Turkish Journal of Engineering – 2023, 7(3), 186-195

Turkish Journal of Engineering

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tuje
e-ISSN 2587-1366

Challenges, threats and advantages of using blockchain technology in the framework of

sustainability of the logistics sector
Emel Yontar *1
1Tarsus University, Industrial Engineering Department, Türkiye

Keywords Abstract
Blockchain Due to the complexity and lack of transparency of traditional supply chains, the introduction
Logistics and development of blockchain technology is of great interest to the stakeholders involved in
Sustainability logistics the logistics process to improve logistics processes in the supply chain and make them more
SWOT analysis sustainable. A detailed analysis has been made for the logistics industry in this study, which is
Sustainability discussed to investigate the undeniable benefits of blockchain technology. Today, when we try
to determine our application methods in line with sustainable development purposes, it is
seen that the logistics industry gains many advantages when it is integrated with blockchain
Research Article technology. For this purpose, SWOT analysis has been applied as a result of literature review
DOI: 10.31127/tuje.1094375 for logistics management, which is one of the sub-activities of supply chain management that
applies blockchain technology, and contributes to the application potential in the logistics
Received: 28.03.2022 industry. At this point, some of the strengths that will require the use of blockchain technology
Accepted: 07.07.2022 in the logistics sector are decentralized structure, effective information sharing, fast response,
Published: 31.08.2022 robust risk management, interprocess integrity, etc. While its weaknesses are low
performance, having a complex structure and high energy consumption can be the problem.
In addition, some of the opportunities that the sector will gain are the ability to optimize time,
solve problems, gain competition, increase sustainability; on the other hand, external threats,
cross-integration adoption, new technology, limited data privacy etc. is happening.

1. Introduction fundamental element [6], and the concept of blockchain

entered the literature.
Blockchain technology has the potential to be The typical workflow of using the blockchain for any
adapted to every step of the supply chain, from the transaction is shown in Figure 1. Each block contains its
sourcing of raw materials to the distribution stage and own unique ID number and ensures transaction security.
consumers [1-2]. Blockchain, which started to work with All transactions made in the system are verified by users,
financial applications, shows potential for application in arranged in order and cannot be undone after being
many other sectors [3]. One of such areas of interest is added to the network. This working principle of the
supply chain management operations [4] and logistics blockchain makes it a reliable technology [7]. The
operations, which is one of its activities. Like all other application logic of blockchain and supply chains bears
sectors, logistics sectors are also affected by the radical great similarities [8].
change of technology. In this context, studies and Logistics management is accepted in the literature
applications for the use of blockchain technology in the as areas where blockchains are suitable. Supply chains
logistics and supply chain sectors have gained are a structure that includes many physical flows
importance in recent years in order to digitize the involving multiple actors and stakeholders, and
logistics industry and to realize business processes in a information sharing that supports this flow. Transactions
more transparent, reliable and traceable way. can be documented throughout the product lifecycle and
Blockchain is known as a distributed database a permanent history of the product is created. Blockchain
system that records transaction data, managed by technology: (i) each asset can be recorded at every stage,
consensus mechanism [5]. In 2008, a group under the (ii) all official documents can be tracked (iii) digital
name of Satoshi Nakamoto announced the crypto assets can be tracked along with physical assets.
currency Bitcoin, in which blockchain technology is a
* Corresponding Author Cite this article
*([email protected]) ORCID ID 0000-0001-7800-2960 Yontar, E. (2023). Challenges, threats and advantages of using blockchain technology in
the framework of sustainability of the logistics sector. Turkish Journal of Engineering,
7(3), 186-195
 Turkish Journal of Engineering – 2023, 7(3), 186-195

of the supply chain management activities, with

blockchain is examined. In Section 4, sustainability was
discussed, the relationship between sustainable
development goals and blockchain was analyzed and its
connection with logistics was matched. In Section 5, the
methodology is presented, and in this chapter, the
findings of the study are discussed by making a SWOT
analysis between sustainable logistics and blockchain. In
Figure 1. Blockchain work flow representation the last section, comments are made on the findings and
suggestions for future studies are presented.
According to this statement, the Blockchain supply
chain relationship has come to the fore in many studies. 2. Blockchain Architecture
Tektaş and Kırbaç [9] conducted a case study on the use
of blockchain technology in logistics, and an application Blockchain is a comprehensive technology that
study of this case study was carried out in a logistics brings together multiple technologies and keeps them
company using appropriate methodological methods. integrated. Basically, it includes three important
Kshetri [10] explained how blockchain affects key supply technologies: asymmetric encryption algorithms,
chain management objectives such as reliability, cost, distributed data storage and consensus algorithms. In
quality, sustainability and flexibility. Agrawal et al. [11] addition to these, the technology of smart contracts is
proposed a blockchain-based traceability framework for later incorporated into the blockchain technology.
traceability in the textile and apparel supply chain. Asymmetric encryption algorithm is the encryption
Ronaghi [12] establishes a model for assessing the technology used for the authentication of ownership, in
maturity of blockchain technology in the agricultural terms of security [21]. Distributed storage means that
supply chain. Katsikouli and Wilde [13] examine the use every node added has independent and complete data
of blockchain technology to manage supply chains in the storage. Smart contracts are co-formulated and prepared
food and agriculture industries. Reddy et al. [14] by network partners. Each participant creates a common
conducts a systematic literature review on applications smart contract to complete a peer-to-peer transaction or
of blockchain technology in the automotive supply chain. transfer.
The authors, who dealt with various sectors in their Blockchain applications consist of five modules that
studies, did not ignore the concept of sustainability and manage related transactions [22]:
focused on supply chain management. Sustainability in
supply chain management, while managing the flow of o Block creation module; It contains information
materials, information and capital throughout the supply and details of transactions located on all nodes
chain and the cooperation between the enterprises and helps add new blocks to the existing supply
within the chain, simultaneously seeks to set and achieve chain by providing links to the front block.
goals for the three dimensions of sustainable o Data source module; It ensures that data
development, which are formed by stakeholders and received by users is not modified or corrupted.
customer expectations. Di Vaio and Varriale [15] study o Reconciliation module; It is used to confirm and
the relationship between blockchain, operations verify all transactions to prevent data
management and sustainability issues in supply chain corruption.
management. Yadav and Singh [16] explore the use of o Transaction module; monitors and manages the
blockchain technology to develop effective sustainable steps of a transaction on the blockchain.
supply chain management. Sunmola and Apeji [17] focus o Connection and interface module; Information
on blockchain technology and explore sustainable supply technology software required for blockchain
chain visibility and features of blockchains. Kouhizadeh applications synchronizes and keeps track of
et al. [18] examines the barriers to adopting blockchain transactions.
technology to manage sustainable supply chains with the
DEMATEL technique. Also addressing sustainable In summary, blockchain technology has certain
development goals, Tsolakis et al. [19] explores the advantages when used operationally. Data dominance
design of blockchain-based food supply chains. comes first, and each company has the authority to share
Esmaeilian et al. [20] provides an overview of Blockchain only as much data as it wants to share, while keeping its
technology and Industry 4.0 to drive supply chains own data. Especially in multi-stakeholder and actor
towards sustainability. systems such as logistics, it incorporates trust-building
Based on these explanations, this study explores the mechanisms such as multiple consensus-based approval
advantages, possibilities and application of blockchain among all participants. As a result of the blockchain
technology with special emphasis on blockchain application, it is observed that uncertainty can be
technology in logistics. It is aimed to contribute to the reduced and trust between stakeholders is possible.
development of blockchain applications in the logistics While the blockchain system provides transparency
sector by evaluating the perspective in the literature. among all stakeholders, it is also possible to create a
Other parts of the work proceed as follows. In Section 2, collaborative environment between all actors.
technical aspects of blockchain technology are discussed Blockchain, which takes its main power from its ability to
and information about blockchain is given. In Section 3, make transactions without intermediaries, appears in
the compatibility of logistics management, which is one many areas as a cost-effective technological solution. In

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addition to all these, it is possible with blockchain to the high security of the IoT system in terms of product
eliminate fraud and unethical transactions and errors in traceability by enabling end-to-end data transfer for
processes. Blockchain provides a distributed consensus dynamic data storage [28].
mechanism that ensures participant entities are aware of Blockchain has significant potential to increase
every event and transaction by creating an irrefutable efficiency and help resolve disputes in the logistics
record in the public ledger. industry throughout the entire logistics and settlement
Blockchain is expected to become an innovative and process, including trade finance. Blockchain technology
disruptive force in the future, and some argue that these is in a position to help alleviate many of the frictions
technologies have great potential to promote sustainable experienced in logistics, including procurement,
development [23]. The features of blockchain that make transport management, tracking and tracing, customs
it unique and promising for future applications are listed cooperation and trade finance [29]. With the use of smart
in Figure 2 [24]. contracts, a trust protocol will be established between
the parties and the parties in the supply chain will
become interdependent. In fact, in this case, it can be said
that if there is no smart contract, there will be no flow in
the supply chain. At the same time, the party that is not
connected to any of the parties in the system with a smart
contract cannot be included in the supply chain network
[30].
It is a reality to experience the bullwhip effect
frequently depending on the fluctuation in demand in
logistics systems. However, after the establishment of an
environment of mutual trust with the mechanisms of the
blockchain, projections for the future can be made much
healthier. As a result, the problems arising from
Figure 2. The general characteristics of Blockchain uncertainty in the entire logistics system will be
eliminated, especially if the product planning and
3. Logistics Management-Blockchain Relationship management is stable and the expectations of the
customers are met. While the main mission of logistics
Due to the lack of transparency of supply chains, it is planning specialists is to solve systemic and instant
seen that stakeholders are open to recognizing and logistics problems, their number will decrease with this
developing blockchain technology in order to make technology and their duties will become system
logistics processes in the supply chain sustainable [25]. monitors. While logistics companies can perform all
It is the index of basic factors consisting of the transactions through online systems, they will also be
concepts of "right product, right quantity, right form, able to provide better quality and transparent service
right time, right source, right way and right price" within with multiple approval mechanisms. With this
the definition of logistics. Remarkably, at the time of technology, problems such as insurance, delivery,
product entry, all these factors are affected by the document management and payment can be eliminated.
standard and quality of logistics operations. Therefore, Hackius and Peterson [31] investigated the general
these elements can provide basic resources when prospects, barriers and advantages of blockchain in
determining different logistics situations on the basis of logistics and supply chain management. Accordingly,
sustainability. At the same time, these elements become they came to the following conclusions about the
the basis for key metrics in monitoring operational potential of the blockchain (Figure 3):
success or failure. Thus, it is important and comes to the
fore that which parameter is sustainable, which
parameter is related to the blockchain.
One of the most important reasons why blockchain
technology has attracted great interest in sectors such as
supply chain is that it emerged as a solution to the trust
problem encountered in classical commercial relations
[26]. In general terms, in addition to the benefits of
blockchain technology such as transaction speed,
information sharing and transparency, the main purpose
is to increase transaction security.
Blockchain technology provides flexibility by
reducing the effects of outages and applying a preventive
and proactive approach to risk management [27]. Even
in a large manufacturing business, it can provide robust
risk management due to its ability to scale according to Figure 3. The potential of blockchain technology in
requirements. IoT and RFID systems are developed when logistics
integrated with blockchain technology, resulting in a
more secure supply chain. The IoT system is a centralized Blockchain technology allows to greatly reduce
digital integration network. Blockchain contributes to production and logistics costs, speed up production

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processes, reduce intermediaries in production

processes, and also prevent forgery in documents and
processes. In addition, it is extremely important to apply
the blockchain architecture in the logistics sector in
terms of digital document management and product
tracking. In addition, the immutability, transparency,
traceability and trust concepts of blockchain technology
will be easily applied in the logistics industry, and the
control of products, materials, data and processes with
the blockchain will make great contributions to the
logistics industry [32]. In the concept of supply chain, the
Figure 5. Sustainability Development Goals (SDG)
concept of transparency refers to the information
contained in a supply network and presented to the
The United Nations published a report on FinTech
stakeholders. In this context, the information flow in the
and the Sustainable Goals in 2016 on the potential
supply chain will be transformed into a more reliable and
contribution of blockchain technology to these goals and
transparent one with blockchain technology [33].
discussed how it can help [35].
Sadouskaya [34] examined the effects of blockchain
Blockchain technology can help reduce fraud (Goals 8,
technology on the supply chain and logistics sectors in
10) and increase food trust (Goals 2, 3, 12) and supply
his study. In the mentioned study, some advantages of
chain traceability (Goals 14 and 15). In addition to these,
blockchain technology on the supply chain are stated as
in researches; Hwang et al. [36] introduced the energy
providing reliable information about the product to
consumer service model that implements blockchain
consumers, providing participation to all parties with a
technology, big data, and the IoT, which allows various
decentralized structure, reducing counterfeiting,
energy sources to be connected to various users and
minimizing product returns, and also facilitating
producers (Goal 7, 17). Looking at these studies in the
payment systems.
literature, it is seen that blockchain technology
However, it is possible to list the following among
contributes to sustainable development goals. Again,
other benefits; (1) locating products; (2) visibility of
when optimum transportation management is provided,
handling conditions (stacking, relocating, transferring
the ability to reduce carbon emission values and then
from large containers to smaller containers, renewing or
serve a healthy life (Goal 3, 7); Among the advantages of
repairing containers, aerating, sieving, mixing and
port logistics are reducing the waiting time by making
similar operations) without changing the essential
regular voyages and increasing the quality of life in the
qualities of the goods under customs supervision; and (3)
water (Goal 14).
between multiple parties in the supply chain to facilitate
interaction.
5. Method
4. Blockchain Sustainability Relationship
In this section, SWOT analysis for blockchain is made
and some articles included its relationship with logistics
Blockchain is a very useful framework for creating
and sustainability.
sustainable operations in logistics. It helps to create
SWOT analysis is one of the best-known analysis
sustainable supply chains with the activities (Figure 4):
methods that provides perspective and can be used to
evaluate a new technology or trend with its strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats [37]. Gould [38]
states that SWOT analysis highlights how external
opportunities can be exploited and weaknesses are
minimized, and how the issue can be protected against
external threats, given the strengths of the subject under
consideration. The SWOT analysis combines the
strengths and weaknesses of the subject under
consideration with the opportunities and threats in the
external environment.
Figure 4. Sustainable supply chains activities at The four elements of SWOT Analysis express the
blockchain following meanings [39-40]: Strengths: It is the
situations in which the organization is more effective and
It is known that blockchain technology, which is so efficient than its competitors with its capabilities.
related to the concept of sustainability, will also benefit Weaknesses: Situations where the organization can or
the goals of sustainable development. The Sustainable should improve is less effective than its competitors.
Development Goals are a universal call to action to Opportunities: The environment presents to the
eradicate poverty, protect our planet and ensure that all organization and it is the favorable conditions for the
people live in peace and prosperity. This call consists of organization to achieve its objectives successfully, the
17 objectives (Figure 5). It provides all countries with environment for the organization; competitors,
clear guidance and objectives to adopt in accordance developments in the field of information, laws, etc. In this
with their priorities and the environmental challenges context, organizations should constantly try to
facing the world.
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understand and anticipate the environment in order to Accordingly, SWOT analysis for blockchain
understand and benefit from opportunities. Threats: technology; It has been brought together and inferences
These are the negative environmental indicators that have been made by using the relevant articles. The
occur in the environment and that can end the existence summary table of blockchain technology is visualized in
of the organization or stop its development, thus Figure 6 and explained in detail.
requiring measures to be taken.

Figure 6. SWOT analysis summary table for blockchain technology

5.1. Strengths 3. Fast response [10], transaction speed of blockchain

technology [22], acceleration of production processes
1.It has a decentralized structure. The systems data and improvement in response time [42-45].
can be accessed, stored and updated in more than one 4. It provides consumers with reliable information
system [24, 34, 41]. about the product, minimizes product returns [34] and
2. It can contribute effectively to knowledge sharing has reliability [10].
[22, 41]. In this context, the information flow in the 5. Even in a large manufacturing enterprise, it can
supply chain can be made more reliable and transparent provide robust risk management and reduce risk due to
with blockchain technology [33]. its ability to scale according to requirements [10, 27].

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6. It includes Asymmetric encryption algorithm, logistics in regular voyages and with the optimum
Distributed storage, Consensus algorithm, Smart occupancy rate.
contracts technologies. Asymmetric encryption 23. In the logistics industry, blockchain technology
algorithms have highest security [21]. In multi- can significantly reduce time delays [52].
stakeholder and actor systems such as logistics, it 24. Integrating the supply chain with the blockchain
incorporates trust-building mechanisms such as multiple enables increased sustainability with improved product
consensus-based approval among all participants. The transportation and inventory management [52].
data in the system is protected by encryption algorithms 25. It supports the decision making of the logistics
and distributed data storage [46]. Blockchain also helps operators and enables them to make quick decisions.
facilitate real-time order placement and automation of 26. Data stored on the blockchain is practically
production tasks with smart contract implementation immutable due to the need for verification by other
[47]. nodes and traceability of changes [24, 58].
7. Blockchain system provides transparency among 27. There is process integrity. Users can be sure that
all stakeholders [22, 32]. An identical copy of a the actions described in the protocol are performed
blockchain is held by each node in the network, allowing correctly and in a timely manner without the need for
real-time auditing and review of datasets, helping to human intervention [48].
track the status of an item during a transaction [42, 44, 28. It has anonymity, while data transfer takes place
48, 49, 50]. between nodes, the identity of the individual remains
8. It can strengthen communities by promoting trust anonymous [24]. There is also the protection and
and transparency and supporting the development of registration of intellectual property [42-44, 50].
reputation-based ownership of common resources. 29. The source is always clear. Every product has a
9. It also improves the relations between all digital record on the blockchain proving its authenticity
stakeholders [7], and at the same time, a collaborative and origin [24].
working environment (collaboration) can be created 30. Managing data in the supply chain is becoming
between all actors. more systematic. While calibrating the data, the security
10. By transaction security, widely distributed of the data increases [42-44, 50].
structure can prevent hacking, vulnerability, compliance 31. Each of the transactions on the blockchain is
with government rules and contract disputes [22]. verified and recorded with a timestamp. Thus, any user
11. Blockchain is less prone to identity fraud [34,51]. in the network can easily monitor previous records by
12. Elimination of fraudulent and unethical accessing any node in the distributed network [48, 59].
transactions and errors in processes is possible with
blockchain and can significantly reduce human errors 5.2. Weaknesses
[52].
13. With the traceability of blockchain technology, it 1. There will also be delays in the block production
can be easily applied in the logistics industry and the process when large amounts of data are stored. This
control of products, materials, data and processes with indicates that it has low performance [60,61].
blockchain will make great contributions to the logistics 2. It is emphasized that it is very difficult to change
industry [32,49]. and upgrade the structure and architecture of the
14. It allows companies to improve their supplier blockchain after implementation. It has a complex
selection process [3]. structure [59,62].
15. It helps them improve the purchasing function 3. Regarding energy consumption, it has been argued
[53]. that the amount of energy consumed by network nodes
16. It has significant potential to increase efficiency and the cost of hardware required to validate new blocks
throughout the logistics process and help resolve are extremely high [63].
disputes in the logistics industry [42-44, 50].
17. The more stable the product planning and 5.3. Opportunities
management is, and the more customers' expectations
are met, the more uncertainty-related problems in the 1. Blockchain technology also creates effective
entire logistics system can be resolved. opportunities for optimizing time as well as the cost
18. It can significantly reduce production and logistics associated with business documentation and
costs, additional costs, transportation costs [4, 45, 52]. administrative procedures.
19. It helps to track and verify sustainability values, 2. Eliminating the problems encountered in issues
performance in product history [10, 54, 55]. such as insurance, delivery, document management and
20. It can help implement physical networks for payment will be eliminated with this technology and will
sustainable logistics [56]. provide a competitive advantage [64-65].
21. Blockchain technology can play an important role 3. It has the ability to potentially improve the
in tackling climate change by improving carbon environment and significantly increase sustainability
emissions, promoting clean energy trade, and increasing 4. Increased cooperation and trust between parties is
climate finance flows with optimum transport likely due to data becoming more transparent [26, 43, 52,
management [57]. 66].
22. The quality of life in the water can be increased by 5. Blockchain can accelerate the digitization agenda in
reducing the waiting time and carrying out the port the industry [59, 65].

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5.4. Threats From this point of view, in the current study,

blockchain applications in the logistics sector were
1. There are barriers to adoption in areas such as data discussed under the title of sustainability and striking
ownership and quality, privacy concerns, technology strengths were revealed with SWOT analysis. First of all,
challenges, and overall integration of sustainability goals by talking about what blockchain technology is, its
[67]. compatibility with supply chain management, which is a
2. It is not yet understood as a new technology [68- logistics and sub-activity related to blockchain, was
70]. Blockchain technology needs to be further investigated with a detailed literature review study. In
developed and understood to unlock its true potential. addition, sustainability studies, which are becoming
3. There is no data privacy on public blockchains. increasingly important and that we are obliged to
Since there is no privileged user system, every user on implement in all areas of our lives, have been examined.
the blockchain can access all the information on the The contribution of blockchain technology in terms of
blockchain [61]. Such users who are concerned about sustainable logistics has been shared through SWOT
data privacy should prefer private blockchains [61, 71- analysis. At this point, the strengths that will require the
72-73]. use of blockchain technology in the logistics sector are as
4. There may be an integration problem [51,72]. follows; decentralized structure, effective information
Businesses must procure or develop blockchain-based sharing, fast response, reliable, robust risk management,
solutions that interoperate with their existing legacy inter-process integrity, high security measures,
systems or transform their existing systems to be systematic data management, anonymous, auditability,
blockchain compatible. transparent, strong relationship between stakeholders,
5. Fluctuations in cryptocurrencies, which can less hacking, tampering, less errors and delay, high
become a limitation in accepting blockchain-based efficiency, low cost, sustainability-based, unchanging
payments, can pose a problem [73]. data. The weak points are as follows; low performance,
6. The ambiguous legal situation is confusing and complex structure and high energy consumption
obstructive [72]. Regulators have yet to catch up with problem. In addition, the opportunities for the sector are
blockchain innovation, which negatively impacts as follows; optimizing time, gaining competition by
blockchain adoption by businesses across industries. eliminating problems, the ability to increase
Digital currencies implementing blockchain have sustainability, increasing cooperation between
struggled to grant support due to the lack of government stakeholders, increasing trust between parties,
and regulatory support [74]. transition to digitalization. On the other hand, like every
The strengths in the analysis show how the technology, it has external threats; Cross-integration
blockchain excels over other traditional methods. In adoption, new technology, limited data privacy,
other words, they are the features that make the integration compatibility with other technologies,
blockchain advantageous in competition. Weaknesses volatility in cryptocurrencies, Uncertain legal situation.
are also noted, showing how other methods are more As a result, its potential contribution to the logistics
obvious than blockchain to provide an objective view. sector is undeniably important. In this study, by
Opportunities and threats show the potential benefits evaluating the perspective in the literature, it has
and disadvantages that the external environment can contributed to the development of blockchain
bring to the subject. applications in the logistics sector.
After this study, which is considered on the basis of a
proposal for future studies, the compatibility of
6. Conclusion blockchain technology with the logistics sector, an
analysis can be carried out on different sectors (Food,
Digitalization solutions have been entering the energy, etc.). With the findings obtained, field research
sectors with an increasing effect in recent years. can be made and an evaluation can be made on a
Although the newest technology, the blockchain company basis. In this way, inter-sectoral gain can be
technology, has made a name for itself with the use of achieved with accurate and reliable transfer with
crypto money, it is now used in the management of blockchain technology.
business in many areas. Increasing technological
solutions and sectors' interest in these technologies, as
well as their compatibility, come to the fore. In Conflicts of interest
blockchain technology, the transaction history is created
through a series of linked blocks that can be easily traced The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
through blocks that make the technology transparent
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