angle.
Steradian; the Steradian is the solid angle subtended at the center of the sphere by an area of its surface equal to the square of
radius of the sphere. It is three dimensional angle.
53. The General Conference on Weight and Measures has not yet classified certain units of SI under either base or derived units.
These SI unit are called supplementary units. Radian and Steradian are supplementary units
54. The units associated with the derived quantities are called derived units. SI units for measuring all other physical quantities are
derived from the base supplementary units. For example, newton, joule, watt, and Pascal, are derived units
55. The units associated with the base quantities are called base units. Other are derived from base units. These are meter, kilogram.
Second, ampere, candela mole.
56. Derived Units: The units associated with the derived quantities are called derived units. SI units for measuring all other
physical quantities are derived from the base and supplementary units. For example, newton, joule, Pascal. etc.
Base Units: The units that associated with base quantities.

57. As
 F= 6πղrv
F
ղ=
6rv
6π is dimensionless number, so
[F ]
[ ] =
[r][v]
[MLT −2 ]
[] =
−1
[L][LT ]
[] = [ML1−2T −2+1 ][= [ML−1T −1 ]
Hence its SI unit is Nsm-1 or kgm-1s-1
58. Two major types of errors in measurement are systematic error and random error:
Systematic Error: Systematic error occurs when repeated measurement of a quantities give the same values under the same
conditions. This error is due to poor calibration or zero error in the stopwatch. This error can be removed by applying correction
factor.
Random Error: Random error occurs when repeated measurement of a quantity give different values under the same
conditions. This error is due to faulty procedure or negligence and inexperience of person at the time to start stop the stop watch
this can be reduced by taking average value of observed readings.
5.34810−2  3.64 104
59. = 1.45768982103
1.336
As the factor 3.64×104, least accurate in the above calculations has three significant figure,, thus the answer should also be
written to three significant figure only which is 1.46×103
60. Now
1year = 1 365days
1year = 365 1days
1year = 8760  24hour
1year = 8760  3600sec onds
1year = 3.1536 107 s
61. It is used for
(i) Checking the homogeneity of the physical equation
(ii) Deriving the possible formula.