Solution

FINAL PREPEATION GOAL

Class 12 - Physics
1 2 1 2
1. i. 2 m αv α = 2 m pv p
Vα mp

√
1
Vp
= mα
= 2

Now,
1 2 1 2
m v = 2 m pv p
2 d d
vd 1
vp
=
√2
Radius of the circular path

0
mv
r= Bq

00
rα 1 rd √2
= & =
rp 1 rp 1
ra : rd : rp = 1 : √2 : 1

a_
∴

ii. Magnetic field is along Z axis

iii. Low resistance ammeter does not affect the net current drawn from the battery.
2.
arm
i. Principle- When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque.
Working:- When a current flows through the coil of a galvanometer, a torque acts on it. It is given as
τ = NiABsinθ
For radial magnetic field; sin θ = 1
The spring provides a counter or restoring toqrue kϕ.
sh

kϕ = NiAB

In equilibrium; ϕ = ( )
NAB
k
i
t_

Galvanometer cannot be used as such to measure current because:

It has large resistance and hence will decrease the value of current in the circuit.
an

ii. The magnetic field is made radial in a moving coil galvanometer so that the area vector of the coil is always normal to the
→
magnetic field (B) Hence,sin θ = 1 always
m

The magnetic field is made radial in a moving coil galvanometer to make the scale linear. It is achieved by using curved
magnetic poles.
3. a. Consider a symmetrical long solenoid having a number of turns per unit length equal to n.
He

Let I be the current flowing in the solenoid, then by the right-hand rule, the magnetic field is parallel to the axis of the
solenoid.

Field inside the solenoid:

Consider a closed path abcd.
Now, using Ampere's circuital law to this path, we have
→
→
∮ B ⋅ dl = μ × 0

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 Therefore, B = 0
This implies, the magnetic field outside the solenoid is 0.
Field inside the solenoid:
Consider a closed path pqrs.
The line integral of the magnetic field is given by,
→
→ →
→ →
→ →
→ →
→
∮
pqrs B ⋅ dl = ∫
pq B ⋅ dl + ∫
qr B ⋅ dl + ∫ B ⋅ dl + ∫
rs sp B ⋅ dl ....(i)

→
→
For path pq, B and dl are along the same direction,
→
→ → →
∴ ∫ qrB ⋅ dl = ∫ SpB ⋅ d l = ∫ Bdlcos90 ∘ = 0
For path rs, B = 0 because outside the solenoid field is zero.
→
→
∴ ∫ rsB ⋅ dl = 0
Now, using Ampere's law,
Using these equations, equation (i) gives,

0
→
→ →
→

00
∮
pqrs B ⋅ dl = ∫
pq B ⋅ dl = Bl

Now, using Ampere's law,

→ →
∮ B ⋅ dI = μ 0I

a_
This implies,
Bl = μ 0(nlI)
B = μ 0nI
∴
arm
b. Magnetic lines do not exist outside the body of a toroid. Toroid is closed and the solenoid is open on both sides. The magnetic
field is uniform inside a toroid whereas, for a solenoid, it is different at two ends and centre.
t_ sh
an

c. The magnetic field is made strong by,

i. passing large current and
ii. using a laminated coil of soft iron.
m

4. Biot- Savart law:

The magnetic field due to a current element of length dl carrying a current I at a point P, which is at a distance r from it is
He

→
i. directly proportional to the current I and element length dl .
ii. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the current element and the point P.
→
→
The direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane containing dl and r
Vector form:
→
→ μ 0 dl × →r
dB = I
4π r3

Due to the current element dl considered at A the magnetic field at P is-

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 →
μ 0I | dl × →r |
dB = 4π r3
Since, dl × r = dlr
μ 0I dl
dB = 4π r 2
μ 0I dl
dB = 4π
(X +R )2 2

Consider a current element opposite to A, that is at B, then we can see that the y components of the magnetic, field due to this
current element cancel and X component is only present.
So we can say that the net magnetic field is along the X-direction.
dBX = dB cosθ
Net magnetic field at P is
B = ∫ dBX = ∫ dB cosθ
μ0 Idl

0
= ∫ 4π cosθ
(X +R )
2 2

00
μ0 Idl R
= ∫ 4π
(X +R ) (X +R )
1
2 2 2 2 2

μ 0IR μ 0IR2πR

a_
= 3 ∫ dl = 3

(
4π X 2 + R 2 ) 2
(
4π X 2 + R 2 ) 2

μ 0IR 2
B=
arm
3

(
2 X2 + R2 ) 2

→ →
5. a. If we adjust the value of E and B such that magnitude of the two forces are equal, then total force on the charge is zero and the
charge will move in the fields undeflected. This happen when
sh

E
qE = Bqv or v = B
b. Name of the device:
t_

Cyclotron It accelerates charged particles or ions.

Electric field accelerates the charged particles. Magnetic field makes particles to move in circle.
Electric field exists between the Dees. Magnetic field exists both inside and outside the dees.
an

Magnetic field is uniform. Electric field is alternating in nature.

6. i. Deflection produced per unit current is called its current sensitivity.
m

Current sensitivity can be increased by

(a) increasing number of turns in coil
(b) increasing area of coil in magnetic field
He

(c) decreasing K (Torsional Constant)

(any one)
θ NBA
Vs = V
= KR
If current sensitivity is increased by increasing number of turns of the coil, the resistance of the galvanometer will also
increase. Thus voltage sensitivity may not increase.
ii. V = I G(R + G)
V
R= IG
−G
100
= − 15
20 × 10 − 3
= 5000 − 15
= 4985Ω
By connecting 4985Ω in series with galvanometer it is converted to voltmeter of range (0 − 100 V)
7. The magnetic field B is along the x-axis, hence for a circular orbit the momenta of the two particles are in the y-z plane. Let
p1 and p2 be the momentum of the electron (e-) and positron (e+), respectively. Both traverse a circle of radius R of opposite

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 sense. Let p, make an angle θ with they-axis p2 must make the same angle withy axis.
The centres of the respective circles must be perpendicular to the momenta and at a distance R. Let the centre of the electron be at
Ce and of the positron at Cp.
The coordinates of Ce is given by Ce = (0, -R sin θ, R cos θ)
The coordinates of Cp is given by Cp = [0, -R sin θ, (1.5 R - R cos θ)]

0
00
The circular orbits of electron and positron shall not overlap if the distance between the two centers are greater than 2R.
Let d be the distance between Ce and Cp. Then,

a_
3
d2 = [R sin θ - (-R sin θ)]2 + [R cos θ - ( 2 R - R cos θ)]2
3
= (2 R sin θ)2 + (2 R cos θ - R)2
2
arm
9
= 4 R2 sin2 θ + 4R2 cos2 θ - 6 R2 cos2 θ + 4
R2
9
= 4R2 + 4
R2 - 6R2 cos θ

As d has to be greater than 2R, d2 > 4R2

sh

9
⇒ 4R2 + 4
R2 - 6R2 cos θ > 4R2
9 3
or, > 6 cos θ thus the conditions on the direction of momentum will the orbits be non-intersecting circles is cos θ <
t_

4 8
8. a. Principle and working: When current (I) is passed in the coil, torque τ acts on the coil, given by τ = NIABsinθ
m an
He

When the magnetic field is radial, as in the case of cylindrical pole pieces and soft iron core, then in every position of coil the
plane of the coil, is parallel to the magnetic field lines, so that θ = 90o and sin 90o = 1 Deflecting torque, τ = NIAB
If C is the torsional rigidity of the wire and θ is the twist of suspension strip, then restoring torque = Cθ For equilibrium,
deflecting torque = restoring torque
i.e. NIAB = Cθ
NAB
∴ θ= C
I ...(i)
i.e. θ ∝ I
b. Importance (or function) of uniform radial magnetic field: In radial magnetic field sin θ = 1, so torque is τ = NIAB. This
makes the deflection (θ) proportional to current.To produce radial magnetic field pole pieces of permanent magnet are made
cylindrical and a soft iron core is placed between them. The soft iron core helps in making the field radial and reduce energy
losses produced due to eddy currents.
c. lection of coil is directly proportional to current flowing in the coil and hence we can construct a linear scale. Importance of
uniform radial magnetic field: Torque for current carrying coil in a magnetic field is τ = NIAB sinθ

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 In radial magnetic field Sinθ = 1, so torque is τ = NIAB sinθ
This makes the deflection proportional to current. In other words, the radial magnetic field makes the scale linear.
The cylindrical soft iron core makes the filed radial and increases the strength of the magnetic field. i.e. the magnitude of the
torque.
d. A voltmeter is used to measure p.d. across a resistance in an electrical circuit. If a voltmeter has very high resistance, it will
not affect the resistance of circuit, hence reading will be true. That is why while using a moving coil galvanometer on a
voltmeter, a high resistance in series is required. An ammeter is used to measure current in circuit, hence it is connected in
series with the circuit. If an ammeter has very low resistance it will not affect the circuit - resistance and so reading will be
true. That is why while using a moving coil galvanometer as an ammeter, a shunt (small resistance in parallel) is used.
9. i. The magnetic field at a point due to a current carrying element is proportional to magnitude of current, element length and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the element.
→
→ μ o dl × →r
dB = I
4π r3
μ o Idlsin θ
| dB | = 4π r2

0
00
a_
arm
Consider a circular coil of radius a carrying current I.
t_ sh

According to Biot-Savart’s law

→ μ o Idlsin θ
an

| dB | = 4π 2
r
At point A
→
m

→
I dl ⊥ a
∴ θ = 90o, sin 90o = 1
He

μ o Idl
Hence dB = 4π a 2
Magnetic field at centre
2πa 2πa μ o Idl
B = ∫ dB = ∫ 4π a 2
o 0
μo I
B= × × 2πa
4π a2
μ 0I
B= 2a

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 ii. q = e, v = 107 ms-1, r = 10-10 m
q
i= T
qv
= 2πr
eV
=
2πr
1.6 × 10 − 19 × 10 7
=
2 × π × 10 − 10
0.8
= π
× 10-2 A

= 0.255 × 10-2 A = 2.55 mA

10. a. Magnetic field due to a circular current-carrying loop lying in the xy- plane acts along z-axis as shown in figure.

| |
→
L → +L +L
ℑ(L) = ∫ − LB ⋅ dl = ∫ − L Bdlcos 0° = ∫ − L Bdl= 2BL

0
∴ ℑ (L) is monotonically increasing function of L.

b. Now consider an Amperean loop around the circular coil of such a large radius L → ∞. since this loop encloses a current

00
l, Now using Ampere's law
→
→
ℑ(∞) = ∮ + ∞B ⋅ dl = μ 0I

a_
arm
t_ sh

c. The magnetic field at the axis (z-axis) of circular coil at a distance z from the centre of a circular coil of radius R carrying
an

current I is
μ 0IR 2
given by B z =
(
2 z2 + R2 ) 3/2
m

Now integrating
μ 0IR 2
He

+∞ +∞
∫ − ∞ B zdz = ∫ −∞ dz
(
2 z2 + R2 ) 3/2

Let z = R tan θ so that dz = R sec2 θ dθ

and (z2 + R2)3/2 = (R2 tan2 θ + R2)3/2
= R3 sec3 θ (as 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ)
μ 0I (
R 2 Rsec 2 θdθ )
Thus, ∫ +− ∞
∞ B zdz = ∫ +π/2
2 −π/2 R 3sec 3 θ
μ 0I
+π/2
= 2
∫ − π / 2 cosθdθ = μ 0I
d. As we know (BZ) square < (Bz) circular coil
For the same current, and side of the square equal to radius of the coil
ℑ(∞) square < ℑ(∞) circularcoil
By using the same argument as we done in case (b), it can be shown that
ℑ(∞) square = ℑ(∞) circularcoil = μ 0I

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11. Principle: When a charged particle is kept in a magnetic field it experiences a force and the perpendicular magnetic field causes
the particle to spiral many times.

Working: The principle of action of the apparatus is shown in fig. The positive ions produced from a source S at the centre are
accelerated by a dee which is at negative potential at that moment. Due to the presence of perpendicular magnetic field the ion
will move in a circular path inside the dees. The magnetic field and the frequency of the applied voltages are so chosen that as the
ion comes out of a dee, the dees change their polarity (positive becoming negative and vice-versa) and the ion is further
accelerated and moves with higher velocity along a circular path of greater radius. The phenomenon is continued till the ion

0
reaches at the periphery of the dees where an auxiliary negative electrode (deflecting plate) deflects the accelerated ion on the
target to be bombarded.

00
a_
arm
Expression for Period of Revolution and Frequency: Suppose the positive ion with charge q moves in a dee with a velocity v,
then
mv 2 mv
qvB = r
or r = qB
...(i)
where m is the mass and r the radius of the path of ion in the dee and B is the strength of the magnetic field. The angular velocity
sh

w of the ion is given by,

v qB
ω= r
= m
(from eq. (i))
t_

The time taken by the ion in describing a semi-circle, i.e., in turning through an angle π is,
π πm
t= ω
= Bq
...(iii)
an

Thus the time is independent of the speed of the ion i.e., although the speed of the ion goes on increasing with increase in the
radius (from eq. (i)) when it moves from one dee to the other, yet it takes the same time in each dee.
Resonance Condition: The condition of working of cyclotron is that the frequency of radio frequency alternating potential must
m

be equal to the frequency of revolution of charged particles within the dees. This is called resonance condition. Now for the
T
cyclotron to work, the applied alternating potential should also have the same semi-periodic time ( 2 ) as that taken by the ion to
He

cross either dee, i.e.,

T πm
=t= ...(iv)
2 qB
2πm
or T = qB
...(v)
This is the expression for period of revolution. Obviously, period of revolution is independent of speed of charged particle and
radius of circular path.
∴ Frequency of revolution of particles

1 qB
f= T
= 2πm
This frequency is called the cyclotron frequency.

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12. The hysteresis curve (B-H curve) of a ferromagnetic material is shown in the following figure:

To explain qualitatively the domain picture of the irreversibility in the magnetisation curve of a ferromagnet, we draw the
hysteresis curve for ferromagnetic substance as shown above. We can observe that the magnetisation persists even when the
external field is removed. This gives the idea of irreversibility of a ferromagnet. The detailed reason is explained below:

0
00
a_
The atomic dipoles are grouped together in domains in a ferromagnetic substance. All the dipoles of a domain are aligned in the
arm
same direction and have a net magnetic moment (Fig. a). In an unmagnetised substance, these domains are randomly distributed
so that the resultant magnetization is zero (Fig. b). These domains align themselves in the direction of the field when the substance
is placed in an external magnetic field. Some energy is spent in the process of alignment. These domains do not come back into
their original random positions completely when the external field is removed. Some magnetization is retained by the substance.
The energy spent in the process of magnetization is not fully recovered. The balance of energy is lost as heat. This is the basic
sh

cause for irreversibility of the magnetization curve of a ferromagnetic substance.

13. a. In both cases, we get magnets each having north and south poles. When we cut transverse to the length, the pole strength of
each new magnet is the same as that of an original magnet but the magnetic moment is halved because length is halved. When
t_

we cut along the length, the pole strength of each new magnet is half the pole strength of the original magnet; the magnetic
moment is also halved, as length remains the same.
an

b. On melting, the iron bar magnet loses its magnetism. This is because of its temperature exceeds Curie temperature(= 750°C)
for iron.
c. When a magnetised needle is put in a uniform magnetic field, forces on north and south poles the needle are equal and unlike.
m

Therefore, the net force is zero. But these forces form a torque that aligns the magnetic needle in the direction of the field. An
iron nail is unmagnetised. It experiences a force of attraction; gets magnetised, then experiences a torque and gets aligned
He

along the field.

d. No, it is not necessary that every magnetic field configuration must have a north pole and a south pole. The poles exist only
when the source has some net magnetic moment. In the case of a toroid and infinite straight conductor, there are no poles, as a
net magnetic moment in both the cases is zero.
e. Magnetic poles always exist in pairs. However, one can imagine magnetic field configuration with three poles-when north
poles of two magnets are glued together or south poles of two magnets are glued together to provide a three-pole field
configuration.
14. Magnetic moment M of the magnetic dipole is defined as the product of the pole strength (m) and the magnetic length (2l).
M = m × 2l = 2ml
Magnetic field intensity due to magnetic dipole at a point on its axis:

Due to North pole of the magnet (N)

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 μ0 ( + m )
B=
4π ( d − l ) 2
Due to South pole ofthe magnet (S)
μ0 ( − m )
B=
4π ( d + l ) 2
Hence, resultant magnetic field at point P when 2l < < d:
μ 02M
B=
4πd 3
where, M = m × 2l
Magneticfield intensity due to magnetic dipole at a point on its equator:

0
00
a_
arm
Say, 2l = length of the dipole, m = magnetic strength of each pole, μ 0 = Magnetic permeability of free space, then magnetic field
at point P due to:
N pole ofmagnet (direction N - P)
sh

+ μ0 ( m )
B=
(
4π d 2 + l 2 )
S pole of magnet (direction P - 5)
t_

− μ 0m
B=
(
4π d 2 + l 2 )
an

Hence, resultant at point P when 2l < < d:

μ 0M
B=
m

4πd 3
where, M = m' × 2l
15. a. Let magnetic needle is suspended in the uniform external magnetic field B and making angle θ with it and is slightly disturbed
He

to oscillatein this field.

→
As Magnetic moment M is directed along the axisof needle, torque τ on the needle is
→ → →
τ =M×B
= MB sin θ
We also know that
τ = Iα
Where I is moment of inertia of needle and α angular acceleration
Angular acceleration,
d 2θ
α=
dt 2
d 2θ
Hence, τ = I = − MBsinθ
dt 2
(-ve sign implies that this torque is acting as restoring torque).
Now if θ is small,then sin θ = θ

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 d 2θ
So, I = − MBθ
dt 2

or,
d 2θ
dt 2
=
( ) − MB
I
θ ...(2)

This derived equation is similar to equation of simple harmonic motion,

d 2θ
= − ω 2θ
dt 2
MB
where, ω 2 =
I
Hence, it is proved that it executes simple harmonic motion.
2π
We know, that ω =
T
where, T is period of oscillation.
MB 2π
∴
√ I
= T

0
I
T = 2π
√ MB

00
b. The magnetic potential energy
= U = ∫ τdθ
= ∫ MBsinθdθ

a_
= -MB cos θ
→ →
= −M⋅B
arm
16. Key concept: Magnetic susceptibility: It is the property of the substance which shows how easily a substance can be magnetised.
A related term is magnetizability, the proportion between magnetic moment and magnetic flux density. It can also be defined as
I
the ratio of intensity of magnetisation (I) in a substance to the magnetic intensity (H) applied to the substance, i.e. χ m =
H
I ( intensity of magnetisation )
χm = =
sh

H ( Magnetising force )
As I and H both have same units and dimensions, hence χ has no dimensions. In the problem, χ is related with e,m, v, R and μ 0.

We know that dimensions of μ 0 [MLT-2 A-2]

t_

From Biot-Savart's law,

μ 0 Idlsin θ
dB =
an

4π r2

⇒ μ0 =
4πr 2dB
Idlsin θ
=
4πr 2
Idlsin θ
×
f
qvsin θ [ ∵ dB =
F
qvsin θ ]
m

∴ Dimensions of
(
L 2 × MLT − 2 )
He

μ0 = = [MLQ-2]
( )
QT − 1 ( L ) × 1 × ( Q ) LT − 1 × ( 1 ) ( )
where, Q is the dimensions of charge. This is the required result.
As χ is dimensionless, it should have no involvement of charge Q in its dimensional formula. It will be so if μ 0 and e together
should have the value μ 0e 2, as e has the dimensions of charge,
Let, χ = μ 0e 2m av bR c ...(i)
where a, b, c are the power of m, v and R respectively, such that relation (i) is satisfied.
Dimensional equation of (i) is
[M0L0T0A0T0] = [MLA - 2 T-2] × [A2T2] [M]a × [LT-1]b × [L]c
= [MI+a + LI+b+c T-b A0]
Equating the powers of M, L and T, we get
0 = 1 + a ⇒ a = -1, 0 = 1 + b + c ...(ii)
0 = -b ⇒ b = 0, 0 = 1 + 0 + c or c = -1
Putting values in Eq. (i), we get

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 μ 0e 2
2 −1 0 −1
χ = μ 0e m v R =
mR
Here, μ 0 = 4π × 10 − 7TmA − 1
e = 1.6 × 10-19 C
m = 9.1 × 10-31 kg, R = 10-10 m
( 4π × 10 ) × ( 1.6 × 10 )
−7 − 19 2

χ= = 10 − 4
( 9.1 × 10 ) × 10
− 31 − 10

χ 10 − 4
= =10
χ givensolid 10 − 5
μ 0 2M
17. a. Magnetic field due to P on its axis, Bp = 4π d 3
along the axis and
μ0 M
Magnetic field due to P on the normal bisector, B'p = 4π d 3
along the axis, and antiparallel to the axis.

b. i. The system is not in equilibrium when the magnetic moment of Q is perpendicular to B'p; i.e. in configuration PQ1 and

0
PQ2.

00
ii. Equilibrium is stable when the magnetic moment of Q is parallel to Bp, and unstable when the magnetic moment of Q is
antiparallel to Bp.

a_
∴ configurations PQ5 and PQ6 represent stable equilibrium and configurations PQ3 and PQ4 represent unstable
equilibrium.
c. The potential energy of configuration arises due to potential energy of one dipole (say Q) in the magnetic field due to the other
arm
(P).
The lowest potential energy is the maximum negative energy, which is for configuration PQ6. (Field due to P is more on axial
line, than on the right bisector).

18. Properties Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

sh

Susceptibility is small and

Susceptibility Susceptibility is small and positive. Susceptibility is very large.
negative.
t_

The magnetic permittivity is less The magnetic permittivity is much

Magnetic The magnetic permittivity is greater
than the permittivity of free greater than the permittivity of free
permeability than the permittivity of free space.
an

space. space.

The coercivity for diamagnetic The coercivity for paramagnetic The coercivity for ferromagnetic
Coercivity
substance is zero. substance is zero. substance is positive.
m

Example of these materials are:

i. Paramagnetic: Oxygen O2
He

ii. Diamagnetic: Nitrogen N2

iii. Ferromagnetic: Iron
a. The field lines due to an external magnetic field near a diamagnetic substance.

b. The field lines due to an external magnetic field near a paramagnetic substance.

→ →
19. Electric field (E) and magnetic field (B) are related as
→ → → →
Key concept: Suppose the angle between p and E is θ. Torque on electric dipole of moment p in an electric field E, τ = pE sin θ.

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 → →
Let us assume that the angle between μ and B is θ.
→ →
Torque on magnetic dipole moment μ in magnetic field B,
→
τ = μBsinθn̂
If these two motions are identical, then
pE sin θ = μB sin θ by comparing the equations we get
⇒ pE = μB .. (i)

But, E = cB
∴ Putting the value in Eq. (i)

pcB = μB
μ
⇒ p=
c
20. a. If a bar magnet cuts into two pieces, In either case, one gets two magnets, each with a north and south pole.
b. No force acts if the uniform magnetic field is acting. The iron nail experiences a non-uniform field due to the bar magnet.
There is an induced magnetic moment in the nail, therefore, it experiences both force and torque. The net force is attractive

0
because the induced south pole in the nail is closer to the north pole of a magnet than the induced north pole.

00
c. Not necessarily that every magnetic configuration have a north pole and a south pole. It is True only if the source of the field
has a net nonzero magnetic moment. This is not so for a toroid or even for a straight infinite conductor.
d. Try to bring different ends of the bars closer. A repulsive force in some situations establishes that both are magnetized. If it is
always attractive, then one of them is not magnetized. In a bar magnet, the intensity of the magnetic field is the strongest at the

a_
two ends (poles) and weakest in the central region. This fact may be used to determine whether A or B is the magnet. In this
case, to see which one of the two bars is a magnet, pick up one, (say, A) and lower one of its ends; first on one of the ends of
arm
the other (say, B), and then on the middle of B. If you notice that in the middle of B, A experiences no force, then B is
magnetized. If you do not notice any change from the end to the middle of B, then A is magnetized.
21. Here, M = 5.25 × 10 − 2JT − 1, r = ?
→
Earth's field = B e = 0.42 G = 0.42 × 10 − 4T
sh

i. At a point P distant r on normal bisector.

Figure (a) field due to the magnet is
t_
m an
He

Magnetic field B2 due to magnet at equatorial line

→
μ0 M
B2 = 4π r 3
along PA || NS
→
The resultant field R will be inclined at 45° to the earth's field along PQ', only when

|B2 | = |Be |
→ →

μ0 M
= 0.42 × 10 − 4
4π r 3
10 − 7 × 5.25 × 10 − 2
= 0.42 × 10 − 4
r3
which gives, r = 0.05 m = 5 cm

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 ii. When the point P lies on axis of the magnet such that OP = r, field due to magnet Fig. (b) is
→
μ 0 2M
B1 = 4π r 3
along PO

→
→
Earth's field B e is along PA.
→
The resultant field R will be inclined at 45° to earth's field only when

|B1 | = |Be |
→ →

μ 0 2M
∴
4π r 3
= 0.42 × 10 − 4
which gives r = 6.3 × 10 − 2m = 6.3 cm
22. According to the problem, there are two current carrying planar coils made each from identical wires of length L.C1 = circular coil
of radius R, length L, number of turns per unit length
L
n1 = 2πR

0
L
C2 = square of side a and perimeter L, number of turns per unit length n2 = 4a

00
a_
Magnetic moment of C1
arm
⇒ m1 = n1 iA1 (where i is the current in the coil)
Magnetic moment of C2
⇒ m2 = n2 iA2 (where i is the current in the coil)
L ⋅ i ⋅ πR 2
m1 =
sh

2πR
L
m2 = 4a
⋅ i ⋅ a2
LiR
t_

m1 = 2
Lia
m2 = 4
an

MR 2
Moment of inertia of C1 ⇒ I1 = 2
Ma 2
Moment of inertia of C2 coil is given by I2 = ...(ii) (where M is the mass of coil)
m

⇒
12
I1
Frequency of C1 ⇒ f 1 = 2π
√ m 1B
...(iii)
He

I2
Frequency of C2 ⇒ f 2 = 2π
√ m 2B
...(iv)

According to problem, f1 = f2
I1 I2
2π

I1
√ m 1B

I2
= 2π

m2
√ m 2B

I2
= or =
m1 m2 m1 I1
Substituting the values from Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (and also substitute the values of m1 and m2 in equation (iii) and (iv))
Lia ⋅ 2 Ma 2 ⋅ 2
=
4 × LiR 12 ⋅ MR 2
a a2
=
2R 6R 2

13 / 39
Attampt all question
 3R = a
Thus, the value of a is 3R.
23. i. When a source of AC is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C, the charge on it grows from zero to maximum steady value
Q0 .
1 2
The energy stored in a capacitor is, E = 2
CV 0 where, V0 is maximum potential difference across the plates of the capacitor.
The alternating voltage applied is
V = V 0sinωt
and the current leads the emf by a phase angle of π / 2

I = I 0sin ωt + ( ) π
2
= I 0cosωt

∴ Work done over a complete cycle is,

T
W = ∫ 0 VIdt = ∫ 0 V 0sinωt
T
( )(I0cosωt )dt
V 0I 0

0
= ∫ T0 2sinωtcosωtdt
2
V 0I 0

00
T
∴ W= 2
∫ 0 sin2ωtdt

[ cos 2ωt T
]
V 0I 0
W= 2
1− 2ω
=0

a_
0
Now as the work done is zero, hence the average power is also zero (as, time can never be zero).
ii. When a DC source is connected, the condenser is charged but no current flows in the circuit. Because a condenser offers
arm
infinite resistance for a DC source and never allows a DC current to flow through it. Therefore, the lamp does not glow. No
change occurs even when capacitance of capacitor is reduced.
Now when an AC source is connected with the circuit, the capacitor offers capacitive reactance X C = 1 / ωC (where ω is the
angular frequency of the applied AC voltage). The current flows in the circuit and the lamp glows. On reducing the value of C,
the capacitive reactance, XC increases. Therefore, the glowing of the bulb reduces.
sh

24. Device - transformer

Δϕ
ε p = -Np ...(i)
t_

Δt
and emf induced in the secondary coil
Δϕ
= -NS ...(ii)
an

Δt
From (i) and (ii)
εS NS
= ...(iii)
m

εp Np
VS εS NS
Vp
= εp
= Np
= r (say) ...(iv)
He

Vpip = VS iS
iS Vp Np 1
∴
ip
= VS
= NS
= r
...(v)
In step up transformer, Ns > Np → r > 1;
So VS > Vp and iS < ip
i.e., step up transformer increases the voltage.

Two coils on separate limbs of the core

Principle: It is based on the principle of mutual inductance and transforms the alternating low voltage to alternating high voltage

14 / 39
Attampt all question
 and in this the number of turns in secondary coil is more than that in primary coil. (i.e., NS > Np).
Efficiency: Assuming no energy losses, the transformer is 100% efficient i.e. IPVP = IsVs

25. i. AC generator: it converts mechanical energy into the alternating form of electrical energy.
Basic elements of an AC generator:
a. Rectangular coil: Also called as an armature
b. Strong permanent magnets: The magnetic field is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil.
c. Slip rings
d. Brushes

0
00
a_
arm
Principle: It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. That is, when a coil is rotated about an axis perpendicular
to the direction of the uniform magnetic field, an induced emf is produced across it.
sh

Working of AC Generator
t_
m an

ii.
a. The capacitor stores energy in the form of an electric field and the inductor stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.
He

b. Oscillation becomes damped due to :

The resistance of the circuit
Radiation in the form of EM waves
50 5
26. C = π
μF, L = π
H, R = 400Ω
As applied voltage, V = 140sin100πt
Comparing it with V = V 0sinωt,
V 0 = 140V, ω = 100π
Inductive reactance, X L = ωL
X L = 100π × 5 / π = 500Ω
1
Capacitive reactance, X C = ωC
1
Xc = 50 = 200Ω
100π × π × 10 − 6

Impedance of the AC circuit,

15 / 39
Attampt all question
 Z= √R + (X
2
L − XC )2
= √14092 + (500 − 200) 2
Z= √1600 + 900 = 500Ω
Maximum current in the circuit,
V0 140
I0 = Z
= 500
I0 140
I rms = = = 0.2A
√2 500 × √2

Vrms across resistor R, V rms = I rmsR

V rms = 0.2 × 400 = 80V
Vrms across inductor, V L = I rmsX L
V L = 0.2 × 500 = 100V
Vrms across capacitor, V C = I rmsX C

0
V C = 0.2 × 200 = 40V

00
Now, V
Here, V ≠ V R + V L + V C
Because VC, VL and VR are not in same phase,

a_
∴ V= √ V + (V 2
R L − VC )2
V= √802 + (100 − 40) 2 = 100 V
arm
which is same as the applied rms voltage.
27. i. To draw maximum current from a series L-C-R circuit, the circuit should have the lowest impedance that means X L = X C
1
⇒ ωL =
ωC
1
ω2
sh

⇒ = LC
1
⇒ ω=
√LC
t_

1
⇒ 2πf = LC
1 1
f= = = 39.80Hz
an

⇒
2π√LC √
2 × 3.14 8 × 2 × 10 − 6

This frequency is known as the series resonance frequency.

V 200
m

ii. I 0 = R
= 100
= 2A
He

iii.

iv. The sharpness of resonance is the defined as Q factor, which relates how fast energy is decayed in an oscillating system.
1 L
Q= R
√ C

It may also be defined as the ratio of resonance angular frequency to the bandwidth of the circuit,
ωr
Q= 2Δω
If the resonance is less sharp, not only is the maximum current less, the circuit is close to resonance for a larger range ∆ω of
frequencies and the tuning of the circuit will not be good. So, less sharp the resonance, less is the selectivity of the circuit or
vice versa. Thus, we see that if quality factor is large, i.e., R is low or L is large, the circuit is more selective.
28. i. The sharpness of resonance in series L-C-R circuit refers how quick fall of alternating current in circuit takes place when the
frequency of alternating voltage shifts away from the resonant frequency. It is measured by the quality factor (Q-factor) of

16 / 39
Attampt all question
 circuit.

The Q -factor of the series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of the voltage developed across the capacitance or inductance
at resonance to the impressed voltage which is the voltage applied.
voltage across L or C
i.e., quality factor (Q) = applied voltage

( ω rL I )
Q=

0
RI
[ ∵ applied voltage = voltage across R]

00
ω rL ( 1 / ω rC ) I 1
or Q = or Q = =
R RI RCω r
L 1

a_
∴ Q= 1 [using ω r = ]
RC ⋅ √LC
√LC
1 L
Thus, Q =
√
R C
arm
This is required expression.
ii. Let initially Ir current is flowing in all the three circuits. If the frequency of applied AC source is increased then, the change in
current will occur in the following manner:
sh

Circuit containing resistance R only:

nt_
ma

where, fi = initial frequency of AC source.

There is no effect on current with the increase in frequency.
AC circuit containing inductance only:
He

With the increase of frequency of AC source, inductive reactance increase as

V rms V rms
I= XL
= 2πfL
For given circuit,
1
I ∝
f
Current decreases with the increase of frequency.
AC circuits containing capacitor only:

17 / 39
Attampt all question
 1 1
XC = ωC
= 2πfC
V rms V rms
Current, I = XC
=
( )
2πfC
1

I = 2πfCV rms
For given circuit, I ∝ f

0
Current increases with the increase of frequency.
29. Suppose resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C are connected in series and an alternating source of voltage V = V 0sinωt is

00
applied across it. (fig. a) On account of being in series, the current (i) flowing through all of them is the same.

a_
arm
Suppose the voltage across resistance R is VR, voltage across inductance L is VL and voltage across capacitance C is VC. The
sh

voltage VR and current i are in the same phase, the voltage VL will lead the current by angle 90o while the voltage VC will lag

behind the current by angle 90o. Clearly VC and VL are in opposite directions, therefore their resultant potential difference = VC -
nt_

VL (if VC > VL).

Thus VR and (VC - VL) are mutually perpendicular and the phase difference between them is 90o. As applied voltage across the
circuit is V, the resultant of VR and (VC - VL) will also be V.
ma

From fig.
2
(
V2 = V R + V C − V L )2 ⇒ V= √V + (V
2
R C − VL ) 2......(i)
But V R = Ri, V C = X Ci and V L = X Li .....(ii)
He

capacitance reactance and XL= ω L = inductive reactance

∴ V= √(Ri) + (X i − X i )
2
C L
2

V
∴ Impedance of circuit, Z = i
= √R + ( X
2
C − XL )2
i.e., Z = √R + (X
2
C − XL )2 = √ (
R2 +
1
ωC
− ωL
) 2

Instantaneous current
V 0sin ( ωt + ϕ )
I=

√ (
R2 +
1
ωC − ωL ) 2

Condition for resonance to occur in series LCR ac circuit:

For resonance, the current produced in the circuit and emf applied must always be in the same phase.
Phase difference (ϕ) in series LCR circuit is given by
XC − XL
tanϕ = R

18 / 39
Attampt all question
 For resonance ϕ = 0 ⇒ XC − XL = 0
or X C = X L
If ω r is resonant frequency, then
and X L = ω rL
1 1
∴
ω rC
= ω rL ⇒ ωr =
√LC
Power factor is the cosine of phase angle ϕ, i.e., cos ϕ = R/Z.
For maximum power cos ϕ = 1 or Z = R
i.e., circuit is purely resistive.
For minimum power cos ϕ = 0 or R = 0
i.e., circuit should be free from ohmic resistance.
30. i. In series LCR circuit, Voltage, V = V0 sinωt
Current in circuit, I = I0 sin(ωt − ϕ)
Instantaneous Power, P = VI

0
= V 0I 0sinωtsin(ωt + ϕ)
1 1

00
= 2 V 0I 02sinωtsin(ωt + ϕ) = 2 V 0I 0[cosϕ − cos(2ωt + ϕ)]
Average value of cos(2ωt + ϕ) over a complete cycle is zero i.e.,
cos(2ωt + ϕ) = 0.

a_
∴ Average power over a complete cycle,

1 V0 I0
Pav = 2 V 0I 0cosϕ = cosϕ
√2 √2
arm
Pav = V rmsI rmscosϕ
ii. Quality Factor (Q): In series LCR circuit, the ratio of the voltage drop across inductor (or capacitor) to the voltage drop
across resistor under resonance condition is called the quality factor.
ω rLI L 1 L
Q= = ωr R = ⋅
sh

RI √LC R

1 L
⇒ Q=
R
√ C
nt_

ωr
Also, Q = ω2 − ω1
where ω 1 - ω 2 is the bandwidth of the resonant curve. Smaller is the bandwidth, larger is the quality factor and selectivity (or
sharpness of resonance) of the circuit. That is why in receiving circuits, the quality factor must be very high. The quality factor
ma

depends on the values of resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the circuit.

He

31. i.

From the phasor diagram,

→ → → →
V = VL + VR + VC
Magnitude of net voltage,

Vm = √ (V ) + (V − V )
Rm
2
Cm Lm
2

Vm = I √ [R + (X − X ) ]
m
2
C L
2

Vm
Im =
√ [ R + (X
2
C − XL )2]

19 / 39
Attampt all question
 From the figure,
V Cm − V Lm
tanϕ = V Rm

(
Im XC − XL )
= I mR

∴ ϕ = tan − 1
( )
XC − XL

ii. At resonance, Im is maximum

⇒ XL = XC,
1
[Alternatively: ω 0 = ]
√LC

0
00
a_
ω 0L
Quality factor of LCR circuit is defined as R
arm
A larger value of qualtiy factor corresponds to a sharper resonance.
32. Power loss is minimum when voltage is high this can be explained as:-
The rating of a step-down transformer is 40000 V - 220 V.
Input voitage is given by, V1 = 40000 V
sh

Output voltage is given by, V2 = 220 V and Total electric power required, P = 800 KW = 800 × 103 W
Source potential, V = 220 V
nt_

Voltage at which the electric plant generates power, V' = 440 V

Distance between the town and power generating station is given by, d = 15 Km
Resistance of the two wire lines carrying power = 0.5 Ω/Km
Total resistance of the wire lines, R = (15 + 15) 0.5 = 15 Ω
ma

P = V1I
Rms current in the wire line is given as:
P
I= V1
He

800 × 10 3
= = 20A
40000

a. Line power loss due to heat is given by = I2R

= (20)2 × 15
= 6 KW
b. Assuming that the power loss is negligible due to the leakage of current.
Hence, power supplied by the plant = 800 KW + 6 KW = 806 KW
c. Voltage drop in the power line = IR = 20 × 15 = 300 V
Hence, voltage that is transmitted by the power plant
= 300 + 40000 = 40300 V
The power is being generated in the plant at 440 V.
Hence, the rating of the step-up transformer needed at the plant is
440 V = 40300 V.
600
Hence, power loss during transmission is = 1400
× 100 = 42.8%

20 / 39
Attampt all question
 6
In the previous exercise, the power loss due to the same reason is = 806
× 100 = 0.744%. Thus we get that the power loss is
less for a high voltage transmission, high voltage transmissions are preferred for this purpose.
33. Condition for resonance to occur in series LCR ac circuit: For resonance the current produced in the circuit and emf applied
must always be in the same phase.

Phase difference (ϕ) in series LCR circuit is given by

XC − XL

0
tanϕ = R
For resonant ϕ = 0 XC - XL = 0

00
⇒

or XC - XL
1
If ω r is resonant frequency, then X C = and Xc = ω rL

a_
ω rC
1 1
ω rC
= ω rL ⇒ ωr =
√LC
ωr 1
Linear resonant frequency, ν r = =
arm
2π 2π√LC

The graph of variation of peak current im with frequency is shown in fig.

Half power frequencies are the frequencies on either side of resonant frequency for which current reduces to half of its maximum
value. In fig. v1 and v2 are half power frequencies.
sh

Quality Factor (Q): The quality factor is defined as the ratio of resonant frequency to the width of half power frequencies.
ωr νr ω rL
i.e., Q = = =
ω2 − ω1 ν2 − ν1 R
nt_

34. Yes; the statement is not true for rms voltage.

It is true that in any ac circuit, the applied voltage is equal to the average sum of the Instantaneous voltages across the series
elements of the circuit. e = eL +eC +eR , where e is the instantaneous voltage. However, this is not true for rms voltage because
voltages across different elements may not be in phase.
ma

35. a. The device used to decrease high ac voltage into a low ac voltage is called transformer (step-down transformer).
Working principle:
Transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The law of electromagnetic induction
He

states that when magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the coil. Transformer consists of two coils
called primary coil and secondary coil. The ac current in primary coil changes magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil
and thus an emf is induced in the secondary coil.

Sources of energy loss in transformer

i. Copper loss: The coils of transformer (made of copper) have a finite resistance due to which some energy in lost as heat.
ii. Iron loss: Due to induced eddy currents in the iron core, some energy is lost in the bulk.
iii. Magnetic loss: Since all magnetic flux in primary coil does not pass through the secondary coil, there is some loss of
energy due to leakage of flux.
iv. Hysteresis loss: alternating magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core cause some loss of energy in form of heat

21 / 39
Attampt all question
 b. Demand of electric power = 1200 kW
Distance of town from power station = 20 km Two wire = 20 × 2 = 40 km
Total resistance of line = 40 × 0.5 = 200
The town gets a power of 4000 volts
Power = voltage × current
1200 × 10 3 1200
I= 4000
= 4
= 300 A

The line power loss in the form of heat = I2 × R

= (300)2 × 2
= 9000 × 20 = 1800 kW
36. i. The EM waves suitable for radar systems is microwaves. These rays are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely klystrons,
magnetrons and Gunn diodes. The frequency range for this wave is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
ii. The temperature of the earth would be lower because the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere(which maintains the average
temperature of earth) would be absent.
iii. An EM wave has momentum, i.e. p = Energy(E) / Speed of light(c)

0
That's why when it is incident upon a surface it exerts pressure on it, known as radiation pressure.

00
37. In case of connection of the capacitor with DC, circuit charge flows momentarily till the capacitor gets fully charged. The ideal
capacitor offers infinite resistance for dc.
On the other hand, when the AC source is connected to a capacitor, a conduction current continuously flows through the

a_
connecting wire to charge the capacitor. This leads to the accumulation of the charges at the two plates. Due to this, a varying
electric field of increasing nature is produced between the plates. This, in turn, produces a displacement current in between the
plates. To maintain this continuity, this conduction current will be equal to the displacement current flowing, i.e. Conduction
arm dϕ E
( )
current = Displacement current and displacement current, I D = ε 0 dϕ E / dt , where dt
is rate of change of electrostatic flux with
respect to time.
38. i. The oscillating charge produces an oscillating or time-varying electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a time-
varying magnetic field which then produces an oscillating emf. An oscillating voltage (emf) produces an oscillating magnetic
sh

field and so on. This, in turn, produces an oscillating electric field and so on. Thus oscillating electric and magnetic fields
regenerate each other and as a result, an electromagnetic wave is produced and the wave propagates through space. In this
way, the oscillating charges produce an electromagnetic wave. Vibrations of electric and magnetic fields are mutually
nt_

perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave
ii. According to quantum theory, electromagnetic radiation is made up of massless particles called photons. The momentum of
the photon is expressed as
E
ma

p= c
Where p and E are momentum and energy carried by the electromagnetic radiation or photons respectively and c = speed of
light.
Thus, electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum.
He

39. i. The ray diagram for the formation of the image of the phone is shown as below. The image of the part which is on the plane
perpendicular to principle axis will be on the same plane. It will be of the same size i.e. B'C = BC.
The mobile phone has many rectangles that are at different positions with different distances from the mirror. As there are
different object distances, so their images and magnification are different.

ii. As the laws of reflection are to be true for all points of the remaining part of the mirror, the image will be that of the whole
object. However, as the area of the reflecting surface has been reduced, the intensity of the image will be low, i.e. half.

22 / 39
Attampt all question
40.

for small angles,

MN
tan ∠NOM = OM
MN
tan ∠NCM = MC
MN
tan ∠NIM =
MI
Now, for △NOC, ∠i i is the exterior angle. Therefore, ∠i = ∠NOM + ∠NCM
MN MN
i= +

0
OM MC
Similarly,

00
r = ∠NCM - ∠NIM
MN MN
i.e. r = MC
- MI
By Snell's law

a_
n1 sin i = n2 sin r
or for small angles, sin i ≈ i and sin r ≈ r
n1 i = n2 r
arm
Substituting i and r, we get
n1 n2 n2 − n1
OM
+ MI
= MC
Where OM, MI and MC represent magnitude of distances.
sh

Applying the Cartesian sign convention

OM = -u, MI = +v, MC = +R
Substituting these in equation, we get
nt_

n2 n1 n2 − n1
- =
v u R
h′ v
41. a. Two conditions m = h
= u
ma

i. For real images / when object is placed beyond F, As u is negative and v is positive.
ii. for virtual image / when object is kept between F and the optical centre of the lens. As u and v both are negative.
He

b.

42.

According to the question, light ray suffers total internal reflection at the second surface. So, if we observe the figure, then we find
that angle of emergence, e = 90°.
Now, applying Snell’s law at face AC, we have

23 / 39
Attampt all question
 sin e
sin r 2
=μ
1
⇒ sinr 2 = × sin90 ∘
μ
1
⇒ sinr 2 = 1.524
×1
−1
⇒ r 2 = sin (0.656)
⇒ r 2 = 41°
From geometry,
∠A = ∠r + ∠r
1 2
⇒ ∠ r1 = ∠ A − ∠r 2
= 60° - 41°
= 19°
Applying Snell’s law at face AB, we have
sin i
μ=
sin r 1

0
⇒ sini = (μ)sinr 1

00
⇒ sin i = 1.524 × sin 19°
⇒ i = sin-1(0.496)
⇒ i = 29.74°

a_
So angle of incidence must be equal to 29.74 degrees for total internal reflection to occur at the interface.
43. i. Mirror formula: M1M2 is a concave mirror having pole P, focus F and centre of curvature C.
An object AB is placed in front of mirror with point B on the principal axis. The image formed by mirror is A'B'. The
arm
perpendicular dropped from point of incidence D on the principal axis is DN.
In △ABC and △A'B'C
∠ABC = ∠A'B'C (each equal to 90o)
∠ACB = ∠A'CB'(opposite angles)
sh

Both triangles are similar.

nt_
ma

AB BC
∴ = ...(i)
A ′B ′ B ′C
Now in △DNF and △A'B'F
He

∠DNF = ∠A'B'F (each equal to 90o)

∠DFN = ∠A'FB' (oppsite angles)

∴ Both triangles are similar

DN FN AB FN
= or = ( ∵ AB = DN) ...(ii)
A ′B ′ B ′F A ′B ′ B ′F
Comparing (i) and (ii), we get
BC FN
= ...(iii)
B ′C B ′F
If the aperture of the mirror is very small, the point N will be very near to P, so FN = FP
BC FP PB − PC FP
∴ = or = ...(iv)
B ′C B ′F PC − PB ′ PB ′ − PF
sign convention
Distance of object from mirror PB = -u
Distance of image from mirror PB' = -v
Focal length of mirror PF = -F
Radius of curvature of mirror PC = -R = -2 f

24 / 39
Attampt all question
 Substituting these values in (4), we get
− u − ( − 2f ) −f − u + 2f −f
− 2f − ( − v )
= −v− ( −f)
⇒
− 2f + v
= −v+f

⇒ 2f2 -
vf = -uf + uv + 2
2f - 2fv or fv + uf = uv
Dividing both sides by uvf, we get
1 1 1
f
= v
+ u
ii. In the magnified image of a measuring scale lying along the principal axis of a concave mirror, the markings are not
equidistant, Because it reflects each marking differently you could say a concave mirror converges the ray of light
approaching from the object and in that way, it reflects each marking on the measuring scale differently.
44. The image of the objective lens in the eyepiece is known as the 'eyering'. All the rays from the object refracted by the objective go
through the eye ring. Therefore, it is an ideal position for our eyes for viewing. If we place our eyes too close to the eyepiece, we
shall not collect much of the light and also reduce our field of view. If we position our eyes on the eye ring and the area of the
pupil of our eye is greater or equal to the area of the eyering, our eyes will collect all the light refracted by the objective.
The precise location of the eye ring naturally depends on the separation between the objective and the eyepiece and the focal

0
length of the eyepiece. When we view through a microscope by placing our eyes on one end, the ideal distance between the eye
and the eyepiece is usually built in the design of the instrument.

00
45. a. The diagram of astronomical telescope is as shown below

a_
arm
b. i. Length of tube = fo + fe
= 150 + 6 = 156 cm
150
ii. Magnification =
sh

6
= 25
46. i. The complete ray diagram which shows the image formation of the object in convex mirror is given below:
nt_
ma

Figure shows the formation of image A'B' of a finite object AB by a convex mirror. The image is vritual, erect and diminished.
He

ii. Now, ΔABP ∼ ΔA ′B ′P

A ′B ′ PB ′
∴ =
AB PB
Applying the new cartesian sign convention,
A'B' = h2, AB = h1, PB' = v, PB = -u
h2 v
∴ =
h1 −u
h2 v
Linear magnification, m = h1
= − u

47. The object is kept between f and C. So the image should be real, inverted and beyond C. To locate the sharp image, the screen
should be placed at the position of the image.

25 / 39
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 Radius of curvature of the concave mirror, R = -36 cm
−R
The focal length f = 2
= − 18cm
Object distance u = -27 cm
1 1 1
Using mirror formula, v
+ u
= f
1 1 1 1 1 1
or v
+ − 27
= − 18
or v
= − 18
+ 27
1 −3+2 1 1
= ⇒ = −
v 54 v 54
v = -54 cm

0
Size of image can be calculated magnification

00
v −I −I v
m= − u
= O
or O
= − u
I − 54
+ 2.5
= − − 27
⇒ I = − 5cm

a_
So, the image is inverted and magnified. Thus in order to locate the sharp image, the screen should be kept 54 cm in front of the
concave mirror, and the image on the screen will be observed real, inverted, and magnified. If the candle is moved closer to the
mirror, the real image will move away from the mirror hence the screen has to be shifted away from the mirror to locate the sharp
image.
arm
48. a. The conditions for total internal reflection to take place are:
i. The light should travel from denser to rarer medium.
ii. The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle for a given pair of media.
sh

b. i.
nt_

1
ma

ii. The slope will give μ

where μ is refractive index as per the graph above.

49. a. Area of each square, A = 1 mm2

Object distance, u = -9 cm
Focal length of a converging lens, f = 9 cm
He

For image distance v, the lens formula can be written as;

1 1 1
f
= v
− u
1 1 1
9
= v
+ 9
1 1
v
= − 81
∴ v = − 81cm
v − 81
Magnification is given by, m = u
= −9
=9

Area of each square in the virtual image = (10)2A = 102 × 1 = 100 mm2 = 1 cm2
d 25
b. Magnifying power of the lens = |u|
= 9
= 2.8
c. No, magnification of an image by a lens and angular magnification (or magnifying power) of an optical instrument are two
separate things. The magnification in (a) is not the same as the magnifying power in (b) The magnification magnitude is

26 / 39
Attampt all question
 (| |)
v
u
and the magnifying power is ( )
d
|u|
. The two quantities will be equal when the images is formed at the near point (25

cm).

50.

− f0 f0
Angular magnification m = fe
or fe
Important considerations:
For achieving large resolution, the objective of large aperture is required.
Consequent Limitation: Heavy, hence difficult to make and support by their edge / suffers with chromatic aberrations.

0
51. a. Two conditions

00
i. The light must travel from an optically denser medium to a rarer medium.
ii. Angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle.

a_
arm
b.
sh

52. Ray diagram:

nt_
ma

Drawbacks:
He

i. Large-sized lenses area heavy and difficult to support.

ii. Large-sized lenses suffer from chromatic and spherical aberration.
iii. It is difficult and expensive to make such large-sized lenses.
53. The beam should be incident at critical angle or more than critical angle, for total internal reflection at second surface of the
prism.

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 Let us first find critical angle for air glass interface.
We know
1
sinC = aμ
g

C = sin − 1
( )1
aμ g
= sin − 1
( )
1.524
1

Critical angle C = 41o

Now we can calculate 'r', as the refracted ray in the prism is incident on the second face at critical angle ic. thus,

60o + (90o - r) + (90o - C) = 180o

or , r = 19o
Using Snell's law, required angle of incidence i at first surface can be calculated.
sin i sin i
aμ = or 1.524 =
g sin r sin 19 ∘

0
sin i = 1.524 (sin 19o)
sin i = 1.524 × 0.3256 ⇒ i ≅ 29.75 ∘

00
a_
54. arm
Uses of optical fibres
sh

i. Medical and optical examination (endoscopy).

ii. Transmission and reception of signals
iii. Photometric sensors.
nt_

55. i. μ = sin ic or n21 = sin ic

where n21 is the refractive index of rarer medium 1 with respect to denser medium 2.
ii. As μ depends on wavelength, therefore, critical angle for the same pair of media in contact will be different for different
ma

colours.
56. i. The diagram, showing polarization by reflection is as shown. [Here the reflected and refracted rays are at right angle to each
other.]It is possible to transform unpolarised light in the polarized light. Polarized light waves ore light waves in which the
vibration occur in a single plane, the process of transforming unpolarised into polarized is know as polarization .
He

Brewster angle of incident at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric
is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric surface. With no reflection when unpolarised light is incident at this
angle, the light that is reflected from the surface is polarized.

∴ r= ( )
π
2
− iB

28 / 39
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 ∴ μ=
( sin i B
sin r
= tani B
)
Thus light gets totally polarized by reflection when it is incident at an angle iB (Brewster's angle), wherei B = tan − 1μ
ii. The angle of incidence, of the ray, on striking the face AC is i = 60° (as from figure)
Also, relative refractive index of glass, with respect to the surrounding water, is

0
3
2 9
μr = =

00
4 8
3

√3 1.732
Also sin i = sin 60o = =
2 2

a_
= 0.866
For total internal reflection, the required critical angle, in this case, is given by
1 8
sini c = = = 0.89
μ 9
arm
∴ i < ic
Hence the ray would not suffer total internal reflection on striking the face AC
57.
sh
nt_
ma

From the figure, angle of incidence for ray 1 is 450 .

He

1 1
For ray 1, sin i = sin 450 = = 1.414
√2
For ray 1,
μ = 1.35
1 1 1
μ= sin c
⇒ sinc = μ
= 1.35
1 1
Here, 1.414
< 1.35
i.e. sin i < sin c or i < c, so ray 1 will be refracted by the prism.
For ray 2, angle of incidence, i = 450
1 1
sin i = sin 450 = = 1.414
√2
For ray 2, μ = 1.45
1 1 1
μ= sin c
⇒ sinc = μ
= 1.45
1 1
Here, 1.414
> 1.45
i.e. sin i > sin c or i > c, so, ray 2 will get total internally reflected.

29 / 39
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58. Ray diagram of reflecting telescope Working

Working: Parallel beam of light gathered by objective mirror is reflected to the secondary mirror, which further forms the image
in front of the eyepiece.

59.

0
00
β
angular magnification m = α
NA ′′ AB
In the above diagram △ NA''B'' tan α = =

a_
A ′′0 ′ A ′′0 ′
A ′′B ′′
also In △ A''B''o' tan β =
A ′′O ′
A ′B ′ m0
tan β AB AB
arm
So m = = = × =
tan α A ′′B ′′ A ′B ′ A ′′B ′ me
mo → magnification of objective lens
me → magnification of eye lens
v0 ve
sh

​So, mo = u0
me = ue
−1 1 1
for eye lens using lens formula. + =
ue ve fe
nt_

ve ve
ue
=1− fe
ve
so, me = 1 − fe
ma

ve = - D
fe = + fe
D
me = 1 + fe
He

( )
m = m0 × 1 +
D
fe

m=
v0

u0 ( )
1+
D
fe

60. Thin Lens Formula : Suppose an object AB of finite size is placed normally on the principal axis of a thin convex lens (fig.). A
ray AP starting from A parallel to the principal axis, after refraction through the lens, passes through the second focus F. Another
ray AC directed towards the optical centre C of the lens, goes straight undeviated. Both the rays meet at A' Thus A' is the real
image of A. The perpendicular A' B' dropped from A' on the principal axis is the whole image of AB.

30 / 39
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 Let distance of object AB from lens = u
Distance of image A' B' from lens = v
Focal length of lens = f. We can see that triangles ABC and A' B' C' are similar
AB CB
= ...(i)
A ′B ′ CB ′
Similarly triangles PCF and A' B' F are similar
PC CF
=
A ′B ′ FB ′
But PC = A B
AB CF
= ...(ii)
A ′B ′ FB ′
CB CF
From (i) and (ii), we get = ...(iii)
CB ′ FB ′
From sign convention, CB = -u, CB' = v, CF = f
and FB' = CB' - CF = v - f
u f
Substituting this value in (iii), we get, − v =

0
v−f
or -u(v - f) = vf or -uv + uf = vf

00
1 1 1
Dividing throughout by uvf, we get v
− u
= f
...(iv)
61. i. Ray diagram of the astronomical telescope as shown in the figure:

a_
arm
ii. The two aberrations that objectives of refracting telescope suffer from are given below;
a. Spherical aberrations: Because of the surface geometry of the lens, sharp point image of star is difficult to obtain on a
sh

point.
b. In reflecting telescope, we use a parabolic mirror to remove this aberration.
c. Chromatic aberrations: Different colors of light have a different refractive index with respect to glass. Hence different
nt_

colors would focus at different points. Hence the image of the white object would appear as different color point images.
This is known as chromatic aberrations.
d. In reflecting telescope, image is formed with reflected rays hence this aberration is removed.
62. a. If refraction occurs at first surface
ma

μ1 1 ( μ1 − 1 )
v1
− u
= R
...(i)
He

If refraction occurs at second surface, and the image of the first surface acts as an object
μ2 u1 μ2 − μ1
− = ...(ii)
v v1 −R
On adding equation (i) and (ii), we get
μ2 1 2μ 1 − μ 2 − 1
v
− u
= R
If rays are coming from infinity, i.e., u = − ∞ then v = f
μ2 1 2μ 1 − μ 2 − 1 μ 2R
f
+ ∞
= R
⇒ f= 2μ 1 − μ 2

31 / 39
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 b. If the combination behave as a diverging system then f < 0. This is possible only when
2μ 1 − μ 2 − 1 < 0
⇒ 2μ 1 < μ 2 + 1

( μ2 + 1 )
⇒ μ1 < 2
Nature of the image formed is real.

c. If the combination behaves as a converging lens then > 0. Itis possible only when
2μ 1 − μ 2 − 1 > 0
μ1 − > μ2 + 1

0
⇒

( μ2 + 1 )

00
⇒ μ1 > 2
Nature of the image formed is real.
63. i. Consider the ray diagram shown below:

a_
arm
For refraction at the first surface
sh

μ2 μ1 μ2 − μ1

v1
- u
= R1
....(i)
For the second surface, I1 acts as a virtual object (located in the denser medium) whose final real image is formed in the rarer
nt_

medium at I.
So for refraction at this surface, we have
μ1 μ2 μ1 − μ2

v
- v1
= R2
....(ii)
ma

From equations (i) and (ii),

1
v
−
1
u
=
( )( )
μ2
μ1
−1
1
R1
−
1
R2
He

The point, where image of an object, located at infinity is formed, is called the focus F, of the lens and the distance f gives its
focal length.
So for u = ∞, v = +f

⇒
1
f
=
( )( )
μ2
μ1
−1
1
R1
−
1
R2

ii. The ray diagram to show that image formation by a concave mirror when the object is kept between its focus and the pole is
shown below.

Here, △ABP is similar to △A'B'P.

A ′B ′ B ′P
So, AB
= BP

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 Nor A'B' = I, AB = O, B'P = +v and BP = -u
I v
So magnification, m = O
= -u

64. Referring to the figure, we have shown an opaque hemispherical bowl of radius aa with center O. AM is the direction of in a bowl,
BM is the direction of the incident ray. Refracted ray in both cases is same as that along MN. Referring to the figure, AM is the
direction of in a bowl, BM is the direction of the incident ray. Refracted ray in both cases is the same as that along MN.

Let the disc is separated by O at a distance d as shown in the figure. Also, considering the angle

0
P = 90o, OM = a, CB = R, BP = a - R, AP = a + R

00
BP a−R
Here, in ΔBMP, sin i = BM
= ....(i)
√ d2 + ( a − R )2

( ) = sinα = √
a+R
and in ΔAMPcos 90 ∘ − α ....(ii)

a_
d2 + ( a + R )2

But on applying Snell's law at point M

μ × sini = 1 × sinr
a−R a+R
arm
μ× =1×
√d 2 + ( a − R ) 2 √d 2 + ( a + R ) 2
(
μ a2 − R2 )
⇒ d=
√ ( a + R )2 − μ ( a − R )2
sh

65. When light ray incident on face KL, it is pass undeviated, because it is normal to the surface and incident on face KM. The angle
of incidence for face KM is equal to 60°.
nt_
ma

sin60 ∘ n2

[
=
He

sinr n1 n 2 = Second medium = air

2
sin60 ∘ 1 √3 n 1 = Glass medium =
= = √3
sinr 2√3 2
sin 60 ∘
⇒ sinr = =1
√3
2

sin r = 1
r = 90o
Angle of emergence = 90o
Angle of deviation = 30o
66. i. Working Principle - Optical fibre uses the principle of total internal reflection to capture the light transmitted in an optical
fibre and confine the light to the core of the fibre.

33 / 39
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 Uses: i)Transmission of audio and video signal
ii) Examination of internal organs
iii) Endoscopy
ii. the angle of minimum deviation
δm = i + e - A
δ m = 2i - A

δ m = 60o
Refractive Index is given by

( ) A + δm

0
sin 2

00
μ= A
sin 2
120 ∘

sin 2
μ=

a_
60 ∘

sin 2
√3
sin 60 ∘ 2
μ= = 1
arm
sin 30 ∘
2

μ= √3
If the prism is immersed in water μ decreases and consequently angle of minimum deviation decreases. Since δ m depends on μ
through equation given above.
sh

67. Now here since light is going from one medium to another (air to glass), refraction is taking place. In case of refraction, we use
sell’s law according to which
sin i
nt_

μ= sin r
where μ is the refractive index of the second medium (in which light is incident) with respect to first, i is the angle of incidence
and r is the angle of refraction. All angles are measured with a normal drawn to the refracting surface at point of incidence.
Now the light is entered normally to the surface on face AB of the prism, so the angle of incidence will be
ma

i = 0o
In such a case, light goes undeviated from its path in the second medium as
sin i 0
sinr = μ
= μ
=0
He

So angle of refraction, r = 0o
So light beam goes straight and meet face AC of prism at D as shown in figure.

Now the normal is perpendicular to face AC of the prism, so ED will be parallel to base BC. Thus,
∠QED = ∠ABC = 60 (alternate angles)
∘

∠BQD = 90 ∘ (as PQ is normal to AB)

Now in ΔEQD we can see,
∠ QED + ∠EQD + ∠QDE = 180 ∘ (Sum of all the angles in interior of a triangle is 180o)
60o + 90o + ∠QDE = 180o

34 / 39
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 ∠ QDE = 180o - 150o = 30o
So angle of incidence on surface AC of prism is 30o
Now while refraction of a beam from denser medium to rarer medium (here glass to air), if angle of incidence of light beam is
greater than critical angle, then the beam undergoes total Internal reflection and return back to same medium. Critical angle is
given as

i c = sin − 1
() 1
μ

where ic is the critical angle, μ is the refractive index of denser medium with respect to rarer medium.
3
Here refractive index of glass is μ = 1.5 = 2
So critical angle is

i c = sin − 1
() 2
3
= 41.81 0

which is greater than angle of incidence which is 30o, so beam will not reflect back and will emerge from face AC of the prism.

0
To find the angle of refraction, we will use Snell’s law,

00
sin i
sinr = μ

Here angle of incidence, i = 30o

1 2

a_
Refractive index of air w.r.t. glass is μ = 1.5
= 3

sin 30 ∘ () 1
2
3
i.e. sin r = = =
arm
1.5 4
() 2
3

So angle of refraction is
3
r = sin − 1 = 48.59 o
4
sh

So light ray will emerge from face AC of the prism making an angle of 48.59o with the normal to AC at point of incidence as
shown in the figure.
nt_
ma

68. In case of refraction at convex spherical surface, when object is in rarer medium, the image is formed real.
He

In △OAC, i = a + γ and in ΔAIC, γ = r + β or r = γ − β

sin i i α+γ
Therefore, By snell's law, we have 1μ 2 = sin r
≈ r
= γ−β
μ2 α+γ
or = or μ 2γ − μ 2β = μ 1α + μ 1γ
μ1 γ−β

( )
or μ 2 − μ 1 γ = μ 1α + μ 2β ................(i)
As α, β and γ are small and P and N lie close to each other.
AN AN
So, α ≈ tanα = NO
≈ PO

35 / 39
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 AN AN
β ≈ tanβ = NI
≈ PI
AN AN
γ ≈ tanγ = ≈
NC PC
On using them in equation (i), we obtain
AN AN AN
(μ2 − μ1 ) PC = μ1 PO + μ2 PI
μ2 − μ1 μ1 μ2
or PC
= PO
+ PI
..........(ii)
where, PC = +R, radius of curvature
PO = -u, object distance
PI = +v, image distance
μ2 − μ1 μ1 μ2 μ2 − μ1 μ2 μ1
So, R
= −u
+ v
or R
= v
− u
This gives formula for refraction at spherical surface, when object is in rarer medium.
69. a. The main considerations with an astronomical telescope:
The diameter of the objective on which the brightness of the image and resolving power depend.

0
( ) f0

00
The focal length of the objective on which the magnification m = depends.
fE

a_
b.
arm
fo
sh

Magnifying power = fe
c. Two advantage
The image formed in a reflecting telescope is brighter than the image formed in a refracting telescope.
nt_

Lenses used in large sized refracting telescopes are very heavy and bulky and difficult to manufacture whereas mirrors used in
large sized reflecting telescopes can be made thin and light using different techniques
70. i. The ray diagram, showing image formation by a compound microscope, is given below ;-
ma
He

tan β
ii. Linear Magnification due to objective lens is given by = tan α
h′ h
tanβ = L
= fo
h′ L
=
h f0
(where the distance between the second focal point of the objective and the first focal point of the eyepiece is called the tube
length of the compound microscope and is denoted by L) The eyepiece will act as a simple microscope, hence we may use the
formula of magnification by a simple microscope for normal adjustment.
D
me = fe
Total magnification, m = mo × me
L D
= fo
× fe
d min

36 / 39
Attampt all question
 a. From the equation, it is clear that resolving power increases when the focal length of the objective is decreased. This is
because the minimum separation, dmin decreases when f is decreased.
b. Resolving power decreases when the wavelength of light is increased. This is because the minimum separation, dmin
increases when λ is increased.
71. i. Working of an optical fibre is based on total internal reflection.
ii. a. Rays of light have to travel from optically denser medium to optically rarer medium and
b. Angle of incidence in the denser medium should be greater than critical angle.

iii.

72. In normal adjustment, image is formed at least distance of distinct vision,

0
d = 25 cm

00
Angular magnification of eyepiece = 1 +
( )
D
fe

a_
= 1+
( ) 25
5
=6

Since the total magnification is 30, magnification of objective lens,

arm
30
m= 6
=5
v0
Now, m = − u0
= 5 or v 0 = − 5u 0
1 1 1
As − =
sh

v0 u0 f0
1 1 1
∴ − =
− 5u 0 u0 1.25
nt_

6 1
− 5u = 1.25
0
6 × 1.25
u0 = − 5
= − 1.5cm
i.e. object should be held at 1.5 cm in front of objective lens.
ma

As v0 = -5u0
∴ v 0 = − 5(− 1.5) = 7.5cm
1 1 1
Now, ve
− ue
= fe
He

1 1 1 1 1 6
ue
= ve
− fe
= − 25
− 5
= − 25
25
ue = − 6
= − 4.17cm

Separation between the objective lens and eyepiece = u e + v 0 | | | |

= 4.17 + 7.5 = 11.67 cm

73. i.

For quadrilateral AQNR,

∠A + ∠QNR = 180 ...(i)
∘

For triangle QNR

37 / 39
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 r 1 + r 2 + ∠QNR = 180 ∘ ...(ii)
comparing equation (i) and (ii)
r 1 + r 2 = A ...(iii)
The angle of deviation

( ) ( )
δ = i − r 1 + e − r 2 ...(iv)
from equation (iii) and (iv)
δ=i+e−A
Graph

0
00
a_
ii.

arm
sh

sin 45 ∘
sin θ
=μ
1
nt_

= μsinθ
√2
For second surface,
sin ( 90 − θ )
∘

1
=
ma

sin 90 ∘ μ
1 cos θ
sin θ
=1
√2
1
tanθ =
He

√2
From the triangle GEF
1
sinθ =
√3
3
μ=
√ 2

74. i.

f0
ii. In normal adjustment, magnifying power of the telescope m = fe
.

a. If focal length of the objective lens is large in comparison to the eyepiece, magnifying power increases.

38 / 39
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 D
b. Resolving power of the telescope RP = 1.22λ
.
D being the diameter of the objective.
To increase the resolving power of the telescope, large aperture of the objective lens is required.
Advantages:
i. No chromatic aberration.
ii. Easy mechanical support (height mechanical support is required, because mirror weights much less than a lens of equivalent
optical quality.)
iii. Large gathering power.
iv. Large magnifying power.
v. Large resolving power.
vi. Spherical aberration can be removed by using parabolic mirror.
75. i. In astronomical telescope for normal adjustment, final image is formed at infinity and it is virtual.
The labelled ray diagram to obtain one of the real image formed by the astronomical telescope is shown below:

0
00
a_
Magnifying power is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the focal image as seen through the telescope to
arm
the angle subtended at the eye by the object seen directly, when both the image and the object lies at infinity.
ii. a. We know the objective lens of a telescope should have larger focal length and eyepiece lens should have smaller focal
length. And focal length is inverse of power, so lens of power (P = 1/f).
Thus, 10D can be used as eyepiece and lens of power 0.5 D can be used as objective lens.
sh

b. The objective lens of a telescope should have larger aperture, in order to form bright image of distant objects, so that it can
gather sufficient light rays from the distant objects.
nt_
ma
He

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