CMY1501/101/3/2015

Tutorial letter 101/3/2015

Introduction to Criminology :Crime,
Offenders and Criminal Behaviour

CMY1501
Semesters 1 & 2

Department of Criminology and Security

Science

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information about your module.
 CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE 3
2.1 Purpose 3
2.2 Outcomes 4
3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS 5
3.1 Lecturer(s) 5
3.2 Department 5
3.3 University 5
4 MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES 5
4.1 Prescribed books 5
4.2 Recommended books 5
4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) 5
4.4 Tutorial offerings at Unisa 6
5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE 6
6 MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN 6
7 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING 6
8 ASSESSMENT 6
8.1 Assessment Plan 6
8.2 General assignment numbers 7
8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers 7
8.2.2 Due dates for assignments 8
8.3 Submission of assignments 8
8.4 Assignments 8
9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS 10
10 EXAMINATION 10
11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 11
12 CONCLUSION 11

2
 CMY1501/101

1 INTRODUCTION

Dear Student

We are pleased to welcome you to this module and hope that you will find it both interesting and
rewarding. We shall do our best to make your study of this module successful. You will be well on your
way to success if you start studying early in the semester and resolve to do the assignments properly.

The study material for this module consists of the following:

 One study guide

 Tutorial letters 101 and 301 at registration and you will receive a number of tutorial letters during the
year

You will receive a number of tutorial letters during the year. A tutorial letter is our way of communicating
with you about teaching, learning and assessment.

Tutorial letter 101 contains important information about the scheme of work, resources and assignments
for this module. We urge you to read it carefully and to keep it at hand when working through the study
material, preparing the assignments, preparing for the examination and addressing questions to your
lecturers.

Please read Tutorial letter 301 in combination with Tutorial letter 101 as it gives you an idea of generally
important information when studying at a distance and within a particular college. In this tutorial letter
(101), you will find the assignments and assessment criteria as well as instructions on the preparation
and submission of the assignments.

We have also included certain general and administrative information about this module. Please study
this section of the tutorial letter carefully. Right from the start we would like to point out that you must
read all the tutorial letters you receive during the semester immediately and carefully, as they always
contain important and sometimes urgent information.

Please note that students must visit the myUnisa website for CMY1501 on a regular basis to receive
the latest announcements. The postal service has unfortunately become notoriously unreliable of late
and it can therefore occur that a student's hard copy tutorial letter never reaches its destination. All
information relevant to the module is, however, placed on the myUnisa website and students should
therefore never be in a position where they are not aware of any announcements. If you cannot access
myUnisa website from a personal computer please visit an internet café, library or post office where
these facilities are available to the public. It will be students' own responsibility to ensure that they are up
to date with all the relevant announcements regarding CMY1501 placed on the myUnisa website.
We hope that you will enjoy this module and wish you all the best!

2 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE

2.1 Purpose

The purpose of this module is for students to gain knowledge, problem solving skills and competencies
about crime, offenders and criminal behaviour.

The curriculum for CMY1501 (module1) covers the following topics:

 Understanding the term “ criminology”

 Giving an overview of the role of criminologists in South Africa

3
  Sketch the shifting parameters of crime
 Describing the juridical and nonjuridical approaches to the study of crime

2.2 Outcomes for Theme 1: What is Criminology?

Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the theory and practice of criminology, especially in

terms of crime, criminals and criminal behaviour.

Assessment Criteria

After you have completed this theme, you will be able to understand the following specific outcomes:

 Explain the various schools of criminological thought within the context of Africa and South Africa
 Understand the terms, rules, concepts and principles related to crime, criminals and criminal
behaviour
 Demonstrate awareness of how criminology relates to cognate areas, such as the role of a
criminologist, approaches to the study of crime and schools of criminological school of though

Outcomes for Theme 2: Crime in South Africa

Students must be able to demonstrate logical understanding of and insight into the prevalence of crime
in South Africa.

ASSSESSMENT CRITERIA

 Sketch the reasons why crime is classified and why it is necessary to produce reliable
information on crime
 Discuss official crime statistics
 Indicate the dropout of offenders as they move through the legal system
 Demonstrate the shortcomings in official statistics
 Give an overview of crime information according to unofficial sources
 Investigate victim surveys
 Argue the advantages and drawbacks of victim surveys
 Describe self-report studies

Outcomes for Theme 3: Individuals in the crime situation

Demonstrate the ability to construct a profile of the offender and to understand the needs and motives for
criminal behaviour

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

 Define the concept “criminal”

 Describe the general profile of the offender with regard to cultural and ethnic diversity, gender and
age
 Give an overview of key concepts such as “needs”,” drives”, “motivation” and “emotion”
 Explain the motivation process
 Understand the different categories of needs
 Illustrate the different types of crime according to specific emotions

Outcome for Theme 4: Explanation of criminal behaviour

Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of crime causation and explanation

4
 CMY1501/101

Assessment criteria

 Understand the different dimensions of the causation of criminal behaviour.

 Describe the general and specific risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour
 Illustrate the application of crime theories in understanding criminal behaviour
 Use your knowledge about crime causation and explanation to solve well-defined problems
presented scenarios.

3 LECTURER AND CONTACT DETAILS

3.1 Lecturer

Mrs M Zitha
Brooklyn House 1-40
Veale Street
Brooklyn
E-mail address: [email protected]
Telephone number: 012 433 9487

3.2 Department

Department of Criminology and Security Science

P O Box 392
UNISA
0003

Departmental Secretary: Ms Z Skhosana (012 433 9434)

Administrator: Ms Z Groenewald (012 433 9525)

3.3 University

If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module, please
consult the publication my Studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material. This booklet
contains information on how to contact the university (for example to whom you may write, important
telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of times certain facilities are open).

4 MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES

4.1 Prescribed books

There is no prescribed textbook for this module. This means that you do not have to buy any additional
books. You only need to study your study guide and tutorial letters.

4.2 Recommended books

There are no recommended books.

4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)

There are no e-reserves for this module.

5
4.4 Tutorial offerings at Unisa

Please be informed that, with effect from 2013, Unisa offers online tutorials (e-tutoring) to students
registered for certain modules at NQF levels 5,6 and 7. This means qualifying first year, second year and
third year modules. Please communicate with your module leader to find out if any of the modules that
you have registered for falls in this category.

Once you have been registered for a qualifying module, you will be allocated to a group of students with
whom you will be interacting during the tuition period as well as an e-tutor who will be your tutorial
facilitator. Thereafter you will receive an sms informing you about your group, the name of your e-tutor
and instructions on how to log onto myUnisa in order to receive further information on the e-tutoring
process.

Online tutorials are conducted by qualified e-tutors who are appointed by Unisa and are offered free of
charge. All you need to be able to participate in e-tutoring is a computer with internet connection. If you
live close to a Unisa regional centre or a Telecentre contracted with Unisa, please feel free to visit any of
these to access the internet. E-tutoring takes place on myUnisa where you are expected to connect with
other students in your allocated group. It is the role of the e-tutor to guide you through your study
material during this interaction process. For you to get the most out of online tutoring, you need to
participate in the online discussions that the e-tutor will be facilitating.

There are modules which students have been found to repeatedly fail. These modules are allocated
face-to-face tutors and tutorials for these modules take place at the Unisa regional centres. These
tutorials are also offered free of charge. However, it is important for you to register at your nearest Unisa
Regional Centre to secure attendance of these classes.

5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE

Important information appears in your my Studies @ Unisa brochure.

6 MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN

Use my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.

7 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING

There are no practicals for this module.

8 ASSESSMENT

8.1 Assessment plan

All students who have submitted both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates) will
automatically receive admission to the examination.

Both assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory. You must submit both. The year mark is based on
the 20 percent of the assignment marks (each assignment counts half – 10 percent – towards the year
mark) which will be added to the examination mark to calculate the final mark for this module. No
extension whatsoever will be granted for submission of the assignments and you are requested not to
apply for extension under any circumstances.

6
 CMY1501/101

Assignments are seen as part of the learning material for this module. When you do the assignment,
study the reading texts, discuss the work with fellow students or conduct research, you are actively
engaged in learning.

The assessment criteria given for each assignment will help you to understand what is required of you
more clearly.

Comments on the two compulsory assignments will be sent to all students registered for this module
in follow-up tutorial letters.

In terms of a decision of Senate and the College of Law all students must submit two compulsory
assignments per module. One of the reasons for this is that a student is required to provide proof that
he or she “actively studied” before writing examination.

Proof of active study regarding registered students must be submitted by the University to the
Department of Education before a specific date, and consequently no extension of submission dates
for the assignments is possible.

Students will also not be permitted to submit assignments after the due date because commentaries on
the assignments will be mailed to them in time to enable them to study it for examination purposes.

Students will also not be permitted to submit assignments after the due date because commentaries on
the assignments will be mailed to them in time to enable them to study it for examination purposes.

We trust that you have understood this explanation of the system. The importance of the assignments
and the fact that they must be submitted on time are factors which you must keep in mind when
studying.

8.2 General assignment numbers

This tutorial letter contains two (2) compulsory assignments for each semester:

Semester 1: Assignment 01 and 02

Semester 2: Assignment 01 and 02

8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers

In addition to the general assignment number (01 or 02), a unique assignment number (eg 205207)
should also appear on the cover docket of your assignment.

First semester

Assignment 01: Unique number: 598162

Assignment 02: Unique number: 598442

Second semester

Assignment 01: Unique number: 598595

Assignment 02: Unique number: 598713

7
8.2.2 Due dates for assignments

First semester

Closing date for assignment 01 is: 10 March 2015

Closing date for assignment 02 is: 14 April 2015

Second semester

Closing date for assignment 01 is: 24 August 2015

Closing date for assignment 02 is: 21 September 2015

8.3 Submission of assignments

Students may submit assignments either by post or electronically via myUnisa. Assignments may not
be submitted by fax or e-mail. For detailed information and requirements as far as assignments are
concerned, please refer to the my Studies @ Unisa brochure, which you received with your study
package.

To submit an assignment via myUnisa

 Go to myUnisa
 Log in with your student number and password
 Select the module
 Click on the assignment in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen
 Click on the assignment number you want to submit
 Follow the instructions

Please ensure that the following information appears on your assignment cover:

Course code
Semester code
Assignment number
Student number
Unique number
Assignment date

8.4 Assignments

You will receive the correct answers to multiple questions automatically. However, comments on
compulsory assignments will be sent to all students registered for this module in a follow-up tutorial
letter, and not only to those students who submitted the assignments.

The tutorial letter number will be 201, 202, and so on.

As soon as you have received the comments and feedback please check your answers. The
assignments and the comments on these assignments constitute an important part of your learning and
should help you to be better prepared for the next assignment and the examination.

8
 CMY1501/101

Students will also not be permitted to submit assignments after the due date because commentaries on
the assignments will be mailed to them in time to enable them to study it for examination purposes.

Assignment 03/2015 (Self - assessment)

The value of assignment 03 and learning experience

Please do not submit assignment 03 for assessment. You must assess the assignment and award a
mark for yourself.

The value of assignment 03 lies in its completion and self-assessment.

The value of the learning experience lies in the interaction with the learning content while doing the
assessment and in the process of self-assessment and not simply memorizing a “Model answer”

How to approach multiple choice questions

Please read through the following remarks on answering multiple-choice questions and think about them.
Of course, you don’t need to learn them, but please make sure that you understand what is being said.

A multiple-choice question is the type of short question with a number of options from which the student
has to select the one he or she thinks is correct. The following is a simple example of a multiple-choice
question:

Which of the following objectives of punishment is/are designed to prevent crime?

(1) rehabilitation
(2) individual deterrence
(3) incapacitation
(4) general deterrence
(5) all of the above-mentioned options

The components of a multiple-choice question consist of

Problem statement or question

Which of the following objectives of punishment is/are designed to prevent crime?

(1) rehabilitation
(2) individual deterrence
Distracters (3) incapacitation Alternatives
(4) general deterrence
Correct answer  (5) all of the above-mentioned options

The problem statement or question provides the perspective from which, or the context within which you
have to work to find the most correct alternative. It gives an indication of how to approach the question.
Therefore, always read and consider the problem statement carefully. It is thus the function of the
problem statement is to ensure that one alternative is more correct than another.

9
What is the perspective from which or the context within which you have to work to find the most correct
alternative or answer to the question in the above example?

The key words are objectives of punishment and to prevent crime.

In the example, the key words objectives of punishment are important indicators because alternatives 1
to 4 can all be classified as objectives of punishment.

You know that all the mentioned objectives of punishment are designed to prevent crime. Therefore,
alternative 5 is the most correct answer.

It is important to consider all the alternatives from the perspective provided by the problem statement or
question. Sometimes students choose one of the first alternatives without even looking at the next. That
chosen alternative may be correct ((1) rehabilitation in the above example), but one of the later examples
may be even more correct in the light of the perspective provided by the problem statement.

Bear in mind that the distracters in a multiple-choice question are not necessarily wrong. You must
choose the most correct alternative.

Note that an incorrect answer does not mean that a mark or a fraction of a mark will be subtracted from
the number of correct answers, but merely that no mark is awarded for that answer.

9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS

In some cases, additional assessment might be available on the myUnisa site for your module. For
students attending tutorial sessions, tutors may also set additional tasks and give feedback in class.

10 EXAMINATION

For general information and requirements as far as examinations are concerned, see the brochure
my Studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material.

Examination admission

All students who have submitted both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates) will
automatically receive admission to the examination.

How will this work in practice?

Both assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory. You must submit both. The year mark is based on the
20 percent of the assignment marks (each assignment counts half – 10 percent – towards the year mark)
which will be added to the examination mark to calculate the final mark for this module. No extension
whatsoever will be granted for submission of the assignments and you are requested not to apply for
extension under any circumstances.

Examination period

This module is offered in a semester period of 15 weeks. This means that if you are registered for the
first semester, you will write the examination in May/June 2015 and the supplementary examination will
be written in October/November 2015. If you are registered for the second semester you will write the
examination in October/November 2015 and the supplementary examination will be written in May/
June 2016.

10
 CMY1501/101

The Examination Section will provide you with information about the examination in general, examination
venues, examination dates and examination times during the course of the semester in question.

Examination paper

You will write one two-hour paper. (On an official examination mark reading sheet as the exams will
consist only of multiple choice questions).

The paper counts 50 marks.

Your examination mark out of 50 will be adapted to a mark out of 100.

To your examination mark out of 50 your year mark based on the 20 percent of your assignment marks
(each one of assignments 01 and 02 counts half – 10 percent – towards the year mark) will be added to
calculate your final mark for this module.

Previous examination papers are not available to students. You may, however, accept that the self-
evaluation questions and activities in the study guide will help you prepare for the exams.

Suggestions on how to approach the examination

It goes without saying that in order to achieve success in any examination there is no substitute for a
sound knowledge of the subject, which can be attained only by way of a thorough study of the study
guide!

However, our experience has been that students who apparently have a good knowledge of the subject
sometimes fail to obtain a pass mark. It is a good idea first to read carefully through each question on the
paper before you attempt to answer it.

Our endeavour is always to ensure that examination papers are not too long.

Our endeavour at all times is to set a paper that will test your knowledge in a fair and proper manner and
to maintain sound standards. Therefore students who have obtained a degree from this University may
take pride in their achievement.

11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Please read through my Studies @ Unisa brochure which contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant
study information.

12. CONCLUSION

Please do not hesitate to contact us should you need further assistance regarding anything which is not
clear regarding the contents of this tutorial letter.

We hope that you will enjoy this module and wish you the very best!

Mrs M Zitha

11
 ASSIGNMENTS

PLEASE NOTE!!! PLEASE NOTE!!!

Important information regarding the assignments

It deals with the instructions on how to complete and submit the assignment, as well as the contents and
the purpose of the assignment.

Please read this information very carefully before you start with the assignment.

FIRST SEMESTER

1. Assignment 01 is compulsory. The due date is: 10 March 2015

2. Assignment 02 is compulsory. The due date is: 14 April 2015

SECOND SEMESTER

1. Assignment 01 is compulsory. The due date is: 24 August 2015

2. Assignment 02 is compulsory. The due date is: 21 September 2015

12
 CMY1501/101

SEMESTER 01

ASSIGNMENT 01

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS - COMPULSORY

CLOSING DATE: 10 MARCH 2015

UNIQUE NUMBER: 598162

1. According to Siegel ( 2004:4), criminology is …

(1) an applied science within the human sciences.

(2) the scientific approach to the study of criminal behaviour.
(3) the study of causes of crime and youth offending
(4) made up of all the legal rules that were not originally written down.

2. Precolonial Africa concerned itself mainly with the …

(1) multicultural population.

(2) prevention of crime.
(3) perpetrator.
(4) crime victim.

3. Minimal brain disorder (MBD), which is a learning disorder is associated with ...

(1) Tourette syndrome.

(2) chromosomal disorders.
(3) antisocial tendencies.
(4) hyperactivity.

4. … do not reflect the true extent of the crime problem.

(1) Official crime statistics

(2) Police statistics
(3) Data mining
(4) Self-report studies

5. Culturally violent offenders are described as offenders who …

(1) usually have limited education and limited social skills.

(2) commit crime as a result of psychological abnormalities.
(3) are likely to commit crimes that are accompanied by violence.
(4) are usually acquainted with their victims by being close relatives or friends.

13
6. The main objective of the Criminal Justice is to…

(1) promote an understanding of the law in society.

(2) protect people against unsanctioned behaviour by others.
(3) focus on universal factors that contribute to crime.
(4) control illegal behaviour by citizens within its jurisdiction.

7. The … theory predicts that male-female differences in delinquency will be greater in patriarchal
families and in lower classes.

(1) power control

(2) social structure
(3) liberal feminist
(4) social learning

8. …law resolves disputes between private individuals.

(1) Criminal
(2) Common law
(3) Statutory
(4) Civil

9. The …approach concentrates on the social structure and organisation of a community, especially
for institutions such as the family and the school.

(1) structural
(2) rational choice
(3) victimological
(4) social

10. According to research, ... is one of the strongest predictors of adolescent violence as far as both
males and females are concerned.

(1) drug abuse

(2) poverty
(3) aggression
(4) low IQ

11. According to the ….theory, the traditionally lower crime rate for women could be explained by their
‘second-class’ economic and social position.

(1) consensus
(2) radical
(3) liberal feminist
(4) conflict

14
 CMY1501/101

12. Criminal risk factor(s) that could be associated with genetics are, among others …

(1) personality.
(2) temperament.
(3) mental disorders.
(4) All of the above .

13. The ….school of thought views crime as a rational and deliberate choice exercised by the offender.

(1) Critical criminology

(2) Social milieu
(3) Positivist
(4) Postmodern

14. ... refers to the dynamic, multidimensional process of being shut out, fully or partially, from the
various social, economic, political or cultural systems that serves to assist the integration of a
person into society.

(1) Social disorganisation

(2) Systematic observation
(3) Determinism
(4) Marginalisation

15. The … theories which are environmentally oriented are sometimes subdivided into structure and
process theories because of the differences in their points of departure.

(1) instrumental
(2) content
(3) explanatory
(4) classical

16. One of the premises of the classic crime theory is that …

(1) crime is a voluntary act committed by persons exercising a deliberate choice.

(2) the victims of crime are of little or no importance.
(3) people are motivated by pleasure to commit crimes and to avoid pain.
(4) All of the above.

17. According to several studies, … may be a critical factor in explaining gender differences in
delinquency.

(1) differential association

(2) age
(3) intent
(4) moral development

15
18. …. is a statistical survey that measures the amount, nature and patterns of victimisation in the
population.

(1) Dark figure

(2) Self-report studies
(3) Victimisation survey
(4) Data mining

19. Process theories ...

(1) view crime as acts that are unlawful and in conflict with the rules.
(2) view human behaviour as shaped by interpersonal conflict.
(3) focuses on the way in which society is organised.
(4) explain how people become offenders.

20. Historically, criminological theories have developed according to three distinctive viewpoints,
namely that …

(1) crime is a congenital trait.

(2) the causes of crime are to be found in the structure and function of society.
(3) crime is a tendency that individuals have acquired.
(4) All of the above

21. …. theories state that the majority of citizens in a society share common ideals and work together
towards a common good, and that crimes are outlawed because they conflict with the rules of the
majority and are harmful to society.

(1) Consensus
(2) Structure
(3) Process
(4) Radical

22. Victim surveys are particularly valuable because they provide information on the “dark figure”.
Which of the following is amongst their main limitation?

(1) Certain offences are repeatedly committed by the same offender.

(2) Indirect victims do not report a crime as readily as direct victims do.
(3) Some victims think nothing can be done about the matter and never report it.
(4) All of the above

16
 CMY1501/101

23. Although the evidence clearly indicates that males are more aggressive than females, evidence
exists that females are more likely to act aggressively under some circumstances than others.
Choose the correct option(s)

(1) Gender differences in aggression decrease when the victim is anonymous.

(2) Females are more likely to feel anxious or guilty about behaving aggressively.
(3) Males are more likely than females to report physical aggression in their behaviour ,
intentions and dreams
(4) All of the above

24. ….needs are associated with a need to achievement.

(1) Biological
(2) Psychological
(3) Social
(4) Postmodernist

25. Generalised knowledge is ...

(1) the concept that refers to a scientific demand that is made of research acts and survey
results.
(2) a process by which scientists gather information from the external or internal environment.
(3) a process by which a pronouncement is made on a bigger group on the basis of a study of a
limited number of similar cases.
(4) a means of collecting information about aspects of an individual’s personal experience such
as involvement in offending.

17
 SEMESTER 01

ASSIGNMENT 02

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS - COMPULSORY

CLOSING DATE: 14 APRIL 2015

UNIQUE NUMBER: 598442

1. One of the basic premises of the classic crime theory is that …

(1) victims of crime are of little or no importance.

(2) there is no concern with punishment or rehabilitation.
(3) the emphasis is on the criminal, not on the crime.
(4) crime could be prevented by empowering the people.

2. According to Hunter & Dantzker (2002), physiological disorders can result in …

(1) mental health problems, causing significant distress for the individual and other persons.
(2) an inability to have experience empathy.
(3) truancy and juvenile delinquency from frustration with failure at school and impulsivity.
(4) predisposition to alcoholism and crime.

3. … criminology is known as the third movement in the scientific development of criminology.

(1) Postmodern
(2) Classical
(3) Positivist
(4) Critical

4. Intention consists of two elements, namely:

(1) Intellectual and voluntary

(2) Expressive and intellectual
(3) Conative and emotional
(4) Affective and intellectual

18
 CMY1501/101

5. …. is the ability to make rational choices among possible actions, and to select one over the
others.

(1) Rational choice

(2) Free will
(3) Intelligence
(4) Determinism

6. Recently South Africa has been moving away from prison sentences towards alternative forms of
punishment, such as …

(1) permitting medical parole.

(2) short term imprisonment.
(3) granting amnesty.
(4) treatment of offenders in the community.

7. According to the … theory, gender and social class differences in delinquency are linked to the
structure of the family.

(1) Marxist
(2) Power-control
(3) Differential
(4) Liberal feminist

8. Physiological disorders have a genetic and psychological influence on human behaviour as well as
a labelling impact. Psychological disorders include:

(1) Epilepsy
(2) Down syndrome
(3) Tourette’s syndrome
(4) All of the above

9. Crime is studied from a number of …

(1) motivations.
(2) legislation.
(3) perspectives
(4) circumstances.

10. Which ONE of the following statements is INCORRECT?

(1) Emotions are subjective feelings that make us feel in a particular way such as angry, joyful or
sad.
(2) Emotions have four components, namely: feelings, bodily arousal, a sense of purpose and
social expression.
(3) Emotions indicate the desire that a specific result will follow from a particular action.
(4) Emotions are short-lived, subjective-physiological and functional-expressive phenomena that
orchestrate how we react to events in our lives.

19
11. The term “criminology” was first used in the nineteenth-century by:

(1) Toppinard
(2) Lombroso
(3) Sutherland
(4) Bantham

12. There are three separate but overlapping branches within the …

(1) Social process theory.

(2) Social structure perspective.
(3) Social learning theory.
(4) Social transformation.

13. Rational choice theorists view crime as both offence and offender specific in nature. Crime is
offence-specific because an offender will choose a specific crime based on the …

(1) security system concerned.

(2) characteristics of that crime.
(3) features of the offenders.
(4) culture of the offender.

14. According to Schmalleger, … criminology is a new emergent direction that is not based on a single
crime perspective.

(1) postmodern
(2) feminist
(3) critical
(4) positivist

15. ….rejects the state definitions of crime.

(1) Critical criminology

(2) Postmodern criminology
(3) Feminist school of thought
(4) Labelling theory

16. In relation to criminology in Africa, identify the missing words: “Whereas European law stresses the
protection of the …., traditional law focuses on the protection of the… as a whole”.

(1) victim; society

(2) community; society
(3) individual; community
(4) innocent; community

20
 CMY1501/101

17. …. children tend to look for support by associating with deviant groups outside the family.

(1) Emotionally neglected

(2) Sexually abused
(3) Aggressive
(4) Antisocial

18. Which of the following concepts were important in righting the wrongs of crime in precolonial
Africa?

(1) Rehabilitation and treatment

(2) Punishment and retribution
(3) Reconciliation and compensation
(4) Reconstruction and development

19. Parental discord is associated with …

(1) antisocial disorder in the children.

(2) aggression and truancy.
(3) drug and alcohol abuse.
(4) criminal activities and poor academic progress.

20. …theories question the fact that a certain type of behaviour is regarded as unlawful while other
activities which are equally detrimental are not illegal.

(1) Consensus
(2) Rational choice
(3) Radical
(4) Conflict

21. South Africa’s National Crime Prevention Strategy is the country’s first comprehensive strategy for
the prevention of crime. Which of the following option(s) pose the greatest threat to citizens’ and
the welfare of the country?

(1) Vehicle theft and hijacking, which contribute to fear and feelings of insecurity.
(2) Corruption in the legal system.
(3) Sexual violence and crime against children.
(4) All of the above

21
22. … is made up of all the legal rules which identify crimes and set down punishments.

(1) Criminology
(2) Penology
(3) Criminal law
(4) Civil law

23. …. refers to the inherently characteristic way in which an individual reacts to life’s demands and
challenges on an emotional level.

(1) Personality
(2) Temperament
(3) Hereditary
(4) Aggression

24. ….theorists believe that the personal factors that motivate people to commit crime are, among
others, economic opportunity, learning and experience, and knowledge of criminal techniques.

(1) Rational choice

(2) Traits
(3) Radical
(4) Social learning

25. According to Bandura, aggressive behaviour in adolescents is the result of….

(1) a distorted dependency relationship with parents.

(2) lax discipline in which neither parents exerts much control.
(3) the increasingly availability of access drugs and alcohol.
(4) parental neglect and insensitivity towards emotional needs.

22
 CMY1501/101

ASSIGNMENT 03

ASSIGNMENT 03 IS A SELF-ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT (PARAGRAPH TYPE)

PLEASE NOTE: DO NOT SUBMIT THE ASSIGNMENT FOR ASSESSMENT

1. What is meant by the term “criminology”? [Theme 1] [5]

2. Briefly define the role of a criminologist [Theme 1] [10]

3. List the main premises of postmodern criminology

[Theme 1] [10]

4. Define the terms “ crime patterns “ and “ crime patterns” [Theme 2] [8]

5. Discuss the role that age plays in the incidence of crime [Theme 3] [10]

6. Identify factors in South African schools that contribute to juvenile delinquency.

[Theme 4]……………………………………………………… [10]

7. Define the term “ risk factor” [ Theme 3] [4]

8. Explain the role of emotion in crimes of violence [Theme 4] ………………… [15]

23
 SEMESTER 02

ASSIGNMENT 01

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS - COMPULSORY

CLOSING DATE: 24 AUGUST 2015

UNIQUE NUMBER: 598595

1. ….appears to be associated with a delay in the development and maturation of moral reasoning.

(1) Delinquency
(2) Self-control
(3) Impulsiveness
(4) Poor memory

2. The word “criminology“ literally means the study of ...

(1) crime.
(2) the criminal justice system.
(3) culture of crime.
(4) society.

3. ….law controls illegal behaviour by citizens within its jurisdiction and is enforced by the state.

(1) Civil
(2) Common
(3) Criminal
(4) Feminist criminology

4. The premise or point of departure of the social-environment school of thought is that …

(1) improved social conditions will prevent crime.

(2) victims of crime are of little or no importance.
(3) crime and victimisation may be prevented by medical and psychological treatment.
(4) lawbreakers are the real victims because they are oppressed by the state.

24
 CMY1501/101

5. The …. school believes in empowering the community by means of development programmes, the
abolishment of unjust laws, community policing, self-defence units, community courts and
diversion.

(1) Critical
(2) Positivist
(3) Classic
(4) Feminist

6. According to Burton (2007:3), there are a few risk factors associated with youth violence in South
Africa. Which one of the following options is a risk factor?

(1) Exposure to violence at every level entrenches violent behaviour.

(2) The impact of easy access to drugs and alcohol.
(3) The dislocation of society and family values under the apartheid regime
(4) All of the above

7. According to Wilson and Petersilia, in order to prevent criminal behaviour, parents should ...

(1) restrict children’s activities and maintain physical surveillance by knowing their whereabouts.
(2) reinforce learning of pro-social behaviour and discipline.
(3) control their reaction to their children’s rebellious behaviour.
(4) have a close parent-child relationship and clearly define their expectation of their children.

8. Criminal law controls illegal behaviour of citizens within its jurisdiction and is enforced by ...

(1) the state only.

(2) case law.
(3) community law.
(4) case law.

9. Criminology is an applied discipline within the human sciences. Its field of study encompasses ...

(1) crime, criminals, victims, punishment and the prevention and control of crime.
(2) victims, punishment and the prevention and control of unknown offenders.
(3) punishment and the prevention and control of all law enforcements agencies.
(4) knowledge of a particular discipline on crime and victims which is systematically controlled.

10. ... theories concentrate on the way in which society is organised and how it influences people’s
behaviour.

(1) Structure
(2) Rational choice
(3) Radical
(4) Feminist

25
11. According to the ….theory, the cause of delinquent behaviour is an impulsive personality.

(1) self-control
(2) consensus
(3) rational
(4) power-control

12. … means the degree to which individuals perceive their behaviour to be under their own control or
under the control of external forces.

(1) Moral reasoning

(2) Impulsiveness
(3) Locus of control
(4) Moral development

13. Racial differences in crime rate may be linked to …

(1) exposure to violence at every level which entrenches violent behaviour.

(2) researchers who work with statistics and often try to compare incomparable figures.
(3) the justification of crime in political terms.
(4) frustration over perceived racism, discrimination and economic disparity.

14. According to the … men and women are ‘the same’ but women are denied opportunities to do the
same things as men, including participation in crime.

(1) liberal feminist approach

(2) systematic observations
(3) circumstantial factors
(4) generalised knowledge

15. Crime pattern is influenced by various factors, such as …

(1) educational level.

(2) family background.
(3) criminal record.
(4) genes.

16. ….. assist(s) in analysing and correlating data to create detailed visuals of crime patterns.

(1) Computerised crime maps

(2) Data mining
(3) Self-report studies
(4) The crime information analysis centre

26
 CMY1501/101

17. Some juvenile delinquents become habitual professional criminals who only turn their backs on
crime at a very late stage. Usually habitual criminals only take stock of their lives in their …

(1) early teens or early twenties

(2) early twenties or late thirties
(3) late thirties or early forties
(4) early forties or late fifties

18. Emotions are short-lived subjective, physiological, functional and expressive phenomena that
orchestrate how we react adaptively to the important events in our lives. The … component gives
emotion its subjective experience that has both meaning and personal significance.

(1) feeling
(2) purposive
(3) social-expressive
(4) social

19. Minimal brain disorder( MBD) is associated with …

(1) Tourette syndrome.

(2) Chromosomal disorders.
(3) Antisocial tendencies.
(4) Hyperactivity.

20. Violence often occurs in realms traditionally considered “safe zones”. Research indicates that one
of the following factors increase the risk of youth misbehaviour:

(1) Erratic discipline

(2) Family violence
(3) Poor supervision
(4) All of the above

21. …theory is essentially idealistic in unequal societies and can influence choices and economic
conditions

(1) Classical
(2) Radical
(3) Conflict
(4) Process

22. …indicate(s) the desire that a specific result will follow from a particular action.

(1) Intent
(2) Emotions
(3) Motive
(4) Incentive

27
23. Cognitive processes play an important role in appraising available aims when designing a
particular strategy. Cognition involves …

(1) judgement.
(2) interpretation.
(3) understanding.
(4) All of the above.

24. … theories state that reward or punishment serves as a means to ensure that people act in a
particular way.

(1) Content
(2) Process
(3) Rational choice
(4) Instrumental

25. Which of the following are vital components of a “good” theory?

(1) Plausibility, falsifiability and predictability

(2) Usefulness, validity and policy implications
(3) Plausibility , validity and empirical support
(4) Reliability, adequacy and empirical support

28
 CMY1501/101

SEMESTER 02

ASSIGNMENT 02

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS - COMPULSORY

CLOSING DATE: 21 SEPTEMBER 2015

UNIQUE NUMBER: 598713

1 According to McCord and Zola there are five methods of disciplining youth offenders. Which one of
the following is NOT a method of discipline?

(1) Erratic discipline, in which one parent is lax or both parents waver between the different
methods.
(2) Punitive discipline, where a great deal of physical force is used, accompanied by anger,
aggression and threats.
(3) Lax discipline, where neither parent exerts much control.
(4) Erratic discipline in which both parents are lax and one parent waver between the different
methods

2 …. is directed mainly at punishment and deterrence.

(1) Criminal justice

(2) Criminal law
(3) Civil law
(4) Criminology

3. The …theory views crime as a function of a decision-making process in which the potential
offender weighs up the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.

(1) social process

(2) rational choice
(3) instrumental
(4) social learning

4. Conklin (2001) states that there are three facilitating factors which are often present when crimes
are committed, namely ...

(1) friends, families and victims.

(2) poverty, alcohol and abuse.
(3) firearms, victims and unemployment.
(4) alcohol, drugs and firearms.

29
5. The word “criminology” literally means the study of ...

(1) crime.
(2) the criminal justice system.
(3) the culture of crime.
(4) society.

6 … act(s) as blueprint or a map which determines all aspects of human development.

(1) Genes
(2) Criminogenic risk factors
(3) Physical and biological factors
(4) Intelligence

7. The ….school of thought rejects the traditional causes of crime as identified by positivism and
expands the juridical crime concept by couting various forms of social bias and the violation of
human rights as a crime.

(1) positivist
(2) critical
(3) marxist
(4) postmodern

8. ….is defined as a unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern including emotions and
thoughts that distinguish one person from another.

(1) Intelligence
(2) Socialisation
(3) Determinism
(4) Personality

9. ….resolves disputes between private individuals, the chief aim being compensation for a private
injustice.

(1) Civil law

(2) Constitutional court
(3) Criminal law
(4) Criminal justice

10. The … criminology focuses on the rights and needs of crime victims, national crime prevention
strategies, restorative justice and community-based punishments.

(1) postmodern
(2) feminist
(3) critical
(4) positivist

30
 CMY1501/101

11. Some criminologists distinguish between criminology as the study of …and…, seen as the
functional study of the police, courts and correctional services.

(1) crime and deviant behaviour.

(2) genetics and criminal justice.
(3) human behaviour and crime.
(4) crime and criminal justice.

12. In South Africa, police statistics are provided by the …

(1) Crime Information Analysis Centre (CIAC).

(2) Institute for Security Studies (ISS).
(3) Crime Information Management (CIM).
(4) Institute for Security Studies (ISS).

13. … criminology focuses on the political and economic structures of discrimination and exploitation
as causes of crime and the reasons for some actions to be classified as crime and others not.

(1) Critical
(2) Feminist
(3) Classical
(4) Positivist

14. According to the findings of the International Crime and Victimisation Surveys (ICVS), many factors
affect the likelihood of a particular person falling victim to crime. These include:

(1) Whether they lead a risky lifestyle, including the extent to which they go out at night.
(2) How attractive they are as a target, which is often measured by individuals or household
income.
(3) The extent of guardianship, with the risk of victimisation increasing among those who are in
the company of strangers.
(4) All of the above

15. Data mining is a relatively new criminological technique in terms of which multiple advanced
computational methods are used to analyse large datasets involving one or more data sources.
The goal is to:

(1) Identify significant and recognisable patterns, trends and relationships that are not detected
through traditional techniques alone.
(2) Create graphic representations of the spatial geography of crime.
(3) Measure attitudes, values, personal characteristics and behaviours.
(4) Establish the true extent of crime patterns in different areas.

31
16. According to research there are identified paths of antisocial behaviour that during the
developmental process of a child may lead to delinquent career, namely:

(1) Conflict pathway

(2) Covert pathway
(3) Overt pathway
(4) All of the above

17. The biological factors that play a role in criminal behaviour may be classified as….factors.

(1) biochemical
(2) genetic
(3) neurophysiological
(4) All of the above

18. Violent people tend to have …that makes it difficult for them to come up with non-aggressive
solutions to interpersonal conflicts and disputes.

(1) lack of empathy

(2) low self-esteem
(3) lack of self-control
(4) cognitive deficiencies

19. …theorists do not suggest that a single biological or psychological attribute is adequate for
explaining all criminality.

(1) Strain
(2) Traits
(3) Labelling
(4) Learning

20. The perinatal risk factors associated with juvenile delinquency and adult crime are …

(1) exposure to smoking.

(2) inadequate nutrition.
(3) alcohol abuse.
(4) All of the above.

21. Socialisation comprises three principal components. Choose the INCORRECT option.

(1) Acceptance of adult responsibility.

(2) Conscientiousness.
(3) Pro-sociality.
(4) Marital conflict and break-up.

32
 CMY1501/101

22. Farrington found that the traits present in persistent offenders can be observed as early as the age
of :

(1) Seven.
(2) Eight.
(3) Nine.
(4) Ten.

23. Racial differences in the crime rate may be linked to frustration over perceived …

(1) racism.
(2) economic disparity.
(3) discrimination.
(4) All of the above.

24. The … theory focuses on the way in which society is organised and how it influences people’s
behaviour.

(1) rational choice

(2) liberal feminist
(3) structure
(4) process.

25. …appears to be associated with a delay in the development and maturation of moral reasoning.

(1) Self-control
(2) Poor memory
(3) Delinquency
(4) Hyperactivity.

33
ASSIGNMENT 03

ASSIGNMENT 03 IS A SELF-ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT (PARAGRAPH TYPE)

PLEASE NOTE: DO NOT SUBMIT THE ASSIGNMENT FOR ASSESSMENT

ANSWER ALL OF THE QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the premises of the social-environment school of thought [Theme 1] [15]

2. List the main premises of the classical criminology [Theme 1] [10]

3. Define briefly the role of a criminologist [Theme 2] [15]

4. Discuss the risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour in detail [Theme 3] [30]

5. Explain the distinction between motive and intent [Theme 3] [10]

6. Identify factors that may contribute to desisting from criminal behaviour? [Theme 3] [4]

7. Explain why some young people become more easily involved in gang activities than
others [ Theme 4] [10]

8. Discuss the general factors contributing to crime in South Africa

[Theme 4] [10]

34