Reminders and Important Dates

Mar 10, 2020

Upcoming deadlines
• March 9 to 13: Tutorial 6 is due
• March 16 to 20: Tutorial 7 is due
• March 17 @ 7PM: Midterm 2
• March 30 to April 3: Tutorial 9 is due
• April 5 @ 11:59PM: Milestone 4- Implementation (no late submissions allowed)
• April 7-8: Milestone 5- Demos
• April 8 @ 11:59PM: Tutorial 10 is due April 14 @ 12PM: Final exam

Reminders
• Java/Oracle, PHP/Oracle and PHP/MYSQL resources are available
• Mason and Aditya have office hours dedicated for project
• If your project group would like to meet with your project TA within the next week, then
please email them to set up an appointment

• RA and Datalog practice exercises are available on canvas – Please

check them out!
Please check piazza post @7 for Important Dates and Deadlines
Outline

1. Recap
2. SQL
• Set Operators (Union, Intersection, Except)
• ALL and ANY
• IS NULL
• Self referencing joins
• Outer joins
• Exists
• Not
3. Practice Exercise

2
Previously…

• Having

• Like

• IN

• JOIN

• Renaming(Aliases)

• View
3
 Clicker question: views
Suppose relation R(a,b,c): a b c
Define the view V by: 1 1 3
CREATE VIEW V AS 1 2 3
SELECT a+b AS d, c 2 1 4
FROM R; 2 3 5

What is the result of the query: 2 4 1

3 2 4
SELECT d, SUM(c)
3 3 6
FROM V
GROUP BY d
HAVING COUNT(*) <> 1;
Identify, from the list below, a tuple in the result of the query:
A. (2,3)
B. (3,12)
C. (5,9)
D. All are correct
E. None are correct

SQL 4
 Clicker question: views
Suppose relation R(a,b,c): V
Define the view V by:
a b c d c d Sum(C)
CREATE VIEW V AS
1 1 3 2 3 3 7
SELECT a+b AS d, c
1 2 3 3 3 5 9
FROM R;
2 1 4 3 4 6 7
What is the result of the query: 2 3 5 5 5
SELECT d, SUM(c) 2 4 1 6 1
FROM V 3 2 4 5 4
GROUP BY d 3 3 6 6 6
HAVING COUNT(*) <> 1;
Identify, from the list below, a tuple in the result of the query:
A. (2,3) Wrong. Count of 2 is 1 so will not be in result
B. (3,12)
C is Right
C. (5,9)
5
D. All are correct

SQL 5
 Views – Try!
For each product that has more than For each product whose items were sold
three items sold within all sales in more than one sales transaction.
transactions
CREATE VIEW
CREATE VIEW
products_in_multiple_trnsc AS
products_more_than_3_sold AS SELECT productid,
SELECT productid, productname, productname, productprice
productprice FROM product
FROM product WHERE productid IN
WHERE productid IN (SELECT productid
(SELECT productid FROM soldvia
FROM soldvia GROUP BY productid
GROUP BY productid HAVING COUNT(*) > 1);
HAVING SUM(noofitems) > 3);

SQL 6
 Views

CREATE VIEW
products_in_multiple_trnsc AS CREATE VIEW
SELECT productid, products_in_multiple_trnsc AS
productname, productprice SELECT p.productid,
FROM product p.productname, p.productprice
WHERE productid IN FROM product p, soldvia sv
(SELECT productid where p.productid=sv.productid
FROM soldvia GROUP BY p.productid,
GROUP BY productid p.productname, p.productprice
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1); HAVING COUNT(*) > 1

SQL 7
 SET OPERATORS

• Standard set operators: union, intersection, and difference

• Used to combine the results of two or more SELECT statements that are
union compatible
• Two sets of columns are union compatible if they contain the same
number of columns, and if the data types of the columns in one set match
the data types of the columns in the other set

• Each of the above operations automatically eliminates duplicates.

• To retain all duplicates use : union all, intersect all and except all

SQL 8
 SET OPERATOR – WITHOUT UNION
Query 20 text: Retrieve the customer Name who have purchased Zzz Bag or a
Cosy Sock
Query 20: SELECT C.CustomerName,P.ProductName
FROM Customer C, Product P, SalesTransaction T, Soldvia S
WHERE C.CustomerID = T. CustomerID AND T.TID=S.TID AND
S.ProductID=P.ProductID AND
(P.ProductName=‘Zzz Bag’ OR P.ProductName=‘Cosy Sock’)
Query 20 result:

CUSTOMERNAME PRODUCTNAME
Tina Zzz Bag
Tina Zzz Bag
Tina Cosy Sock

SQL 9
 SET OPERATORS
• UNION
• Used to combine the union compatible results of two SELECT
statements by listing all rows from the result of the first SELECT
statement and all rows from the result of the other SELECT
statement

• If two or more rows are identical only one of them is shown

(duplicates are eliminated from the result)

SQL 10
 SET OPERATOR - UNION
Query 21: Retrieve the customer Name who have purchased Zzz Bag or a Cosy
Sock
Query 21:
SELECT C.CustomerName, P.ProductName
FROM Customer C, Product P, SalesTransaction T, Soldvia S
WHERE C.CustomerID = T. CustomerID AND T.TID=S.TID AND
S.ProductID=P.ProductID AND P.ProductName = 'Zzz Bag'
UNION
SELECT C.CustomerName, P.ProductName
FROM Customer C, Product P, SalesTransaction T, Soldvia S
WHERE C.CustomerID = T. CustomerID AND T.TID=S.TID AND
S.ProductID=P.ProductID AND P.ProductName = 'Cosy Sock';

CUSTOMERNAME PRODUCTNAME
Tina Cosy Sock
Tina Zzz Bag

SQL 11
 SET OPERATOR – UNION USING VIEWS
Query 22 : Retrieve the product ID, product name, and product price for
each product that has more than three items sold within all sales
transactions or whose items were sold in more than one sales
transaction
Query 22: SELECT *
FROM products_more_than_3_sold
UNION
SELECT *
FROM products_in_multiple_trnsc;

Query 22 Result
PRODUCTI PRODUCT PRODUCT
D NAME PRICE

1X1 Zzz Bag 100

2X2 Easy Boot 70

3X3 Cosy Sock 15

4X4 Dura Boot 90

SQL 12
 SET OPERATORS
• INTERSECT
• Used to combine the results of two SELECT statements that are union
compatible by listing every row that appears in the result of both of the
SELECT statements

SQL 13
 SET OPERATORS

Query 23 text: Retrieve the product ID, product name, and product price for each
product that has more than three items sold within all sales transactions and whose
items were sold in more than one sales transaction

Query 23: SELECT *

FROM products_more_than_3_sold
INTERSECT
SELECT *
FROM products_in_multiple_trnsc;

Query 24 result:
PRODUCTID PRODUCTNAME PRODUCTPRICE
4X4 Dura Boot 90

SQL 14
 SET OPERATORS
• EXCEPT (MINUS)
• Used to combine the results of two SELECT statements that are union
compatible by listing every row from the result of the first SELECT
statement that does not appear in the result of the other SELECT
statement

SQL 15
 SET OPERATORS
Query 24: Retrieve the product ID, product name, and product price for each
product that has more than three items sold within all sales transactions but
whose items were not sold in more than one sales transaction

Query 24: SELECT *

FROM products_more_than_3_sold
EXCEPT
SELECT *
FROM products_in_multiple_trnsc;

Query 24 result:

PRODUCTID PRODUCTNAME PRODUCTPRICE

3X3 Cosy Sock 15

SQL 16
 ALL and ANY
• Set comparison:
• Op ANY or Op ALL
• where Op >, < , <=, >=, <> =

• For each outer query tuple, check the qualification by computing the
subquery.

SQL 17
 ALL
Query 25 : Find the product Id and Product Price of the products having price greater than that
of every product with the name ‘Boot’.
SELECT P.ProductID,
P.ProductPrice
FROM Product P
WHERE > ALL
P.ProductPrice >
ALL (SELECT The ALL operator returns true if all of the subquery
P2.ProductPrice values meet the condition.
FROM Product P2 1x1 100.00 TRUE

WHERE 2x2 70.00 FALSE

P2.ProductName LIKE 3x3 15.00 FALSE
'%Boot%'); 4x4 90.00 FALSE

5x5 150.00 TRUE

6x6 250.00 TRUE

ANSWER
SELECT P.ProductID, P.ProductPrice
FROM Product P
WHERE P.ProductPrice > (SELECT max(P2.ProductPrice)
FROM Product P2 WHERE P2.ProductName LIKE '%Boot%');
SQL 18
 ANY
Query 26 : Find the product ID and Product Price of the products having price greater than that
of any product with the name ‘Boot’.

SELECT P.ProductID,
P.ProductPrice
FROM Product P
WHERE P.ProductPrice > > ANY
ANY (SELECT
P2.ProductPrice The ALL operator returns true if any of the subquery
FROM Product P2 WHERE values meet the condition.
P2.ProductName LIKE 1x1 100.00 TRUE
'%Boot%');
2x2 70.00 FALSE

3x3 15.00 FALSE

4x4 90.00 TRUE

SELECT P.ProductID, 5x5 150.00 TRUE

ANSWER
P.ProductPrice 6x6 250.00 TRUE

FROM Product P
WHERE P.ProductPrice > (SELECT min(P2.ProductPrice)
FROM Product P2 WHERE P2.ProductName LIKE '%Boot%');
SQL 19
Relational schema: HAFH Realty Company Property Management Database

optional

unique

Unary relationship
Data records: HAFH Realty Company Property Management Database (part 1)
Data records: HAFH Realty Company Property Management Database (part 2)
 IS NULL
Query 27 text: Retrieve records for all managers who do not have a bonus

Query 27: SELECT *

FROM manager
WHERE mbonus IS NULL;

Query 27 result:

SQL 23
 IS NULL

• Used in queries that contain comparisons with an empty value in

a column of a record

• The result of any arithmetic expression involving null is null

• E.g. 5 + null returns null.

• All aggregate operations except count(*) ignore tuples with null

values on the aggregated attributes.

SQL 24
 Clicker Null query

Determine the result of: Scores:

SELECT COUNT(*), COUNT(Runs) Team Day Opponent Runs
Dragons Sun Swallows 4
FROM Scores
Tigers Sun Bay Stars 9
WHERE Team = 'Carp'
Carp Sun NULL NULL
Swallows Sun Dragons 7
Which of the following is in the result: Bay Stars Sun Tigers 2
A. (1,0) Giants Sun NULL NULL
Dragons Mon Carp NULL
B. (2,0)
Tigers Mon NULL NULL
C. (1,NULL) Carp Mon Dragons NULL
D. All of the above Swallows Mon Giants 0

E. None of the above Bay Stars Mon NULL NULL

Giants Mon Swallows 5

SQL 25
 Clicker Null query
Determine the result of: Scores:
Team Day Opponent Runs
SELECT COUNT(*), COUNT(Runs)
Dragons Sun Swallows 4
FROM Scores
Tigers Sun Bay Stars 9
WHERE Team = 'Carp' Carp Sun NULL NULL
Which of the following is in Swallows Sun Dragons 7
the result: Bay Stars Sun Tigers 2
A. (1,0) Giants Sun NULL NULL

B. (2,0) Right Dragons Mon Carp NULL

Tigers Mon NULL NULL
C. (1,NULL)
Carp Mon Dragons NULL
D. All of the above Swallows Mon Giants 0
E. None of the above Bay Stars Mon NULL NULL
Giants Mon Swallows 5

SQL 26
 Try 1!
Query: Display the BuildingID, AptNo, and ANoOfBedrooms for all apartments
that are not leased.

SELECT buildingid, aptno, anoofbedrooms

FROM apartment
WHERE ccid IS NULL

SQL 27
 Try 2!
Query: Display the MFName, MLName, MSalary, MBDate, and
number of buildings that the manager manages for all managers with a
salary less than $55,000.

SELECT m.mfname, m.mlname, m.msalary, m.mbdate,

count(*)
FROM building b, manager m
WHERE b.bmanagerid = m.managerid AND m.msalary < 55000
GROUP BY m.mfname, m.mlname, m.msalary, m.mbdate;

SQL 28
 SELF-JOIN

Self-JOIN
• A join statement that includes a relation that contains a foreign
key referring to itself, and joins a relation with itself in a query

SQL 29
 SELF-JOIN

Query 28 text: For all corporate clients that were referred by other corporate
clients, retrieve the name of the corporate client and the name of the corporate
client that referred it

Query 28: SELECT c.ccname AS client, r.ccname AS

recommender
FROM corpclient c, corpclient r
WHERE r.ccid = c.ccidreferredby;

Query 28 result:

The use of aliases is mandatory for a self join.

SQL 30
 INNER and OUTER JOINS

• Inner join
• What we’ve been doing so far.

• Outer join
• left outer join
• right outer join
• full outer join

SQL 31
 INNER JOIN

Query : SELECT a.buildingid, a.aptno, c.ccname

FROM apartment a, corpclient c
WHERE a.ccid = c.ccid;

Query result:

SQL 32
 INNER JOIN

• The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as
long as there is a match between the columns in both tables.

• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN/ JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

SQL 33
 INNER JOIN
• Which apartments are rented by which corporate clients?

SELECT a.buildingid, a.aptno, c.ccname

FROM apartment a
INNER JOIN corpclient c
ON a.ccid = c.ccid;
Retrieve only the
rows that match.

apartment ⨝ corpclient

SQL 34
 Outer Joins

LEFT JOIN: Return all rows RIGHT JOIN : Returns all rows FULL OUTER JOIN:
from the left table, and the from the right table, with the Returns all rows from the
matched rows from the right matching rows in the left table. left table and from the right
table. The result is NULL in The result is NULL in the left table.
the right side when there is side when there is no match.
no match. SELECT column_name(s)
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2
FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN/ RIGHT OUTER ON table1.column_name=tabl
LEFT JOIN/ LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 e2.column_name
JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name=table2.c
ON table1.column_name=table2 olumn_name;
.column_name; Table Table
Table Table 1 2
Table Table 1 2
1 2

SQL 35
 Left Outer Join

SELECT a.buildingid, a.aptno, c.ccname

FROM apartment a LEFT OUTER JOIN corpclient c
ON a.ccid = c.ccid;

Include all the rows on the left part of the

relation (APARTMENT) whether or not there
is a match.
No matches.
RA : apartment ⟕ corpclient

SQL 36
 Right Outer Join

SELECT a.buildingid, a.aptno, c.ccname

FROM apartment a RIGHT OUTER JOIN corpclient c
ON a.ccid = c.ccid;
Include all the rows on the right part of the relation
(CORPCLIENT) whether or not there is a match.

RA : apartment ⟖ corpclient
No match.

SQL 37
 Full Outer Join

SELECT a.buildingid, a.aptno, c.ccname

FROM apartment a FULL OUTER JOIN
corpclient c
ON a.ccid = c.ccid;

Include all the rows from both relations whether

or not there is a match.

RA: apartment ⟗ corpclient

SQL 38
 Nested Queries

Query : List the first name of managers that were living in building having
more than four floors
select m.mfname , m. m.mresbuildingid Boris B1
from manager m Austin B2
where m.mresbuildingid IN
(select b.buildingid from building b subquery
where b.bnooffloors > 4)

SQL 39
 Correlated Nested Queries

• Correlated: inner query (query in the WHERE clause) uses one or more
attributes from relation(s) specified in the outer query

• Uncorrelated: inner query is a stand-alone query that can be executed

independently from the outer query

EXISTS
- Checks whether the result of a correlated nested query is empty (contains no
tuples) or not
- The EXISTS operator returns true if the subquery returns one or more records.

SQL 40
 EXISTS
Query 30 text: Retrieve records for all buildings that have managers
living in them
Building

Query 30:
SELECT *
FROM building b
Manager
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM manager m
WHERE b.buildingid =m.mresbuildingid);

Query 30 result:

SQL 41
 Clicker Question
• Query : List the first name of managers that were living in building having more
than four floors.
Query 1: Query 2:
select m.mfname, Query 3:
select m.mfname,
m.mresbuildingid select m.mfname, m.mresbuildingid
m.mresbuildingid
from manager m from manager m
from manager m, building b
where Exists where m.mresbuildingid IN
where b.bnooffloors > 4 and
(select b.buildingid (select b.buildingid from building
b.buildingid=m.mresbuildingid
from building b b where b.bnooffloors > 4)
where b.bnooffloors > 4 and
b.buildingid=m.mresbuildingid)

Which queries are equivalent?

A. Query 1 and Query 2 only
B. Query 1, Query 2 and Query 3
C. Query 1 and 3 only
D. None

SQL 42
 Clicker Question
• Query : List the first name of managers that were living in building having more
than four floors.
Query 2:
select m.mfname, Query 3:
Query 1: select m.mfname, m.mresbuildingid
m.mresbuildingid
select m.mfname, from manager m
from manager m
m.mresbuildingid where m.mresbuildingid IN
where Exists
from manager m, building b (select b.buildingid from building
(select b.buildingid
where b.bnooffloors > 4 and b where b.bnooffloors > 4)
from building b
b.buildingid=m.mresbuildingid
where b.bnooffloors > 4 and
b.buildingid=m.mresbuildingid)

SQL 43
 Equivalent Queries
Query : List the first name of managers that were living in building having more than four
floors

select m.mfname, m.mresbuildingid

select m.mfname, m.mresbuildingid from manager m, building b
from manager m where b.bnooffloors > 4 and
where m.mresbuildingid IN
b.buildingid=m.mresbuildingid
(select b.buildingid from building b where
b.bnooffloors > 4)

select m.mfname, m.mresbuildingid

from manager m
where Exists
(select b.buildingid
from building b
where b.bnooffloors > 4 and
b.buildingid=m.mresbuildingid)

SQL 44
 NOT

• Tests whether a value is not contained in a set or not a null value

respectively

• Syntax looks similar to the IN and IS NULL operators:

• attr NOT IN ( set of values)
• attr IS NOT NULL

SQL 45
 NOT

Query 31: Retrieve the information about other customers apart from Tina
and Tony
SELECT *
from customer
where customername NOT IN ('Tina', 'Tony');

CUSTOMERID CUSTOMERNAME CUSTOMERZIP

3-4-555 Pam 35401

SQL 46
 NOT
Query text 32: Retrieve the record for each product whose product name does not
contains the phrase ’Boot’

SELECT *
FROM product
WHERE productname NOT LIKE '%Boot%';

PRODUCTID PRODUCTNAME PRODUCTPRICE VENDORID CATEGORYID

1X1 Zzz Bag 100 PG CP

3X3 Cosy Sock 15 MK FW

5X5 Tiny Tent 150 MK CP

6X6 Biggy Tent 250 MK CP

SQL 47