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Magnetism and Electricity Notes Class 8

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95 views

Magnetism and Electricity Notes Class 8

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mohitgupta358brj.np1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY - CLASS 8 NOTES

Comprehensive Study Material

SECTION 1: MAGNETISM

Introduction to Magnetism
Magnetism is the force exerted by magnets that can attract or repel certain materials.
Ferromagnetic materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel are strongly attracted to magnets.
Magnetism is caused by the movement of electrons within atoms, creating magnetic fields.

Types of Magnets
Magnets are classified into Natural Magnets (e.g., lodestone) and Artificial Magnets (e.g., bar
magnets, horseshoe magnets). Artificial magnets are further divided into Permanent Magnets
and Temporary Magnets like Electromagnets.

Properties of Magnets
1. Law of Magnetism: Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
2. Directive Property: A freely suspended magnet aligns in the north-south direction.
3. Attractive Property: Magnets attract iron, cobalt, and nickel.
4. Magnetic Field: The invisible region around a magnet where its force can be felt.

Magnetic Field Lines


Magnetic field lines originate from the north pole and end at the south pole. They are closer
where the magnetic field is strong and never intersect each other.

Earth's Magnetism
The Earth behaves like a giant magnet due to its molten iron core. A compass needle aligns
with Earth's magnetic field and always points north.

Electromagnets and Their Uses


Electromagnets are temporary magnets created by passing electricity through a coil. They are
used in electric bells, motors, transformers, and MRI machines.
SECTION 2: ELECTRICITY

Introduction to Electricity
Electricity is the flow of electric charge (electrons) through a conductor. It powers homes,
industries, and transportation.

Electric Current (I)


Current is the rate of flow of electric charge.
Formula: I = Q/t, where I = Current (A), Q = Charge (C), t = Time (s).

Electric Circuits
1. Series Circuit: Current remains the same; if one component fails, the circuit stops working.
2. Parallel Circuit: Voltage remains constant across all components; failure of one does not
affect the rest.

Ohm's Law
Voltage is directly proportional to current, provided resistance remains constant.
Formula: V = IR

Heating Effect of Electric Current


Heat is produced when current flows through a resistor.
Formula: H = I²Rt
Applications: Electric heaters, fuses, irons.

Electromagnetic Induction
Michael Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. This
principle is used in generators and transformers.

Electric Motors and Generators


Electric Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, while Generators convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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