DISTANCE LEARNING

(Management Level (III/2) Academic STCW III/2)

Applied Heat
Hydrodynamics

Faculty of Nautical Studies

Senior Marine Engineering
© 2016
City of Glasgow College
Riverside Campus
21 Thsitle Street, Glasgow
G5 9XB
Contact: [email protected]
 Management Level Academics: Applied Heat-Hydrodynamics

Contents
1. Syllabus of III/2 Applied Heat (040-32) .................................................. 5

1.1 Hydrodynamics ___________________________________________________ 5

2. SI Units & Symbols ........................................................................... 7

2.1 Base SI Units _____________________________________________________ 7

2.2 Symbols _________________________________________________________ 7

Properties of Fluids .................................................................................. 9

3.1 Viscosity ________________________________________________________ 9

2.3 Kinematic Viscosity _______________________________________________ 9

2.4 Reynolds Number ________________________________________________ 10

3.4 Types of Flow ___________________________________________________ 11

3. Volumetric and Mass flow rates .......................................................... 14

Example 1 ____________________________________________________________ 14

4.1 Flow through valves ________________________________________________ 15

3.2 Continuity Equation ______________________________________________ 16

SAQ _________________________________________________________________ 17

4. Venturi meters .............................................................................. 19

5. Meter Coefficient (Cd) ..................................................................... 21

6. Differential Manometer .................................................................... 21

7. Flow through an Orifice ................................................................... 22

8. Coefficient of Velocity ..................................................................... 23

9. Coefficient of Contraction (Cc) ........................................................... 23

10. Coefficient of Discharge (Cd) ............................................................. 23

11. Forces on pipe-bends ...................................................................... 26

12. Centrifugal Pumps .......................................................................... 27

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IMPELLER ___________________________________________ 28

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Centrifugal Pump Velocity Diagrams ______________________________________ 28

13. Reading List: ................................................................................ 33

14. TMA (Tutor Marked Assignments) ........................................................ 34

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1. Syllabus of III/2 Applied Heat (040-32)

The candidate will know:

1. Individual and sequences of thermodynamic processes

2. Heat engine cycles
3. Single and multistage reciprocating compressors
4. Combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels by mass and by volume
5. Heat transfer through thick cylinders, spheres, heat exchangers and insulated
systems
6. Hydrodynamics
7. Two phase steam systems and steam cycles
8. Steam flow through a nozzle
9. Steam turbines
10. Two phase refrigeration and heat pump cycles

The candidate will be able to:

1.1 Hydrodynamics

 Explain the concepts of energy related to the steady flow motion of liquids.
 Explain the volumetric and mass flow rates of liquids and state the continuity
equation.
 Explain the concept of coefficient of velocity (CV), coefficient of contraction (CC),
and coefficient of discharge (Cd) for a sharp edged orifice.
 Identify the various forms of energy possessed by a liquid in motion and state the
expression for these in terms of energy and equivalent head.
 Apply the principle of the conservation of energy and the Bernoulli expression.
 Explain the effect of friction related to flow problems and how this is included
with the Bernoulli statement.
 Apply the above to a venturi meter.
 Explain the concept of the coefficient of discharge, cd, with reference to a venturi
meter.
 Solve problems using the principle of the conservation of energy and the Bernoulli
expression to: parallel and tapering pipes, venturi meters positioned horizontally,
vertically and inclined; both frictionless and systems with friction to be included.

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 State D'Arcy's formula for friction losses in pipelines.

 Explain 'equivalent length' of pipes to allow for energy losses at bends and valves.
 Solve problems related to friction loss in pipes, bends and valves.
 Solve problems related to changes in momentum of liquids in motion.
 State that force is equal to the rate of change of momentum.
 Apply an expression for the instantaneous pressure rise due to rapid valve closure.
 Determine the resultant force on pipe bends due to change of momentum.
 Determine the power of a hydraulic jet.
 Solve problems related to the impact of jets on stationary flat plates and moving
plates positioned perpendicular and inclined to jet.
 Explain the principles of a centrifugal pump.
 Determine impeller width for constant and variable radial flow velocity through an
impeller.
 Determine volumetric flow rate through an impeller.
 Determine the work done on the fluid passing through a centrifugal pump.
 Apply the expression for manometric head and determine manometric efficiency.
 Solve problems involving: impeller speed, blade angles, fluid velocity, pump
efficiency, capacity and power for shockless flow.

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2. SI Units & Symbols

SI Units consists of seven base units and a set of subnits derived from the base units. For
example, the unit of force is Newton (N), which is mass x acceleration. The mass in
Kilograms (kg), and the acceleration in metres (m) and the time in seconds (sec) are
direct units. When they come together to measure the corce, then newton is a derived SI
Unit. The base SI units are detailed in the Table 1

In the applied thermodynamics, kN, kJ are used for the most of the calculations.

2.1 Base SI Units

List of seven base SI units:

Table 1-SI Units

Quantity and Symbols SI Units Name Symbol Used

Length, l Meter m
Mass, m Kilogram kg
Time, t Second s
ElectricAmpereA
Current

Thermodynamc Temperature

Kelvin

Amount of substance Mole mol

Luminous intensity candela cd
2.2 Symbols

List of symbols used in this chapter of Hydrodynamics:

Table 2- Symbols

Term Symbol Unit

Velocity v m/s
Viscosity µ kg/ms
Kinematic viscosity ν m2/s
Density ρ kg/m3
Diameter (inside) d m
Diameter (outside) D m
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Thermal conductivity k W/m K

Area A m2
Temperature T °C or K
Distance L m
Thermal resistance R K/W
Surface heat transfer h W/m2 K
coefficient
Volumetric flowrate V̇ m3/s
Mass flowrate ṁ kg/s

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Properties of Fluids

The most common method of transporting fluid from one point to another is to force the
fluid through a piping system. Pipe of circular cross section is most frequently used
because that shape offers the greatest structural strength and cross sectional area per
unit of wall surface area than any other shape.

The solution of any flow problem requires knowledge of the physical properties of the
fluid being handled. Values for the properties affecting the flow of fluids, namely
viscosity and density are presented in various tables and charts.

3.1 Viscosity

Viscosity [also known as dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity]is the quantity that
describes a fluid's resistance to flow. Fluids resist the motion of immersed objects
through them as well as to the motion of layers with differing velocities within them
Viscosity expresses the readiness with which a fluid flows when it is acted upon by an
external force. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to internal
deformation or shear.

Moving surface

y
Fluid
v

Fixed surface Velocity

Profile

shear stress
Viscosity =
velocity gradient
τ kg
µ= , with SI units being or kg m -1 s −1
 dv  ms
 dy 

2.3 Kinematic Viscosity

Kinematic viscosity is a measure of the resistive flow of a fluid under the influence of
gravity. It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.
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dynamic viscosity
Kinemic viscosity =
fluid density
µ m2
ν = , with SI units being or m 2 s −1
ρ s

Another unit commonly used for kinematic viscosity is the centistoke (cSt), and their
relationship is given below:

m2 mm 2
1 cSt = 10 -6
=1
s s

Viscosity is one of the important properties of fuels used in marine diesel engines. All low
speed two-stroke and many medium speed four-stroke engines can operate on low grade
fuels of up to 700 cSt/50°C viscosity.

When giving a viscosity value, it is important to also quote the temperature as the
viscosity of liquids reduces with increasing temperature (and very quickly with oils).

The typical viscosity range for engine injection is 10-15 cSt, so fuel heating is a
requirement.

Viscosity is also very important for the purpose of lubrication. The reason for this is that
if the lubricant is too thin, it gets forced out from bearing surface under pressure and
poor lubrication occurs, this leads to bearing surface damage.

If the lubricant is too viscous, it either does not flow into the bearing surface, causing
lubrication starvation, and thus certain bearing damage. Or it consumes too much energy,
which is then converted to heat and the bearing may be overheated, at which point it can
seize due to loss of running clearance.

2.4 Reynolds Number

The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of
inertial forces to viscous forces and consequently quantifies the relative importance of
these two types of forces for given flow conditions.

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 2 ⁄𝐿𝐿

=
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇⁄𝐿𝐿2

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Osborne Reynolds carried out experiments with flowing fluid with apparatus similar to
that shown in the diagram below. A valve was used to control the flowrate and a dye
enabled the fluid behaviour to be visualised.

He found that there were two main types of flow, laminar and turbulent.

3.4 Types of Flow

3.4.1 Laminar Flow

At certain conditions it was found that the dye continued to move along the pipe with the
fluid in a straight line, indicating that the fluid was moving in a predictable, steady
manner and in a longitudinal direction only. There was no fluid movement across the pipe
in a lateral direction.

Laminar Flow

This type of flow was found to occur within a certain range of Reynolds Number values,
which took the following parameters into account: velocity, density, pipe diameter and
dynamic viscosity.

Reynolds Number can be calculated using the expression given below.

ρvd
Re = , Where Re = Reynolds number (no units)
μ
ρ = density (kg/m 3 )
v = mean velocity (m/s)
d = pipe internal diameter (m)
μ = viscosity (kg/ms)

Or alternatively using kinematic viscosity so that;

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vd
Re = , Where ν = kinematic viscosity (m 2 /s)
ν

It was found that the flow would normally be laminar when Reynolds number was less
than 2000.

With laminar flow, the fluid velocity can be

calculated at each position across the Pipe wall

diameter of the pipe. This gives the velocity

distribution shown opposite.
Fluid
This shows that the fluid velocity is zero at the
pipe walls rising to a maximum value at the
centre of the pipe. The velocity distribution Fluid velocity distribution for is a
Laminar flow in a circular pipe
parabolic curve and the mean velocity is half the
maximum velocity. Vmean = 1/2Vmax

3.4.2 Turbulent Flow

When the value of Reynolds number is greater than 4000, the flow pattern normally
changes.

Turbulent Flow

Instead of particles of fluid moving in straight parallel line, the fluid particles now have
random sideways motion in addition to the longitudinal motion along the pipe. This
motion can be seen in the figure on the previous page. As the fluid has lateral motion,
the higher velocity particles in the centre of the pipe move into slower regions and vice
versa so that the velocity in the middle region tends to take on an average value.

The maximum value is then found across a much wider area of the pipe giving the
velocity distribution shown below.
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Pipe wall

In the case of turbulent flow, the mean velocity is

five sixths of the maximum velocity.
Fluid
Vmean = 5/6Vmax

Fluid velocity distribution for

Turbulent flow in a circular pipe

3. Volumetric and Mass flow rates

The quantity of liquid flowing through a pipe along a trough, through an orifica or
restriction of some sort, is usually expressed either as

 the volume flowing per unit of time (m3/s) or

 the mass flowing per unit of time (kg/s)

Recently it has taken on an important meaning as it is no longer acceptable to

measure the ship’s bunkers by volume.

The velocity at which the liquid flows is the length of liquid which passes a given pint in
unit time. For example, if the velocity is 2 m/s, it can be considered as a column of
liquid 2 m long passing a point every second, therefore:

volume flow (v̇ )=area×velocity

Example 1

Oil of relative density 0.9 flows at full bore through a pipe 75 mm internal diameter
at a velocity of 1.2 m/s. Calculate the mass flow in t/h

Solution:

Given Values: Relative density: 0.9

Bore diameter: 0.075 m,

Velocity: 1.2 m/s

2 π
Firstly, calculate volume flow (v̇ )= 0.075 ×1.2
4

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=5.301× 10−3 m3/s

𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Relative density of oil= 0.9, Density of oil (𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ) = 0.9 × 103 ( ) = 0.9 𝑡𝑡/𝑚𝑚3
𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑

𝑚𝑚̇
Applying the density formule; ρ=
𝑣𝑣̇

Mass flow (𝑚𝑚̇) = 𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 × 𝑣𝑣̇ = 0.9 × 5.301 × 10−3 = 4.7709 × 10−3 𝑡𝑡/𝑠𝑠

= 4.7709 × 10−3 × 3600 𝑡𝑡/ℎ

= 17.175 𝑡𝑡/ℎ

4.1 Flow through valves

The area of
escape is the
annular area of
the
circumferential
opening
between valve
and seat, which
is

Circumference
x lift (L)

Therefore,

Circumference
x lift = cross-
sectional area (
Fig.1) 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝛑𝛑𝐫𝐫 𝟐𝟐
𝛑𝛑 𝟐𝟐
𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑 = 𝐝𝐝
𝟒𝟒
𝐝𝐝 Figure 1-valve lift and cross-sectional area
𝐋𝐋 (𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦. 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥) =
𝟒𝟒

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Figure 2-Flow through the valve

 Management Level Academics: Applied Heat-Hydrodynamics

Example 2

Calculate the volume flow of water in m3/min through a 150 mm diameter valve when
the velocity of water is 2.5 m/s and the valve lift is

 30 mm,
 45 mm

Solution:

For 30 mm valve lift as show in the fig.3

Maximum effective lift:

1
× 150 = 37.5 mm
4
30 mm
i) When lift is 30mm
Volume flow =
Area x velocity

=(Circumference x lift) x velocity

Figure 3- 30 mm valve lift
=(𝜋𝜋 × 𝑑𝑑 × 𝐿𝐿) × 𝑣𝑣̇

=𝜋𝜋 × 0.15 × 0.03 × 2.5 × 60 (m3

3.2 Continuity Equation

The continuity equation considers the preservation of mass entering and leaving a
system. If the fluid is assumed incompressible, which we will do for this entire Class One
course, then the mass entering and leaving must be equal. Assuming that the
temperature of the fluid and hence the density will not change, then the volumetric flow
into and out of the system must be constant

1 2

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Velocity v1 v2
Diameter d1 d2
Area A1 A2

Flow rate at 1 = Flow rate at 2

A1v1 = A2v2, but A = d2/4,

so d12v1= d22v2

As well as considering the conservation of mass, we shall also consider the

conservation of energy. Bernoulli identified three main elements of energy
within a fluid flow, namely:

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
Pressure energy = , Potential energy = mgZ
𝝆𝝆

Kinetic energy = mv2

2

Bernoulli’s original equation for steady, frictionless flow of an incompressible flow

can be written in terms of the energy under consideration, but the equation is

usually written in either head (Z) or pressure (p).

Either equation can be used, and their use may depend on the required unknown

value.

SAQ (Now attempt this question)

Consider a pipe of length 10m whose diameter tapers from 100mm to 60mm. The pipeline
is fixed at an incline of 15o as shown. A pressure gauge measures 2.3bar at the larger
diameter. Calculate the pressure at the smaller diameter when a fresh water flow of 20
tonne/hour is present.

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Hints:

When using the Bernoulli equation we shall always assume that the pressure
readings are from the middle of the pipe, so only the height change between
the pipe centres is considered.

Assigning the subscript 1 to the inlet, and subscript 2 to the outlet.

Placing the height datum at the outlet (station 2), so any measurement above
this will be positive (as it will have a positive potential energy)

Answer: p2 = 253.73 x 103 N/m2

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4. Venturi meters

The Venturi Meter is a device used for the measurement of the flow rate of a fluid
flowing through a pipeline. It comprises a pipe which is smoothly tapered to a reduced
diameter known as the “Throat” then gradually increased to the original diameter, as
illustrated below.

From the continuity equation it follows that as the fluid flows from the inlet to the throat
the velocity must increase; and from Bernoulli’s equation the pressure must therefore
reduce to maintain the total energy of the flow constant – assuming no energy losses.

From the continuity equation:

and from Bernoulli’s equation:

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5. Meter Coefficient (Cd)

This is a factor which is introduced to account for the losses due to friction in the meter,
which always results in the actual volume flow rate being less than the theoretical value:
i.e.

o
V = cross section area (A) x theoretical velocity x Cd
Where the meter coefficient Cd is typically in the range of 0.85 to 0.95.

6. Differential Manometer

Differential manometers are commonly used on board as a device for measuring a

relatively small pressure difference between two points in a pipeline, as for example
between the inlet and throat of a venturi meter.

The principle of the device is illustrated below:

The pressure is the same at any uniform depth below the free surface in a

continuous fluid,.

Hence; Pressure at AA = Pressure at BB

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Note! That in the case of where m is mercury of relative density 13.6, and L is fresh
water of relative density 1.0, then
the equation can be simplified to

7. Flow through an Orifice

Consider a fluid flowing through an orifice due to potential head of ‘h’ as shown below.

At the free surface the velocity is negligibly small and the pressure (gauge) is zero. Hence
fluid energy is in the form of potential energy only.

In the fluid flow immediately outside the orifice the pressure energy and potential energy
are zero (when the level of the orifice is taken as datum). Hence the fluid only has
kinetic energy.

Assuming no energy loss:

KE (gained) = PE (lost)

i.e. 1 mv2 = mgh

2

v =2.g.
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Where v = theoretical velocity of the jet (m/s)

h = the static head of the liquid (m)

8. Coefficient of Velocity

Due to the friction losses at the orifice, the actual velocity of the jet is less than the
theoretic
al
velocity.
The
Coefficie
nt of Velocity is the ration of the two; i.e.

9. Coefficient of Contraction (Cc)

Close examination of the jet shows that the fluid continues to converge after passing
through the orifice; due to its inertia.

Thus the smallest cross section of the jet occurs outside the orifice and is called the

‘Vena Contracta’. The extent of the contraction is described by the;

10. Coefficient of Discharge (Cd)

This is the ration of the Actual Discharge Rate to the theoretical discharge rate; i.e

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But the Actual Discharge Rate = Actual Velocity x Jet c.s.a.

and Theoretical Discharge Rate = Theoretical Velocity x Orifice c.s.a.

Therefore:

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SAQ Example:

An orifice 19 mm diameter discharges 0.0635 m3 per minute. If the head of the water
above the orifice is 1.83 m and the diameter of the vena-contracta is 15.2 mm
determine:

a) Cc b) Cv c) Cd

Hints: Use the above formulas to solve this question.

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11. Forces on pipe-bends

When the direction of a fluid flow is changed, as will occur within a pipe bend, then
the vector direction of the fluid velocity will also change. As this will constitute a
change in momentum, then a force must be present when this fluid flow change occurs.

In addition if the rate of water flow also changes, then there will be another force
change present due to the change in pressure force on the bend.

Momentum change

Consider a 90o bend in a pipe line. We will consider the pipe section shown as the
control volume. This control volume will allow us to simplify the forces present, and
exists as the open ends and the surrounding metal surface.

If we assume that mass conservation is present, i.e. the mass flowing into the bend

is the same as the mass flowing out of it, then the mass flow rate 𝒎𝒎̇ will be

constant.

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12. Centrifugal Pumps

This type of pump is the most versatile and popular pump unit used onboard.

The main component is the impeller that rotates inside a casing. This impeller imparts
a force on the fluid within it, which causes the fluid to flow out of the impeller as it
rotates. This fluid flow produces a vacuum to be formed in the pump suction, which
will draw other fluid into the impeller suction.

Thus fluid flow will occur from the suction to discharge due to the rotating impeller;
and from tank suction to the pump due to the tank pressure being higher than the
pump impeller suction pressure.

The kinetic energy produced by the impeller (fluid flow) is then converted into pressure
energy at the volute or diffuser. Both of these systems operate by increasing the
discharge area and slowing the fluid down.

We shall examine the operation of the pump impeller in more detail. Fluid enters the
eye of the impeller radially (normal to the direction of rotation), and is accelerated
tangentially (parallel to the direction of rotation) by the impeller, and moves to the
outside of the casing. It is normally assumed that the fluid inlet velocity is entirely
radial, and that it keeps the radial velocity constant as it moves across the impeller.

The Continuity equation implies that for constant radial velocity, the cross sectional
area of flow must be constant.

Since the cross sectional area of flow is equal to the impeller circumference times its’
width, this means that as the impeller diameter increases, its’ width must decrease
accordingly. This gives the impeller its characteristic shape.

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IMPELLER

At the Inlet to the Impeller

o

V = inlet width “w” x circumference at inlet “πdi” x inlet velocity (v1)

= w.πdi.v1

At the Exit from the Impeller

o

V = exit width “W” x circumference at exit “πde” x radial exit velocity “ve”
= W.πde.ve

for continuity Flow rate at inlet = Flow rate at

outlet So w.di.vI = W.de.ve

As stated earlier we would normally assume (as no friction is present)

that radial components of velocity through the impeller are equal; i.e
ve(rad) = v1

Centrifugal Pump Velocity Diagrams

To gain a greater understanding of the actual velocity vectors that exist at
the inlet and outlet of the impeller we shall construct velocity diagrams.

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Consider a vane within the impeller rotating at N rev/sec. The inside tip of
the vane will have an absolute speed of Nd, where d is the inside
diameter. We will give this tangential impeller speed the symbol ui, with
the subscript “i” indicating the inlet.

where ui = Tangential Velocity of Impeller Vane Root

vi = Absolute velocity of liquid at Inlet (radial only)
vi = Relative velocity of liquid at Inlet
α = Angle of impeller at inlet for shockless entry

It is the relative velocity of the fluid flow that is important for the required angle α
of the impeller vane, as it is relative to the impeller motion.

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In the exit diagram, the flow from the impeller in the radial direction ve (radial) is
assumed to equal the inlet radial velocity if we ignore the friction effects of the
impeller/fluid interface.

As with the inlet velocity diagram, the tip of the impeller at exit, ue, will have a
velocity of πND, where D is the external diameter of the impeller.

The absolute velocity of the fluid flow from the impeller ve has two components, the
radial component we have already seen is present at the inlet, and the whirl (meaning
it is a tangential direction) velocity vwe. This whirl velocity is important, as it is this
velocity that is gained when the fluid passes through the impeller, and hence is a
measure of the work done on the fluid by the impeller.

To ensure there is shockless exit of the fluid leaving the impeller, then the relative
flow ve should leave with the correct angle β

The work done on the fluid per second = Force x velocity

= 𝑚𝑚v we u e
Another term used within pumps is the head of a pump. The head can be
defined as the vertical lift that a pump is capable of achieving, thus if a

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vertical pipe was fitted to the outlet of the pump, then the height of the
fluid column would be the head of the pump.

Work done in terms of potential energy =

Thus the theoretical head, ht, can be defined by equating the potential energy and
work done terms as

Also the pump head can be related to the discharge and suction pressures of the pump,
as the head is the difference between the e two pressure, i.e. a measure of
the energy that has been transferred to the fluid.

Solved Example:
A centrifugal pump operates at 390 rev/min and discharges fresh water at 0.12m3/s.
The impeller is 500mm diameter and 85mm wide at outlet. The blade outlet angle
is 28o. Radial flow can be assumed at inlet, and is constant through the impeller.
Calculate the theoretical head, power required by the pump, and the pressure rise
across the impeller.
Solutions:
Impeller speed at exit, ue = πND = π390/60 0.5 = 10.21m/s

Volumetric flow rate V = 0.12 = W.πde.ve = 0.085π0.5ve so ve = 0.9m/s

Once the radial velocity is known together with the impeller angle, then the dimension
(ue – vwe) can be found from the trigonometric relationship.

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Note this is the mass flow rate, not the mass. Using mass flow rate will give the
units in J/s or W
The pressure rise can be equated to the static head minus the velocity head, as these
are the two components of energy at the outlet of the pump.

Hence p = (ρgh - ρvwe / 2)

Static pressure = 1000 x g x 8.87 = 87kN/m2
Velocity“pressure” = 1000 x 8.522 / 2 = 36.3kN/m2
Hence pressure rise across the pump = 87 – 36.3 = 50.7kN/m2

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13. Reading List:

Birkhoff, G. (2016). Hydrodynamics. 1st ed. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
Leslie, O. (2013). Reed's Applied Mechanics for Engineers Volume 2. 1st ed. [S.l.]:
Bloomsbury Publishing.

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14. TMA (Tutor Marked Assignments)

All the following questions must be attempted and send back to your tutor via MyCity
submission for the marking to pass this unit.

1. A centrifugal fan running at 750 rev/min, has impeller diameters at inlet and
outlet of 53.4 cm and 76.2 cm respectively. The velocity of whirl at exit is 22.85 m/s
and the blade outlet angle 700. The width of the impeller at outlet is 101.6 mm.

If the specific volume of the air is 0.795 m3/kg;

Find the mass of air delivered/min, the blade inlet angle and the impeller width at
inlet. Assume radial flow velocity is constant.

2. A pump is to draw water from a depth of 1.83 m below its centre line and
discharge it to a height of 6.1 m above its centre line through a pipe 76.4 m long and
101.6 mm diameter. If the rate of discharge is 226 m3/h and the pump efficiency is
60%, find the input power to the pump.

Loss of head due to friction in discharge pipe is given by

where f = 0.0048.

3. The impeller of a sea water circulating pump rotates at 720 rev/min and
discharges 400 tonne/hour. The impeller dimensions are inlet diameter 180mm, and
exit diameter 420mm. The exit vane angle is 70o. At entry to the impeller the water

flow has a velocity of 2 metres/s in the radial direction only.

Calculate EACH of the following:

a) The inlet vane angle for shock-less entry

b) The width of the impeller at inlet and exit

c) The required power of the pump

The density of the sea water = 1025 kg/m3

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