I.

Psychodynamic, Analytical and Psychosocial Perspective: Freud, Adler, Jung, Erikson, Erick Fromm,
Karen Horney
A. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Psychoanalytic Approach
Biography
Where was Sigmund Freud born?

A. Vienna
B. London
C. Freiberg
D. Berlin
Answer: C. Freiberg
What profession did Freud initially pursue in Vienna?

A. Psychiatry
B. Surgery
C. Neurology
D. General Medicine
Answer: C. Neurology
Who was Freud’s mentor during his medical school years?

A. Ernst Bruucke
B. Joseph Breuer
C. Carl Jung
D. Alfred Adler
Answer: A. Ernst Bruucke
What concept did Ernst Bruucke believe in that influenced Freud’s early work?

A. Holism
B. Vitalism
C. Reductionism
D. Dualism
Answer: C. Reductionism
In which city did Freud establish his neuropsychiatry practice?

A. Berlin
B. Paris
C. Vienna
D. London
Answer: C. Vienna
What was the primary reason for Freud’s immigration to England?

A. Professional opportunity
B. Family reasons
C. Increasing danger for Jews in Vienna
D. Health reasons
Answer: C. Increasing danger for Jews in Vienna
When did Freud die?

A. 1938
B. 1939
C. 1940
D. 1941
Answer: B. 1939
What illness did Freud suffer from in the last 20 years of his life?
A. Tuberculosis
B. Heart disease
C. Cancer of the mouth and jaw
D. Diabetes
Answer: C. Cancer of the mouth and jaw
Which of Freud’s works was published in 1900?

A. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life

B. Interpretation of Dreams
C. Totem and Taboo
D. Civilization and Its Discontents
Answer: B. Interpretation of Dreams
What was the main focus of Freud’s 1905 concept?

A. Death instinct
B. Pleasure principle
C. Sexual drive
D. Reality principle
Answer: C. Sexual drive
Theory
What are the three levels of awareness according to Freud?

A. Id, Ego, Superego

B. Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
C. Reality, Morality, Instincts
D. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Answer: B. Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
Which component of personality operates on the pleasure principle?

A. Ego
B. Superego
C. Id
D. Conscience
Answer: C. Id
Which component of personality is associated with moral standards?

A. Ego
B. Superego
C. Id
D. Unconscious
Answer: B. Superego
What principle does the ego operate on?

A. Pleasure principle
B. Reality principle
C. Morality principle
D. Instinct principle
Answer: B. Reality principle
What are Freud’s two basic drives?

A. Love and Hate

B. Life and Death instincts
C. Pleasure and Pain
D. Hunger and Thirst
Answer: B. Life and Death instincts
Which drive is associated with the life instinct?

A. Thanatos
B. Eros
C. Libido
D. Superego
Answer: B. Eros
Which drive is associated with the death instinct?

A. Thanatos
B. Eros
C. Libido
D. Ego
Answer: A. Thanatos
What is the primary function of defense mechanisms?

A. Solve external conflicts

B. Distort reality and operate unconsciously
C. Enhance logical thinking
D. Increase anxiety levels
Answer: B. Distort reality and operate unconsciously
Which defense mechanism involves refusing to accept reality?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Sublimation
Answer: B. Denial
Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Sublimation
Answer: D. Sublimation
Psychosexual Stages
What is the first stage of Freud’s psychosexual development?

A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Latency
Answer: A. Oral
During which stage do children experience the Oedipus complex?

A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Latency
Answer: C. Phallic
Which stage is associated with the development of social and communication skills?

A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Latency
Answer: D. Latency
Which stage is characterized by mature sexual interests?

A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Genital
Answer: D. Genital
At what age does the oral stage occur?

A. Birth to 1 year
B. 1 to 3 years
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 12 years
Answer: A. Birth to 1 year
Which conflict is associated with the anal stage?

A. Weaning
B. Toilet training
C. Sexual identity
D. Social skills
Answer: B. Toilet training
What is a potential fixation outcome of the oral stage?

A. Orderliness
B. Generosity
C. Dependency
D. Creativity
Answer: C. Dependency
What is a potential fixation outcome of the anal stage?

A. Messiness
B. Independence
C. Aggression
D. Sociability
Answer: A. Messiness
At what age does the phallic stage occur?

A. Birth to 1 year
B. 1 to 3 years
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 12 years
Answer: C. 3 to 6 years
What is the main focus of the genital stage?

A. Feeding
B. Toilet training
C. Sexual maturity
D. Social development
Answer: C. Sexual maturity
Defense Mechanisms
Which defense mechanism involves pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Regression
D. Displacement
Answer: A. Repression
Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to others?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Rationalization
Answer: C. Projection
Which defense mechanism involves justifying behaviors with logical reasons?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Rationalization
Answer: D. Rationalization
Which defense mechanism involves reverting to behaviors from an earlier stage of development?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Regression
D. Displacement
Answer: C. Regression
Which defense mechanism involves shifting sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable object?

A. Repression
B. Displacement
C. Projection
D. Rationalization
Answer: B. Displacement
Which defense mechanism involves refusing to acknowledge a painful reality?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Sublimation
Answer: B. Denial
Which defense mechanism involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable
activities?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Sublimation
Answer: D. Sublimation
Which defense mechanism involves converting unacceptable feelings into their opposites?

A. Repression
B. Reaction formation
C. Projection
D. Rationalization
Answer: B. Reaction formation
Which defense mechanism involves avoiding emotions by focusing on intellectual aspects?
A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Intellectualization
D. Rationalization
Answer: C. Intellectualization
Which defense mechanism involves making up for a perceived deficiency?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Compensation
D. Rationalization
Answer: C. Compensation
Anxiety
What is realistic anxiety according to Freud?

A. Fear of losing control

B. Fear of real-world events
C. Fear of punishment
D. Fear of internal conflicts
Answer: B. Fear of real-world events
What is moral anxiety according to Freud?

A. Fear of losing control

B. Fear of real-world events
C. Fear of punishment
D. Fear of internal conflicts
Answer: C. Fear of punishment
What is neurotic anxiety according to Freud?

A. Fear of losing control

B. Fear of real-world events
C. Fear of punishment
D. Fear of internal conflicts
Answer: A. Fear of losing control
Which type of anxiety is associated with the id?

A. Realistic anxiety
B. Moral anxiety
C. Neurotic anxiety
D. Existential anxiety
Answer: C. Neurotic anxiety
Which type of anxiety is associated with the superego?

A. Realistic anxiety
B. Moral anxiety
C. Neurotic anxiety
D. Existential anxiety
Answer: B. Moral anxiety
Which type of anxiety is associated with external threats?

A. Realistic anxiety
B. Moral anxiety
C. Neurotic anxiety
D. Existential anxiety
Answer: A. Realistic anxiety
Which type of anxiety is related to fear of societal rules and expectations?

A. Realistic anxiety
B. Moral anxiety
C. Neurotic anxiety
D. Existential anxiety
Answer: B. Moral anxiety
Which type of anxiety is related to fear of internal impulses?

A. Realistic anxiety
B. Moral anxiety
C. Neurotic anxiety
D. Existential anxiety
Answer: C. Neurotic anxiety
Which type of anxiety is considered the most basic form of anxiety by Freud?

A. Realistic anxiety
B. Moral anxiety
C. Neurotic anxiety
D. Existential anxiety
Answer: C. Neurotic anxiety
Which type of anxiety serves as a warning signal to the ego?

A. Realistic anxiety
B. Moral anxiety
C. Neurotic anxiety
D. Existential anxiety
Answer: A. Realistic anxiety
B. Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology
What is the primary focus of Adler’s theory?

A. Unconscious mind
B. Social interest and community feeling
C. Biological instincts
D. Moral development
Answer: B. Social interest and community feeling
Which term did Adler use to describe the drive to overcome feelings of inferiority?

A. Libido
B. Thanatos
C. Inferiority complex
D. Superego
Answer: C. Inferiority complex
What is the key concept in Adler’s theory related to one’s lifestyle?

A. Unconscious mind
B. Fictional finalism
C. Libido
D. Social interest
Answer: B. Fictional finalism
Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of Adler’s theory?

A. Striving for superiority

B. Social interest
C. Psychosexual stages
D. Birth order
Answer: C. Psychosexual stages
According to Adler, which factor significantly influences personality development?

A. Genetic inheritance
B. Birth order
C. Repressed desires
D. Cognitive processes
Answer: B. Birth order
Which term did Adler use to describe an individual’s unique way of striving for goals?

A. Style of life
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Id
Answer: A. Style of life
What did Adler believe was the main driving force behind human behavior?

A. Sexual instincts
B. Social interest
C. Biological urges
D. Moral values
Answer: B. Social interest
Which concept did Adler introduce to explain human motivation?

A. Libido
B. Eros
C. Fictional finalism
D. Thanatos
Answer: C. Fictional finalism
Which of the following is a central concept in Adler’s theory?

A. Unconscious mind
B. Striving for perfection
C. Repressed memories
D. Defense mechanisms
Answer: B. Striving for perfection
According to Adler, what is the ultimate goal of human behavior?

A. Achieving pleasure
B. Avoiding pain
C. Striving for superiority
D. Attaining self-actualization
Answer: C. Striving for superiority
C. Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology
What is the focus of Carl Jung’s theory?

A. Social interest
B. Collective unconscious
C. Psychosexual stages
D. Birth order
Answer: B. Collective unconscious
Which term did Jung use to describe universal symbols in the collective unconscious?
A. Archetypes
B. Libido
C. Persona
D. Ego
Answer: A. Archetypes
What did Jung believe the unconscious mind consists of?

A. Personal unconscious and collective unconscious

B. Id, ego, and superego
C. Conscious and preconscious
D. Reality and morality
Answer: A. Personal unconscious and collective unconscious
Which concept is central to Jung’s theory of personality?

A. Oedipus complex
B. Archetypes
C. Inferiority complex
D. Fixation
Answer: B. Archetypes
Which archetype represents the dark side of personality in Jung’s theory?

A. Persona
B. Shadow
C. Anima
D. Self
Answer: B. Shadow
Which archetype represents the feminine side of a male’s personality in Jung’s theory?

A. Persona
B. Shadow
C. Anima
D. Self
Answer: C. Anima
Which archetype represents the masculine side of a female’s personality in Jung’s theory?

A. Persona
B. Shadow
C. Animus
D. Self
Answer: C. Animus
Which term did Jung use to describe the outward face we show to the world?

A. Persona
B. Shadow
C. Anima
D. Ego
Answer: A. Persona
Which term did Jung use to describe the process of integrating different parts of the personality?

A. Individuation
B. Self-actualization
C. Sublimation
D. Repression
Answer: A. Individuation
Which concept did Jung introduce to explain shared human experiences?
A. Personal unconscious
B. Collective unconscious
C. Defense mechanisms
D. Psychosexual stages
Answer: B. Collective unconscious
D. Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development
What is the primary focus of Erikson’s theory?

A. Psychosexual stages
B. Psychosocial development
C. Collective unconscious
D. Social interest
Answer: B. Psychosocial development
How many stages are in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
Answer: D. 8
Which stage occurs during infancy in Erikson’s theory?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: A. Trust vs. Mistrust
What is the primary conflict during the adolescent stage in Erikson’s theory?

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: A. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Which stage involves developing a sense of personal control and independence?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Which stage involves developing a sense of purpose and taking initiative?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: C. Initiative vs. Guilt
Which stage involves developing competence and working with others?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Which stage involves forming intimate relationships with others?

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
Which stage involves contributing to society and helping future generations?

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Which stage involves reflecting on one’s life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret?

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: D. Integrity vs. Despair

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Which defense mechanism involves refusal to accept reality or fact?

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Displacement
Answer: B. Denial
Which defense mechanism involves excluding ideas, impulses, or events from consciousness to avoid
anxiety?

A. Suppression
B. Displacement
C. Repression
D. Projection
Answer: C. Repression
Which defense mechanism involves conscious or semi-conscious decisions to postpone attention to
impulses or feelings?

A. Suppression
B. Repression
C. Denial
D. Rationalization
Answer: A. Suppression
Which defense mechanism involves taking out impulses on a less threatening target?

A. Projection
B. Displacement
C. Reaction formation
D. Regression
Answer: B. Displacement
Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own unacceptable desires to others?

A. Displacement
B. Projection
C. Denial
D. Sublimation
Answer: B. Projection
Which defense mechanism involves changing an unacceptable impulse into its opposite?

A. Displacement
B. Regression
C. Reaction formation
D. Rationalization
Answer: C. Reaction formation
Which defense mechanism involves a movement back in psychological time when faced with stress?

A. Regression
B. Rationalization
C. Displacement
D. Suppression
Answer: A. Regression
Which defense mechanism involves cognitive distortion of facts to make an event or impulse less
threatening?

A. Suppression
B. Intellectualization
C. Rationalization
D. Sublimation
Answer: C. Rationalization
Which defense mechanism involves transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable
actions?

A. Displacement
B. Sublimation
C. Projection
D. Reaction formation
Answer: B. Sublimation
Which defense mechanism involves dealing with emotional stressors by excessive use of abstract
thinking?

A. Rationalization
B. Intellectualization
C. Suppression
D. Repression
Answer: B. Intellectualization
Examples of Defense Mechanisms
Denying a physician’s diagnosis of cancer and seeking a second opinion is an example of:

A. Repression
B. Denial
C. Rationalization
D. Projection
Answer: B. Denial
Forgetting a traumatic incident witnessed in childhood is an example of:
A. Suppression
B. Regression
C. Repression
D. Intellectualization
Answer: C. Repression
Trying not to think about a painful experience is an example of:

A. Suppression
B. Repression
C. Denial
D. Projection
Answer: A. Suppression
Yelling at a friend after an argument with a boss is an example of:

A. Projection
B. Displacement
C. Reaction formation
D. Regression
Answer: B. Displacement
Accusing someone else of having your unacceptable thoughts is an example of:

A. Displacement
B. Projection
C. Denial
D. Rationalization
Answer: B. Projection
Showing extraordinary love towards someone you actually dislike is an example of:

A. Reaction formation
B. Regression
C. Projection
D. Displacement
Answer: A. Reaction formation
Throwing a temper tantrum when things don’t go your way is an example of:

A. Displacement
B. Rationalization
C. Regression
D. Suppression
Answer: C. Regression
Stating that you failed an exam because the teacher was unfair is an example of:

A. Repression
B. Rationalization
C. Displacement
D. Sublimation
Answer: B. Rationalization
Channeling aggressive impulses into sports is an example of:

A. Displacement
B. Projection
C. Sublimation
D. Reaction formation
Answer: C. Sublimation
Focusing on the details of a funeral to avoid feeling sadness is an example of:
A. Rationalization
B. Intellectualization
C. Suppression
D. Repression
Answer: B. Intellectualization
Psychosexual Development Stages
What is the focus of pleasure during the oral stage?

A. Anus
B. Genitalia
C. Mouth
D. Skin
Answer: C. Mouth
What is the primary conflict during the anal stage?

A. Weaning
B. Toilet training
C. Sexual identity
D. Social skills
Answer: B. Toilet training
At what age does the phallic stage occur?

A. Birth to 1 year
B. 1 to 3 years
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 12 years
Answer: C. 3 to 6 years
Which stage is associated with latency?

A. Birth to 1 year
B. 1 to 3 years
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 12 years
Answer: D. 6 to 12 years
Which stage represents the resurgence of the sex drive in adolescence?

A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Genital
Answer: D. Genital
Fixation at the oral stage may lead to:

A. Orderliness
B. Dependency
C. Aggression
D. Creativity
Answer: B. Dependency
Fixation at the anal stage may lead to:

A. Messiness
B. Dependency
C. Aggression
D. Sociability
Answer: A. Messiness
Which complex occurs during the phallic stage in boys?

A. Oedipus complex
B. Electra complex
C. Latency complex
D. Genital complex
Answer: A. Oedipus complex
Which complex occurs during the phallic stage in girls?

A. Oedipus complex
B. Electra complex
C. Latency complex
D. Genital complex
Answer: B. Electra complex
During which stage is sexual interest repressed?

A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Latency
Answer: D. Latency
Freud’s Theory of Personality Development
According to Freud, what is the most important motivating force?

A. Social interactions
B. Sex drive
C. Intellectual pursuits
D. Aggression
Answer: B. Sex drive
What term did Freud use for areas of the body that provide pleasure?

A. Erogenous zones
B. Pleasure points
C. Sensory spots
D. Gratification areas
Answer: A. Erogenous zones
What is fixation in Freud’s theory?

A. A temporary delay in development

B. A permanent regression to an earlier stage
C. A lingering focus on a previous stage
D. An obsession with future goals
Answer: C. A lingering focus on a previous stage
Which term refers to the emotional release experienced during therapy?

A. Resistance
B. Transference
C. Catharsis
D. Insight
Answer: C. Catharsis
Which concept refers to projecting feelings towards the therapist that belong to others?

A. Resistance
B. Transference
C. Catharsis
D. Insight
Answer: B. Transference
Which defense mechanism involves a sudden outpouring of emotion when a trauma is remembered?

A. Transference
B. Catharsis
C. Insight
D. Resistance
Answer: B. Catharsis
Which defense mechanism is characterized by finding excuses to justify failures?

A. Denial
B. Rationalization
C. Repression
D. Projection
Answer: B. Rationalization
What term describes the tendency to see one’s own unacceptable desires in others?

A. Reaction formation
B. Displacement
C. Projection
D. Regression
Answer: C. Projection
What term describes changing an unacceptable impulse into its opposite?

A. Regression
B. Sublimation
C. Reaction formation
D. Displacement
Answer: C. Reaction formation
What term describes reverting to behaviors from an earlier stage of development?

A. Regression
B. Sublimation
C. Reaction formation
D. Displacement
Answer: A. Regression
Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development
How many stages are in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
Answer: D. 8
Which stage occurs during infancy in Erikson’s theory?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: A. Trust vs. Mistrust
What is the primary conflict during the toddler stage in Erikson’s theory?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
What is the primary conflict during the preschool stage in Erikson’s theory?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: C. Initiative vs. Guilt
What is the primary conflict during the school-age stage in Erikson’s theory?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: D. Industry vs. Inferiority
What is the primary conflict during the adolescent stage in Erikson’s theory?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Answer: B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
What is the primary conflict during young adulthood in Erikson’s theory?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Answer: C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
What is the primary conflict during middle adulthood in Erikson’s theory?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Answer: D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
What is the primary conflict during late adulthood in Erikson’s theory?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: D. Integrity vs. Despair
Which stage involves developing a sense of personal control and independence?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Which stage involves developing competence and working with others?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Which stage involves forming intimate relationships with others?

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
Which stage involves contributing to society and helping future generations?

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Which stage involves reflecting on one’s life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret?

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: D. Integrity vs. Despair
What virtue is developed during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

A. Willpower
B. Hope
C. Competence
D. Fidelity
Answer: B. Hope
What virtue is developed during the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?

A. Willpower
B. Hope
C. Competence
D. Fidelity
Answer: A. Willpower
What virtue is developed during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

A. Willpower
B. Hope
C. Purpose
D. Fidelity
Answer: C. Purpose
What virtue is developed during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

A. Willpower
B. Hope
C. Competence
D. Fidelity
Answer: C. Competence
What virtue is developed during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

A. Willpower
B. Hope
C. Competence
D. Fidelity
Answer: D. Fidelity
What virtue is developed during the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

A. Love
B. Hope
C. Competence
D. Fidelity
Answer: A. Love
What virtue is developed during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?

A. Willpower
B. Hope
C. Competence
D. Care
Answer: D. Care
What virtue is developed during the Integrity vs. Despair stage?

A. Willpower
B. Wisdom
C. Competence
D. Fidelity
Answer: B. Wisdom
What is the maladaptive tendency of too much trust without mistrust?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: C. Sensory maladjustment
What is the malignancy of too much mistrust?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: A. Withdrawal
What is the maladaptive tendency of too much autonomy without shame and doubt?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: B. Impulsiveness
What is the malignancy of too much shame and doubt?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: D. Compulsiveness
What is the maladaptive tendency of too much initiative without guilt?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Ruthlessness
Answer: D. Ruthlessness
What is the malignancy of too much guilt?

A. Inhibition
B. Withdrawal
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: A. Inhibition
What is the maladaptive tendency of too much industry without inferiority?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Narrow virtuosity
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: C. Narrow virtuosity
What is the malignancy of too much inferiority?

A. Inertia
B. Withdrawal
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: A. Inertia
What is the maladaptive tendency of too much identity without role confusion?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Fanaticism
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: C. Fanaticism
What is the malignancy of too much role confusion?

A. Inertia
B. Repudiation
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: B. Repudiation
What is the maladaptive tendency of too much intimacy without isolation?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Promiscuity
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: C. Promiscuity
What is the malignancy of too much isolation?

A. Repudiation
B. Withdrawal
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Exclusion
Answer: D. Exclusion
What is the maladaptive tendency of too much generativity without stagnation?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Overextension
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: C. Overextension
What is the malignancy of too much stagnation?

A. Repudiation
B. Withdrawal
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Rejectivity
Answer: D. Rejectivity
What is the maladaptive tendency of too much integrity without despair?

A. Withdrawal
B. Impulsiveness
C. Presumption
D. Compulsiveness
Answer: C. Presumption
What is the malignancy of too much despair?

A. Repudiation
B. Withdrawal
C. Sensory maladjustment
D. Disdain
Answer: D. Disdain
Which stage involves developing a sense of purpose and taking initiative?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: C. Initiative vs. Guilt
Which stage involves developing a sense of competence and working with others?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: D. Industry vs. Inferiority

Identity Formation and Role Confusion

According to Erikson, what is a common question adolescents ask during the identity formation stage?

A. What is my purpose?
B. Who am I?
C. Where am I going?
D. What should I do?
Answer: B. Who am I?
What term does Erikson use to describe a maladaptive tendency where a person is overly involved in a
particular role?
A. Role confusion
B. Fanaticism
C. Identity crisis
D. Promiscuity
Answer: B. Fanaticism
What does Erikson call the malignant tendency of rejecting one’s need for an identity?

A. Exclusion
B. Repudiation
C. Stagnation
D. Isolation
Answer: B. Repudiation
Which of the following is a sign of successfully navigating the identity formation stage?

A. Promiscuity
B. Fanaticism
C. Fidelity
D. Isolation
Answer: C. Fidelity
What virtue is developed by successfully resolving the identity vs. role confusion stage?

A. Hope
B. Fidelity
C. Love
D. Wisdom
Answer: B. Fidelity
Intimacy vs. Isolation
What is the primary conflict during young adulthood according to Erikson?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Answer: C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
Which term describes the tendency to avoid deep relationships and isolate oneself from others?

A. Promiscuity
B. Exclusion
C. Repudiation
D. Stagnation
Answer: B. Exclusion
Which term describes the tendency to form shallow relationships without depth?

A. Isolation
B. Promiscuity
C. Stagnation
D. Fanaticism
Answer: B. Promiscuity
What virtue is developed by successfully resolving the intimacy vs. isolation stage?

A. Fidelity
B. Love
C. Wisdom
D. Care
Answer: B. Love
What is the term for an immature fear of losing oneself in relationships?

A. Role confusion
B. Fanaticism
C. Fear of commitment
D. Isolation
Answer: C. Fear of commitment
Generativity vs. Stagnation
What is the primary conflict during middle adulthood according to Erikson?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Answer: D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Which term describes the extension of love into the future and concern for the next generation?

A. Intimacy
B. Stagnation
C. Generativity
D. Fidelity
Answer: C. Generativity
Which term describes self-absorption and lack of productivity in society?

A. Isolation
B. Stagnation
C. Repudiation
D. Fanaticism
Answer: B. Stagnation
What is the maladaptive tendency where a person is overly generative and neglects themselves?

A. Promiscuity
B. Exclusion
C. Overextension
D. Stagnation
Answer: C. Overextension
What is the malignant tendency where a person rejects generativity and becomes stagnant?

A. Repudiation
B. Exclusion
C. Overextension
D. Rejectivity
Answer: D. Rejectivity
What virtue is developed by successfully resolving the generativity vs. stagnation stage?

A. Fidelity
B. Love
C. Wisdom
D. Care
Answer: D. Care
What is often referred to as the "midlife crisis" in Erikson’s stages of development?

A. Identity crisis
B. Generativity vs. Stagnation
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: B. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
What is the primary conflict during late adulthood according to Erikson?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: D. Integrity vs. Despair
What does ego integrity mean in Erikson’s theory?

A. Developing a sense of self

B. Achieving deep relationships
C. Coming to terms with one’s life
D. Being productive in society
Answer: C. Coming to terms with one’s life
Which term describes the tendency to disdain life and its experiences?

A. Rejectivity
B. Disdain
C. Stagnation
D. Isolation
Answer: B. Disdain
What virtue is developed by successfully resolving the integrity vs. despair stage?

A. Fidelity
B. Love
C. Wisdom
D. Care
Answer: C. Wisdom
What is the maladaptive tendency of presuming ego integrity without facing life’s difficulties?

A. Disdain
B. Isolation
C. Presumption
D. Rejectivity
Answer: C. Presumption
Erikson’s Eight Stages
What is the focus of the first stage of Erikson’s theory, Trust vs. Mistrust?

A. Developing independence
B. Developing a sense of purpose
C. Developing a sense of trust
D. Developing a sense of competence
Answer: C. Developing a sense of trust
What is the primary conflict in the second stage of Erikson’s theory, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Independence vs. Dependence
C. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
D. Competence vs. Inferiority
Answer: C. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
What virtue is developed during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
A. Hope
B. Willpower
C. Purpose
D. Competence
Answer: C. Purpose
What is the primary conflict during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
Answer: D. Industry vs. Inferiority
What virtue is developed during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

A. Fidelity
B. Love
C. Wisdom
D. Care
Answer: A. Fidelity
What is the primary conflict during the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Answer: C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
What virtue is developed during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?

A. Fidelity
B. Love
C. Wisdom
D. Care
Answer: D. Care
What is the primary conflict during the Integrity vs. Despair stage?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: D. Integrity vs. Despair
Rituals and Identity
What role do rituals and ceremonies play in adolescence according to Erikson?

A. They create confusion

B. They establish a sense of identity
C. They isolate individuals
D. They hinder development
Answer: B. They establish a sense of identity
What term does Erikson use for the period where boys may leave the village to live on their own?

A. Identity crisis
B. Rites of passage
C. Role confusion
D. Fanaticism
Answer: B. Rites of passage
What is the importance of establishing identity during adolescence?

A. It prevents intimacy
B. It avoids role confusion
C. It causes stagnation
D. It encourages isolation
Answer: B. It avoids role confusion
Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of role confusion?

A. Identity crisis
B. Fidelity
C. Repudiation
D. Fanaticism
Answer: B. Fidelity
What is the term for the tendency to see things in black-and-white and promote one’s own beliefs without
regard for others?

A. Role confusion
B. Repudiation
C. Fanaticism
D. Stagnation
Answer: C. Fanaticism
What is the virtue developed by successfully resolving the role confusion stage?

A. Fidelity
B. Love
C. Wisdom
D. Care
Answer: A. Fidelity
Development of Intimacy
What stage involves developing the ability to form deep relationships with others?

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
What is the primary conflict during the intimacy vs. isolation stage?

A. Establishing identity
B. Forming deep relationships
C. Achieving success
D. Overcoming role confusion
Answer: B. Forming deep relationships
What is the maladaptive tendency of developing too many shallow relationships?

A. Exclusion
B. Promiscuity
C. Stagnation
D. Isolation
Answer: B. Promiscuity
What is the malignant tendency of avoiding deep relationships and becoming isolated?

A. Exclusion
B. Promiscuity
C. Stagnation
D. Isolation
Answer: A. Exclusion
What virtue is developed by successfully resolving the intimacy vs. isolation stage?

A. Fidelity
B. Love
C. Wisdom
D. Care
Answer: B. Love
Generativity and Stagnation
What stage involves a concern for the next generation and future generations?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
Answer: D. Generativity vs. Stagnation
What is the primary conflict during the generativity vs. stagnation stage?

A. Establishing trust
B. Forming relationships
C. Concern for future generations
D. Developing identity
Answer: C. Concern for future generations
What is the maladaptive tendency of becoming overly generative and neglecting oneself?

A. Exclusion
B. Overextension
C. Stagnation
D. Isolation
Answer: B. Overextension
What is the malignant tendency of rejecting generativity and becoming self-absorbed?

A. Exclusion
B. Overextension
C. Stagnation
D. Rejectivity
Answer: D. Rejectivity
What virtue is developed by successfully resolving the generativity vs. stagnation stage?

A. Fidelity
B. Love
C. Wisdom
D. Care
Answer: D. Care
Ego Integrity and Despair
What stage involves coming to terms with one’s life and accepting its course?

A. Trust vs. Mistrust

B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Integrity vs. Despair
Answer: D. Integrity vs. Despair
What is the primary conflict during the integrity vs. despair stage?

A. Establishing trust
B. Developing identity
C. Accepting one’s life
D. Forming relationships
Answer: C. Accepting one’s life
What is the maladaptive tendency of presuming ego integrity without facing difficulties?

A. Exclusion
B. Stagnation
C. Presumption
D. Rejectivity
Answer: C. Presumption
What is the malignant tendency of rejecting life and feeling contempt?

A. Disdain
B. Presumption
C. Stagnation
D. Rejectivity
Answer: A. Disdain
What virtue is developed by successfully resolving the integrity vs. despair stage?

A. Fidelity
B. Love
C. Wisdom
D. Care
Answer: C. Wisdom
Carl Jung: Theories and Concepts
What term did Jung use to describe the part of the psyche that includes everything not presently
conscious but can be?

A. Ego
B. Personal unconscious
C. Collective unconscious
D. Archetype
Answer: B. Personal unconscious
What is the term for the reservoir of our experiences as a species according to Jung?

A. Ego
B. Personal unconscious
C. Collective unconscious
D. Archetype
Answer: C. Collective unconscious
What are the contents of the collective unconscious called?

A. Archetypes
B. Complexes
C. Shadows
D. Personas
Answer: A. Archetypes
What archetype represents our public image according to Jung?

A. Shadow
B. Anima
C. Animus
D. Persona
Answer: D. Persona
What archetype represents the dark side of the ego and the evil we are capable of?

A. Persona
B. Anima
C. Animus
D. Shadow
Answer: D. Shadow
What is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men called?

A. Persona
B. Animus
C. Anima
D. Shadow
Answer: C. Anima
What is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women called?

A. Persona
B. Animus
C. Anima
D. Shadow
Answer: B. Animus
What archetype is often symbolized by a young girl, witch, or earth mother?

A. Anima
B. Animus
C. Shadow
D. Persona
Answer: A. Anima
What archetype is often symbolized by a wise old man or a number of males?

A. Anima
B. Animus
C. Shadow
D. Persona
Answer: B. Animus
Jung’s Dynamics of the Psyche
What principle suggests that every wish immediately suggests its opposite?

A. Principle of equivalence
B. Principle of opposites
C. Principle of entropy
D. Principle of synchronicity
Answer: B. Principle of opposites
What principle suggests that the energy created from the opposition is given to both sides equally?

A. Principle of equivalence
B. Principle of opposites
C. Principle of entropy
D. Principle of synchronicity
Answer: A. Principle of equivalence
What principle refers to the tendency for oppositions to come together and for energy to decrease over a
person’s lifetime?
A. Principle of equivalence
B. Principle of opposites
C. Principle of entropy
D. Principle of synchronicity
Answer: C. Principle of entropy
What term did Jung use to describe the sudden conjunction of outer reality and the inner reality of the
collective unconscious?

A. Synchronicity
B. Equivalence
C. Opposites
D. Entropy
Answer: A. Synchronicity
Jung’s Personality Typology
What term describes people who prefer their internal world of thoughts and feelings?

A. Extroverts
B. Introverts
C. Sensing
D. Intuiting
Answer: B. Introverts
What term describes people who prefer the external world of things and activities?

A. Extroverts
B. Introverts
C. Sensing
D. Intuiting
Answer: A. Extroverts
Which function involves getting information by means of the senses?

A. Thinking
B. Intuiting
C. Sensing
D. Feeling
Answer: C. Sensing
Which function involves evaluating information or ideas rationally and logically?

A. Thinking
B. Intuiting
C. Sensing
D. Feeling
Answer: A. Thinking
Which function involves a kind of perception that works outside of the usual conscious processes?

A. Thinking
B. Intuiting
C. Sensing
D. Feeling
Answer: B. Intuiting
Which function involves evaluating information by weighing one’s overall emotional response?

A. Thinking
B. Intuiting
C. Sensing
D. Feeling
Answer: D. Feeling
Which function is considered rational according to Jung?

A. Thinking
B. Intuiting
C. Sensing
D. Feeling
Answer: A. Thinking
Which function is considered irrational according to Jung?

A. Thinking
B. Intuiting
C. Sensing
D. Feeling
Answer: C. Sensing
What is the goal of life according to Jung’s theory?

A. To achieve ego integrity

B. To develop intimacy
C. To realize the self
D. To overcome role confusion
Answer: C. To realize the self
What term refers to the process of rising above opposites and seeing both sides of who we are?

A. Transcendence
B. Equivalence
C. Synchronicity
D. Entropy
Answer: A. Transcendence
Alfred Adler: Theories and Concepts
What term did Adler use to describe the basic motivating force behind all behavior?

A. Aggression drive
B. Compensation
C. Striving for superiority
D. Striving for perfection
Answer: D. Striving for perfection
Which term refers to the reaction we have when other drives are frustrated?

A. Aggression drive
B. Compensation
C. Striving for superiority
D. Striving for perfection
Answer: A. Aggression drive
What term did Adler use to describe the desire to overcome problems and inferiorities?

A. Aggression drive
B. Compensation
C. Striving for superiority
D. Striving for perfection
Answer: B. Compensation
What phrase did Adler use to describe the desire to be better than others?

A. Aggression drive
B. Compensation
C. Striving for superiority
D. Striving for perfection
Answer: C. Striving for superiority
Which term did Adler eventually reject as a label for the basic motive because it suggested problems
cause personality?

A. Aggression drive
B. Compensation
C. Striving for superiority
D. Striving for perfection
Answer: B. Compensation
What term did Adler use to refer to the concept of social interest and concern for humanity?

A. Aggression drive
B. Compensation
C. Striving for superiority
D. Generativity
Answer: D. Generativity

Alfred Adler: Life Style and Theory

What approach to understanding people emphasizes seeing them as unified wholes rather than a
collection of parts?

A. Individual psychology
B. Holism
C. Teleology
D. Social interest
Answer: B. Holism
What term did Adler prefer to use instead of "personality"?

A. Ego
B. Life style
C. Identity
D. Character
Answer: B. Life style
According to Adler, what drives human motivation towards the future?

A. Past trauma
B. Present circumstances
C. Teleology
D. Instincts
Answer: C. Teleology
What is central to each person’s lifestyle according to Adler?

A. Ego
B. Social interest
C. Fiction
D. Inferiority complex
Answer: C. Fiction
What is the term Adler used to describe the human drive to fulfill potentials and achieve goals?

A. Aggression drive
B. Striving for perfection
C. Social interest
D. Inferiority complex
Answer: B. Striving for perfection
What is the second most important idea in Adler’s theory after striving for perfection?

A. Teleology
B. Holism
C. Social interest
D. Inferiority
Answer: C. Social interest
What term did Adler use to describe feelings of inferiority and inadequacy?

A. Superiority complex
B. Inferiority complex
C. Compensation
D. Teleology
Answer: B. Inferiority complex
How does Adler describe the response to inferiority that involves pretending to be superior?

A. Compensation
B. Inferiority complex
C. Superiority complex
D. Social interest
Answer: C. Superiority complex
Which birth order is most likely to feel "dethroned" and develop competitive tendencies?

A. Only child
B. First child
C. Second child
D. Youngest child
Answer: B. First child
Which birth order is likely to be the most pampered and never dethroned?

A. Only child
B. First child
C. Second child
D. Youngest child
Answer: D. Youngest child
Which child is most likely to become a problem child according to Adler?

A. Only child
B. First child
C. Second child
D. Youngest child
Answer: B. First child
What approach does Adler suggest therapists should avoid to prevent resistance from patients?

A. Authoritarian approach
B. Empathetic approach
C. Directive approach
D. Analytical approach
Answer: A. Authoritarian approach
What is the role of the therapist in Adlerian therapy?

A. To dictate solutions
B. To encourage social interest
C. To interpret dreams
D. To analyze childhood trauma
Answer: B. To encourage social interest
What concept did Adler believe is crucial for understanding and overcoming neurosis?

A. Repression
B. Social interest
C. Inferiority
D. Compensation
Answer: B. Social interest
What is the term for the therapeutic goal of awakening the patient’s social interest?

A. Analysis
B. Insight
C. Encouragement
D. Interpretation
Answer: C. Encouragement
Karen Horney: Theory and Development
What did Karen Horney believe neurosis was an attempt to make?

A. Life bearable
B. Childhood trauma disappear
C. Relationships work
D. Social status improve
Answer: A. Life bearable
What is the first neurotic need identified by Horney?

A. Need for power

B. Need for social recognition
C. Need for affection and approval
D. Need for personal achievement
Answer: C. Need for affection and approval
Which neurotic need involves the desire for someone to take over one’s life?

A. Need for personal admiration

B. Need for a partner
C. Need for self-sufficiency
D. Need for perfection
Answer: B. Need for a partner
Which neurotic need is characterized by an overwhelming concern with appearances and popularity?

A. Need for power

B. Need for social recognition
C. Need for personal admiration
D. Need for personal achievement
Answer: B. Need for social recognition
What coping strategy includes the neurotic need for affection and approval?

A. Compliance
B. Aggression
C. Withdrawal
D. Self-sufficiency
Answer: A. Compliance
Which coping strategy involves needs such as power and exploitation of others?
A. Compliance
B. Aggression
C. Withdrawal
D. Self-sufficiency
Answer: B. Aggression
What is the term for the primary response to parental indifference in children according to Horney?

A. Basic anxiety
B. Basic hostility
C. Basic trust
D. Basic fear
Answer: B. Basic hostility
What does Horney consider to be the "basic evil" in a child’s development?

A. Physical abuse
B. Sexual abuse
C. Parental indifference
D. Excessive pampering
Answer: C. Parental indifference
Which self-image in Horney’s theory is created from societal expectations and ideals?

A. Real self
B. Ideal self
C. Despised self
D. Projected self
Answer: B. Ideal self
What term does Horney use to describe the neurotic’s fluctuation between self-hate and unrealistic
self-ideals?

A. Basic anxiety
B. Basic hostility
C. Tyranny of the shoulds
D. Striving for glory
Answer: C. Tyranny of the shoulds
What coping strategy involves the need for self-sufficiency and independence?

A. Compliance
B. Aggression
C. Withdrawal
D. Self-sufficiency
Answer: C. Withdrawal
What term did Horney use to describe the healthy development of one’s true potential?

A. Self-actualization
B. Self-realization
C. Self-fulfillment
D. Self-efficacy
Answer: B. Self-realization
Which neurotic need involves the desire to restrict one’s life to narrow borders and be undemanding?

A. Need for power

B. Need for affection
C. Need for perfection
D. Need for self-sufficiency
Answer: D. Need for self-sufficiency
What term does Horney use to describe the combination of an innate disposition and environmental
nurturing?

A. Social interest
B. Basic trust
C. Compliance
D. Self theory
Answer: D. Self theory
What is the neurotic need for control over others and a facade of omnipotence?

A. Need for social recognition

B. Need for personal admiration
C. Need for power
D. Need for perfection
Answer: C. Need for power
Erich Fromm: Theory and Development
What central characteristic of human nature did Fromm emphasize in his theory?

A. Instincts
B. Unconscious drives
C. Freedom
D. Social interest
Answer: C. Freedom
What is the first escape from freedom identified by Fromm?

A. Automaton conformity
B. Authoritarianism
C. Destructiveness
D. Withdrawal
Answer: B. Authoritarianism
What term did Fromm use to describe avoiding freedom by fusing oneself with others in an authoritarian
system?

A. Automaton conformity
B. Authoritarianism
C. Destructiveness
D. Withdrawal
Answer: B. Authoritarianism
What is the second escape from freedom that involves striking out against the world?

A. Automaton conformity
B. Authoritarianism
C. Destructiveness
D. Withdrawal
Answer: C. Destructiveness
What is the third escape from freedom where people hide in mass culture?

A. Automaton conformity
B. Authoritarianism
C. Destructiveness
D. Withdrawal
Answer: A. Automaton conformity
Which escape from freedom involves becoming passive and compliant?

A. Automaton conformity
B. Authoritarianism
C. Destructiveness
D. Withdrawal
Answer: B. Authoritarianism
What is the term Fromm used for a family where members are "swallowed up" by other members?

A. Symbiotic family
B. Withdrawing family
C. Nuclear family
D. Extended family
Answer: A. Symbiotic family
Which type of family encourages the destructive escape from freedom through strict, formal punishment?

A. Symbiotic family
B. Withdrawing family
C. Modern family
D. Traditional family
Answer: B. Withdrawing family
Which family type involves parents being cohabitants rather than guiding figures?

A. Symbiotic family
B. Withdrawing family
C. Modern family
D. Traditional family
Answer: C. Modern family
What type of family teaches children reason in an atmosphere of love?

A. Symbiotic family
B. Withdrawing family
C. Modern family
D. Productive family
Answer: D. Productive family
What term does Fromm use to describe the unconscious assimilation of societal norms?

A. Social unconscious
B. Collective unconscious
C. Cultural unconscious
D. Familial unconscious
Answer: A. Social unconscious
What economic system did Fromm believe influences the social unconscious?

A. Capitalism
B. Socialism
C. Communism
D. Feudalism
Answer: A. Capitalism
Which personality type involves avoiding personal responsibility by blending into the crowd?

A. Authoritarian
B. Destructive
C. Automaton conformist
D. Symbiotic
Answer: C. Automaton conformist
What psychological condition does Fromm associate with frustrated destructiveness?
A. Anxiety
B. Depression
C. Aggression
D. Self-destructiveness
Answer: D. Self-destructiveness
Which personality type is characterized by passivity and compliance in an authoritarian system?

A. Authoritarian
B. Destructive
C. Automaton conformist
D. Symbiotic
Answer: A. Authoritarian
What term does Fromm use for the ability to transcend determinisms attributed by Freud and Marx?

A. Freedom
B. Autonomy
C. Individuality
D. Self-realization
Answer: A. Freedom
What does Fromm consider the key feature of a healthy, productive family?

A. Strict discipline
B. Emotional warmth
C. Reason and love
D. Economic stability
Answer: C. Reason and love
What escape from freedom is characterized by blending into the mass culture?

A. Authoritarianism
B. Destructiveness
C. Automaton conformity
D. Withdrawal
Answer: C. Automaton conformity
What societal change in the Renaissance began shaking the traditional simple life according to Fromm?

A. Introduction of democracy
B. Humanism
C. Industrial revolution
D. Reformation
Answer: B. Humanism
Which personality type seeks to become an authority figure themselves?

A. Destructive
B. Automaton conformist
C. Authoritarian
D. Symbiotic
Answer: C. Authoritarian
What coping strategy involves withdrawing from family involvement into oneself?

A. Authoritarianism
B. Destructiveness
C. Automaton conformity
D. Withdrawal
Answer: D. Withdrawal
According to Fromm, what does true personal freedom involve?
A. Political liberty
B. Economic independence
C. Self-realization and responsibility
D. Social recognition
Answer: C. Self-realization and responsibility
What economic system does Fromm associate with alienation and automaton conformity?

A. Feudalism
B. Capitalism
C. Socialism
D. Communism
Answer: B. Capitalism
Which personality type internalizes destructive tendencies when circumstances prevent outward
expression?

A. Authoritarian
B. Destructive
C. Automaton conformist
D. Symbiotic
Answer: B. Destructive
What type of family relationship did Fromm describe as "swallowing" its members?

A. Withdrawing
B. Symbiotic
C. Authoritarian
D. Modern
Answer: B. Symbiotic
What did Fromm believe was necessary for teaching children reason in an atmosphere of love?

A. Economic stability
B. Emotional warmth
C. Strict discipline
D. Social recognition
Answer: B. Emotional warmth
What did Fromm see as the historical impact of the Reformation?

A. Increased political freedom

B. Emphasis on individual responsibility for one’s soul
C. Rise of socialism
D. Decline of the Middle Ages
Answer: B. Emphasis on individual responsibility for one’s soul
What escape from freedom involves a sense of identity loss through mass conformity?

A. Destructiveness
B. Authoritarianism
C. Automaton conformity
D. Withdrawal
Answer: C. Automaton conformity
Which coping strategy according to Horney involves seeking independence and aloofness?

A. Compliance
B. Aggression
C. Withdrawal
D. Self-sufficiency
Answer: C. Withdrawal
What personality orientation did Fromm describe as taking on the colours of surroundings like a
chameleon?

A. Destructive
B. Authoritarian
C. Automaton conformist
D. Symbiotic
Answer: C. Automaton conformist
According to Adler, what can result from being overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority?

A. Social interest
B. Inferiority complex
C. Superiority complex
D. Self-realization
Answer: B. Inferiority complex
Which coping strategy involves the belief "If I can make you love me, you will not hurt me"?

A. Aggression
B. Compliance
C. Withdrawal
D. Destructiveness
Answer: B. Compliance
What is the maladaptive tendency in Erikson’s final stage of development?

A. Fanaticism
B. Repudiation
C. Presumption
D. Disdain
Answer: D. Disdain
What did Adler believe was the therapeutic goal for patients?

A. To analyze childhood trauma

B. To interpret dreams
C. To awaken social interest
D. To encourage withdrawal
Answer: C. To awaken social interest
What psychological response did Horney believe could become a habitual strategy to life’s difficulties?

A. Basic anxiety
B. Basic trust
C. Basic hostility
D. Basic fear
Answer: C. Basic hostility
According to Fromm, what does true freedom require beyond political liberty?

A. Economic stability
B. Social recognition
C. Personal responsibility
D. Educational attainment
Answer: C. Personal responsibility
What escape from freedom involves striking out against the world to avoid pain?

A. Authoritarianism
B. Destructiveness
C. Automaton conformity
D. Withdrawal
Answer: B. Destructiveness
According to Horney, what is the neurotic need to restrict one’s life to narrow borders?

A. Need for power

B. Need for affection
C. Need for perfection
D. Need for self-sufficiency
Answer: D. Need for self-sufficiency
What term does Fromm use to describe society’s unconscious norms and values?

A. Cultural unconscious
B. Social unconscious
C. Familial unconscious
D. Collective unconscious
Answer: B. Social unconscious
Which coping strategy involves dominance and control over others according to Horney?

A. Compliance
B. Aggression
C. Withdrawal
D. Destructiveness
Answer: B. Aggression
What personality type is characterized by feelings of worthlessness hidden by delusions of power?

A. Authoritarian
B. Destructive
C. Automaton conformist
D. Inferiority complex
Answer: D. Inferiority complex
Which type of family did Fromm describe as coolly indifferent and lacking real adult guidance?

A. Symbiotic family
B. Withdrawing family
C. Modern family
D. Traditional family
Answer: C. Modern family
What did Horney believe was the healthy development of one’s true potential?

A. Self-realization
B. Self-efficacy
C. Self-fulfillment
D. Self-actualization
Answer: A. Self-realization
What does Fromm consider a mild version of authoritarianism common in classrooms?

A. Strict discipline
B. Teacher-student hierarchy
C. Compliance contracts
D. Peer pressure
Answer: B. Teacher-student hierarchy
What coping strategy involves avoidance of intimacy and close relationships?

A. Compliance
B. Aggression
C. Withdrawal
D. Destructiveness
Answer: C. Withdrawal
According to Adler, what drives individuals to overcome feelings of inferiority?

A. Striving for superiority

B. Social interest
C. Compensation
D. Inferiority complex
Answer: A. Striving for superiority
What is the neurotic need for personal achievement characterized by?

A. Desire to be loved
B. Desire to control others
C. Desire to be number one at everything
D. Desire to be independent
Answer: C. Desire to be number one at everything
Which type of family relationship involves children dominating or manipulating parents?

A. Symbiotic family
B. Withdrawing family
C. Modern family
D. Traditional family
Answer: A. Symbiotic family
What psychological condition is associated with feelings of worthlessness and delusions of power?

A. Anxiety
B. Depression
C. Superiority complex
D. Inferiority complex
Answer: D. Inferiority complex
What term did Fromm use to describe a person’s blend of Freud’s and Marx’s theories with the idea of
freedom?

A. Automaton conformity
B. Social unconscious
C. Symbiotic family
D. Productive family
Answer: B. Social unconscious

Fromm’s Orientations
What orientation expects to get what they need and believes all goods come from outside themselves?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: C. Receptive orientation
Which orientation is most common among peasant populations?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: C. Receptive orientation
What orientation expects to take what they need, valuing wealth stolen or love coerced?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: A. Exploitative orientation
Which orientation is associated with aristocracies and colonial empires?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: A. Exploitative orientation
Which orientation sees the world as possessions and potential possessions?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: B. Hoarding orientation
Which orientation is prevalent among the bourgeoisie and Protestant work ethic groups?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: B. Hoarding orientation
What orientation expects to sell themselves, package themselves, and advertise themselves?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: D. Marketing orientation
Which orientation is associated with modern industrial society and automaton conformity?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: D. Marketing orientation
What is the healthy personality orientation according to Fromm?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Productive orientation
Answer: D. Productive orientation
Which orientation lives in the being mode, experiencing life and relating to people genuinely?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Productive orientation
Answer: D. Productive orientation
Which orientation is described as biophilous, life-loving?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Productive orientation
Answer: D. Productive orientation
What term does Fromm use for those who have a passionate attraction to all that is dead and decayed?

A. Biophilous
B. Necrophilous
C. Automaton conformist
D. Authoritarian
Answer: B. Necrophilous
Which orientation is associated with the masochistic form of authoritarianism?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Productive orientation
Answer: C. Receptive orientation
Which orientation is described as comfortable ordering others around?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: A. Exploitative orientation
Which orientation relates to the Protestant work ethic and is associated with stubbornness and
stinginess?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: B. Hoarding orientation
Which orientation is linked to the cool withdrawing family and values fitness and eternal youth?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: D. Marketing orientation
What is the orientation of a person who lives without a mask, experiencing life genuinely?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Productive orientation
Answer: D. Productive orientation
Which orientation is characterized by the belief that "I have it" becomes "it has me"?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Productive orientation
Answer: D. Productive orientation
Which orientation would likely involve a person valuing the possession of loved ones as things to keep?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Marketing orientation
Answer: B. Hoarding orientation
What orientation would involve someone feeling valuable based on what they can take from others?

A. Exploitative orientation
B. Hoarding orientation
C. Receptive orientation
D. Productive orientation
Answer: A. Exploitative orientation
Ellis’ REBT
In REBT, what does the "A" in ABC stand for?

A. Action
B. Activating Event
C. Attitude
D. Anxiety
Answer: B. Activating Event
What does the "B" in Ellis’ ABC model represent?

A. Behaviour
B. Belief
C. Bias
D. Benefit
Answer: B. Belief
What does "C" stand for in the ABC model of REBT?

A. Consequences
B. Cause
C. Cure
D. Cognition
Answer: A. Consequences
In Ellis’ model, what are the irrational beliefs that cause long-term problems called?

A. Beliefs
B. Distortions
C. Conditions
D. Assumptions
Answer: B. Distortions
What is the "D" in Ellis’ extended ABC model?

A. Determination
B. Dispute
C. Decision
D. Demand
Answer: B. Dispute
Which of the following is NOT a typical thinking error identified by Ellis?
A. Ignoring the positive
B. Exaggerating the negative
C. Rational thinking
D. Overgeneralizing
Answer: C. Rational thinking
Which irrational belief involves thinking "I must be outstandingly competent, or I am worthless"?

A. Catastrophizing
B. Personalization
C. Musturbation
D. Overgeneralization
Answer: C. Musturbation
What is the purpose of disputing irrational beliefs in REBT?

A. To reinforce them
B. To validate them
C. To challenge and change them
D. To ignore them
Answer: C. To challenge and change them
Ellis emphasized the importance of which concept for mental health?

A. Conditional self-acceptance
B. Unconditional self-acceptance
C. Self-criticism
D. Self-denial
Answer: B. Unconditional self-acceptance
In REBT, what does "E" stand for in the ABCDE model?

A. Energy
B. Effectiveness
C. Emotional response
D. Effective new belief
Answer: D. Effective new belief
Which technique involves analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of holding a particular belief?

A. Socratic questioning
B. Cognitive rehearsal
C. Cost-benefit analysis
D. Reality testing
Answer: C. Cost-benefit analysis
What term describes the error of rejecting positive experiences by insisting they "don’t count"?

A. All-or-Nothing Thinking
B. Overgeneralization
C. Disqualifying the positive
D. Magnification
Answer: C. Disqualifying the positive
What irrational belief involves thinking "Others must treat me considerately, or they are absolutely
rotten"?

A. Catastrophizing
B. Personalization
C. Musturbation
D. Overgeneralization
Answer: C. Musturbation
Which approach puts the responsibility on the individual and their beliefs according to Ellis?

A. Psychoanalysis
B. Behaviourism
C. REBT
D. Humanistic psychology
Answer: C. REBT
What does Ellis consider the best thing for human health regarding self-evaluation?

A. Constantly evaluate oneself

B. Avoid evaluating oneself altogether
C. Evaluate oneself occasionally
D. Ignore self-evaluation
Answer: B. Avoid evaluating oneself altogether
Which of the following is NOT an irrational belief identified by Ellis?

A. I must be outstandingly competent, or I am worthless

B. Others must treat me considerately, or they are absolutely rotten
C. The world should always give me happiness, or I will die
D. I must have total control over my life, or I am a failure
Answer: D. I must have total control over my life, or I am a failure
Ellis’ REBT approach is known for being highly what?

A. Non-directive
B. Persuasive
C. Ambiguous
D. Detached
Answer: B. Persuasive
Which irrational belief involves assuming negative emotions necessarily reflect the way things really are?

A. Catastrophizing
B. Emotional reasoning
C. Should Statements
D. Personalization
Answer: B. Emotional reasoning
What is the main focus of REBT?

A. Uncovering unconscious desires

B. Modifying irrational beliefs
C. Exploring childhood experiences
D. Building self-esteem
Answer: B. Modifying irrational beliefs
What is a common irrational belief related to the world giving happiness according to Ellis?

A. The world should be fair and just

B. The world should always give me happiness, or I will die
C. The world should be free of pain
D. The world should revolve around me
Answer: B. The world should always give me happiness, or I will die
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (CT)
What are the spontaneous thoughts that occur in response to stimuli called in Beck’s CT?

A. Automatic thoughts
B. Cognitive schemas
C. Distorted thoughts
D. Emotional reactions
Answer: A. Automatic thoughts
What is the term for deeply held beliefs that influence how we perceive the world according to Beck?

A. Automatic thoughts
B. Cognitive distortions
C. Schemas
D. Biases
Answer: C. Schemas
Which cognitive distortion involves seeing things in black and white categories?

A. All-or-Nothing Thinking
B. Overgeneralization
C. Mental filter
D. Disqualifying the positive
Answer: A. All-or-Nothing Thinking
What cognitive distortion involves seeing a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat?

A. All-or-Nothing Thinking
B. Overgeneralization
C. Mental filter
D. Disqualifying the positive
Answer: B. Overgeneralization
Which cognitive distortion involves picking out a single negative detail and dwelling on it exclusively?

A. All-or-Nothing Thinking
B. Overgeneralization
C. Mental filter
D. Disqualifying the positive
Answer: C. Mental filter
What cognitive distortion involves rejecting positive experiences by insisting they "don’t count"?

A. All-or-Nothing Thinking
B. Overgeneralization
C. Mental filter
D. Disqualifying the positive
Answer: D. Disqualifying the positive
Which cognitive distortion involves making negative interpretations without facts to support the
conclusion?

A. Jumping to conclusions
B. Catastrophizing
C. Personalization
D. Labeling
Answer: A. Jumping to conclusions
What cognitive distortion involves concluding that someone is reacting negatively to you without checking
it out?

A. Mind reading
B. Fortune Teller Error
C. Magnification
D. Emotional reasoning
Answer: A. Mind reading
Which cognitive distortion involves anticipating things will turn out badly and feeling convinced it is already
established?

A. Mind reading
B. Fortune Teller Error
C. Magnification
D. Emotional reasoning
Answer: B. Fortune Teller Error
Which cognitive distortion involves exaggerating the importance of things or shrinking things
inappropriately?

A. Magnification or minimization
B. Overgeneralization
C. Mental filter
D. Disqualifying the positive
Answer: A. Magnification or minimization
What cognitive distortion involves assuming negative emotions reflect the way things really are?

A. Mind reading
B. Fortune Teller Error
C. Magnification
D. Emotional reasoning
Answer: D. Emotional reasoning
Which cognitive distortion involves using "should" and "ought to" statements?

A. All-or-Nothing Thinking
B. Should Statements
C. Labeling
D. Personalization
Answer: B. Should Statements
What cognitive distortion involves attaching negative labels to oneself or others?

A. Labeling and mislabeling

B. Overgeneralization
C. Mental filter
D. Disqualifying the positive
Answer: A. Labeling and mislabeling
What cognitive distortion involves seeing oneself as the cause of some negative external event?

A. All-or-Nothing Thinking
B. Overgeneralization
C. Personalization
D. Disqualifying the positive
Answer: C. Personalization
In Beck’s CT, what involves searching for evidence for or against dysfunctional thoughts?

A. Socratic questioning
B. Cognitive rehearsal
C. Reality testing
D. Cost-benefit analysis
Answer: C. Reality testing
Which technique involves practicing coping skills in role-play, imagination, or real life?

A. Graded exposure
B. Monitoring activities
C. Cognitive rehearsal
D. Behavioural experiments
Answer: C. Cognitive rehearsal
What technique involves making the client face their fears step-by-step in imagination or real life?

A. Graded exposure
B. Monitoring activities
C. Cognitive rehearsal
D. Behavioural experiments
Answer: A. Graded exposure
Which method involves asking clients to keep a record of daily activities and rate them for mastery and
pleasure?

A. Graded exposure
B. Monitoring activities
C. Cognitive rehearsal
D. Behavioural experiments
Answer: B. Monitoring activities
What strategy involves increasing the client’s activity level by including various activities into their day?

A. Graded exposure
B. Monitoring activities
C. Scheduling activities
D. Behavioural experiments
Answer: C. Scheduling activities
What strategy involves making the client test out their fears, such as traveling by train if they fear it?

A. Graded exposure
B. Monitoring activities
C. Cognitive rehearsal
D. Behavioural experiments
Answer: D. Behavioural experiments
Allport’s Theory
What term did Allport use for the tendency to satisfy biological survival needs?

A. Propriate functioning
B. Opportunistic functioning
C. Rational coping
D. Propriate striving
Answer: B. Opportunistic functioning
What term did Allport use for functioning in a manner expressive of the self?

A. Propriate functioning
B. Opportunistic functioning
C. Rational coping
D. Propriate striving
Answer: A. Propriate functioning
What is Allport’s name for the essential concept of the self?

A. Ego
B. Proprium
C. Persona
D. Id
Answer: B. Proprium
What function of the self develops in the first two years of life according to Allport?
A. Sense of body
B. Self-identity
C. Self-esteem
D. Self-extension
Answer: A. Sense of body
What function of the self involves recognizing oneself as having a past, present, and future?

A. Sense of body
B. Self-identity
C. Self-esteem
D. Self-extension
Answer: B. Self-identity
Which function of the self develops between two and four years old and involves recognizing one’s
value?

A. Sense of body
B. Self-identity
C. Self-esteem
D. Self-extension
Answer: C. Self-esteem
Which function of the self involves certain things, people, and events becoming central and warm to
oneself?

A. Sense of body
B. Self-identity
C. Self-esteem
D. Self-extension
Answer: D. Self-extension
What function of the self develops between four and six years old and involves the impression one makes
on others?

A. Self-image
B. Self-extension
C. Self-esteem
D. Sense of body
Answer: A. Self-image
Which function of the self is learned predominantly from six till twelve years old and involves dealing with
life’s problems rationally?

A. Propriate striving
B. Rational coping
C. Self-image
D. Self-extension
Answer: B. Rational coping
Which function of the self involves goals, ideals, plans, vocations, and a sense of direction?

A. Propriate striving
B. Rational coping
C. Self-image
D. Self-extension
Answer: A. Propriate striving
What term did Allport use to define unique, individual characteristics within a person?

A. Traits
B. Dispositions
C. Complexes
D. Archetypes
Answer: B. Dispositions
Allport’s concept of self-extension involves what?

A. Recognizing one’s own value

B. Identifying with things, people, and events outside oneself
C. Rational coping with life’s problems
D. Developing a sense of body boundaries
Answer: B. Identifying with things, people, and events outside oneself
What term did Allport use to refer to the overall structure of one’s self?

A. Ego
B. Proprium
C. Persona
D. Id
Answer: B. Proprium
Allport’s "sense of body" function helps individuals to recognize what?

A. Their past, present, and future

B. The boundaries and feelings of their physical self
C. Their value and competencies
D. The things, people, and events central to their existence
Answer: B. The boundaries and feelings of their physical self
What is the function of the self that develops as children begin to deal rationally with life’s problems?

A. Propriate striving
B. Rational coping
C. Self-image
D. Self-extension
Answer: B. Rational coping
Allport’s concept of "propriate striving" is most closely associated with which age group?

A. Infants
B. Toddlers
C. Children (6-12 years old)
D. Adolescents
Answer: D. Adolescents
What is the developmental task of adolescence according to Allport’s theory?

A. Developing a sense of body

B. Establishing self-identity
C. Developing rational coping skills
D. Propriate striving
Answer: D. Propriate striving
What term did Allport use for functioning that expresses one’s true self?

A. Opportunistic functioning
B. Propriate functioning
C. Rational coping
D. Propriate striving
Answer: B. Propriate functioning
What type of functioning is characterized by being proactive, future-oriented, and psychological?

A. Opportunistic functioning
B. Propriate functioning
C. Rational coping
D. Propriate striving
Answer: B. Propriate functioning
Which function of the self involves a person feeling that they are the owner and operator of their life?

A. Propriate striving
B. Rational coping
C. Self-image
D. Self-extension
Answer: A. Propriate striving

Allport’s Theory
What does a personal disposition produce equivalences in?

A. Behaviors only
B. Perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and actions
C. Perceptions and beliefs only
D. Feelings and actions only
Answer: B. Perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and actions
What methods did Allport strongly push for studying individuals?

A. Experimental methods
B. Idiographic methods
C. Nomothetic methods
D. Quantitative methods
Answer: B. Idiographic methods
What type of traits are unique to each individual according to Allport?

A. Central traits
B. Secondary traits
C. Cardinal traits
D. Personal dispositions
Answer: D. Personal dispositions
What are traits recognized by everyone within a culture called?

A. Personal traits
B. Common traits
C. Central traits
D. Secondary traits
Answer: B. Common traits
What are the traits that are the building blocks of personality?

A. Cardinal traits
B. Secondary traits
C. Central traits
D. Common traits
Answer: C. Central traits
What are traits that are not obvious, general, or consistent called?

A. Cardinal traits
B. Secondary traits
C. Central traits
D. Common traits
Answer: B. Secondary traits
What type of traits define a person’s life according to Allport?

A. Cardinal traits
B. Secondary traits
C. Central traits
D. Common traits
Answer: A. Cardinal traits
How many central traits do most people have according to Allport?

A. 1-3
B. 3-5
C. 5-10
D. 10-15
Answer: C. 5-10
What term did Allport use to describe mental health or a well-developed proprium?

A. Self-actualization
B. Psychological maturity
C. Functional autonomy
D. Emotional intelligence
Answer: B. Psychological maturity
What characteristic involves having dependable techniques for warm relating to others?

A. Specific, enduring extensions of self

B. Emotional security and self-acceptance
C. Habits of realistic perception
D. Self-objectification
Answer: A. Specific, enduring extensions of self
What is the concept where current motives are independent of their origins?

A. Propriate functioning
B. Functional autonomy
C. Rational coping
D. Propriate striving
Answer: B. Functional autonomy
What type of functional autonomy refers to habits?

A. Propriate functional autonomy

B. Perseverative functional autonomy
C. Rational functional autonomy
D. Emotional functional autonomy
Answer: B. Perseverative functional autonomy
What example is often given to illustrate propriate functional autonomy?

A. Smoking habits
B. Saying "bless you" after someone sneezes
C. Generosity as a value
D. Fear of loud noises
Answer: C. Generosity as a value
Which value orientation involves valuing truth, according to Allport’s categorization?

A. Economic
B. Theoretical
C. Aesthetic
D. Social
Answer: B. Theoretical
Which value orientation involves valuing usefulness?

A. Economic
B. Theoretical
C. Aesthetic
D. Social
Answer: A. Economic
What type of values might a nurse have, according to Allport’s categorization?

A. Economic
B. Theoretical
C. Aesthetic
D. Social
Answer: D. Social
Eysenck’s Theory
What did Eysenck believe personality differences grew out of?

A. Learned habits
B. Genetic inheritance
C. Environmental factors
D. Social interactions
Answer: B. Genetic inheritance
Which statistical technique did Eysenck use in his research?

A. Regression analysis
B. Factor analysis
C. Meta-analysis
D. Cluster analysis
Answer: B. Factor analysis
What dimension did Eysenck name that ranges from normal, calm people to very nervous people?

A. Psychoticism
B. Extraversion
C. Neuroticism
D. Introversion
Answer: C. Neuroticism
What part of the autonomic nervous system did Eysenck associate with neuroticism?

A. Central nervous system

B. Parasympathetic nervous system
C. Sympathetic nervous system
D. Enteric nervous system
Answer: C. Sympathetic nervous system
What dimension did Eysenck’s second factor, extraversion-introversion, involve?

A. Shy vs. outgoing

B. Calm vs. nervous
C. Aggressive vs. passive
D. Logical vs. emotional
Answer: A. Shy vs. outgoing
Which theory explains why extraverts might forget traumatic events?

A. Inhibition-excitation theory
B. Classical conditioning
C. Operant conditioning
D. Social learning theory
Answer: A. Inhibition-excitation theory
What dimension did Eysenck add after studying mental institutions in England?

A. Neuroticism
B. Extraversion
C. Psychoticism
D. Introversion
Answer: C. Psychoticism
High psychoticism is characterized by what type of behavior?

A. Conformity
B. Recklessness
C. Emotional stability
D. Calmness
Answer: B. Recklessness
Which personality types tend to be non-neuroticistic extraverts according to Eysenck?

A. Phobics
B. Violent criminals
C. Obsessive-compulsives
D. Introverted scholars
Answer: B. Violent criminals
What type of disorders do highly neuroticistic introverts tend to develop?

A. Conversion disorders
B. Dissociative disorders
C. Phobias
D. Mood disorders
Answer: C. Phobias
What type of disorders do highly neuroticistic extraverts tend to develop?

A. Conversion disorders
B. Dissociative disorders
C. Phobias
D. Mood disorders
Answer: A. Conversion disorders
Which personality type did Eysenck find to be more likely to engage in denial and repression?

A. Non-neuroticistic introverts
B. Neuroticistic introverts
C. Non-neuroticistic extraverts
D. Neuroticistic extraverts
Answer: D. Neuroticistic extraverts
Eysenck’s psychoticism dimension includes qualities commonly found in what type of individuals?

A. Calm and collected individuals

B. Nervous and anxious individuals
C. Reckless and emotionally expressive individuals
D. Reserved and introverted individuals
Answer: C. Reckless and emotionally expressive individuals
Sheldon and Cattell
What body type is characterized by slender, often tall people with long arms and legs?
A. Mesomorph
B. Endomorph
C. Ectomorph
D. Somatotype
Answer: C. Ectomorph
Which personality type did Sheldon associate with nervous, shy, and intellectual people?

A. Cerebrotonic
B. Somatotonic
C. Viscerotonic
D. Endomorph
Answer: A. Cerebrotonic
Which personality type did Sheldon associate with active, physically fit, and energetic people?

A. Cerebrotonic
B. Somatotonic
C. Viscerotonic
D. Endomorph
Answer: B. Somatotonic
Which personality type did Sheldon associate with sociable, lovers of food and physical comforts?

A. Cerebrotonic
B. Somatotonic
C. Viscerotonic
D. Ectomorph
Answer: C. Viscerotonic
What did Sheldon suggest was the connection between physical types and personality types?

A. Genetic inheritance
B. Environmental factors
C. Embryonic development
D. Social learning
Answer: C. Embryonic development
What measurement system did Sheldon develop to summarize body shapes?

A. Three-number system
B. Four-number system
C. Five-number system
D. Six-number system
Answer: A. Three-number system
What personality factor did Raymond Cattell identify in his early research?

A. Neuroticism
B. Introversion
C. Exvia
D. Corteria
Answer: C. Exvia
What test did Cattell develop based on his research?

A. MMPI
B. NEO-PI
C. 16PF
D. TAT
Answer: C. 16PF
How many factors did Cattell’s later research add to his original 16 personality factors?
A. 5
B. 7
C. 10
D. 12
Answer: B. 7
What factor is described as "cortical alertness" in Cattell’s higher-level factors?

A. Exvia
B. Anxiety
C. Corteria
D. Discreetness
Answer: C. Corteria
What factor is described as "strong loner types" in Cattell’s higher-level factors?

A. Exvia
B. Anxiety
C. Corteria
D. Independence
Answer: D. Independence
Buss and Plomin
What approach did Buss and Plomin use to study temperament?

A. Adult twins
B. Infant twins
C. Animal studies
D. Longitudinal studies
Answer: B. Infant twins
What was the strongest temperament dimension found by Buss and Plomin?

A. Sociability-detachment
B. Emotionality-impassiveness
C. Activity-lethargy
D. Impulsivity-deliberateness
Answer: B. Emotionality-impassiveness
Which dimension involves how much babies enjoy or avoid contact and interaction with people?

A. Emotionality-impassiveness
B. Sociability-detachment
C. Activity-lethargy
D. Impulsivity-deliberateness
Answer: B. Sociability-detachment
Which dimension involves how vigorous and energetic babies are?

A. Emotionality-impassiveness
B. Sociability-detachment
C. Activity-lethargy
D. Impulsivity-deliberateness
Answer: C. Activity-lethargy
Which dimension involves how quickly babies change gears or move from one interest to another?

A. Emotionality-impassiveness
B. Sociability-detachment
C. Activity-lethargy
D. Impulsivity-deliberateness
Answer: D. Impulsivity-deliberateness
Which gender showed the impulsivity-deliberateness dimension more strongly in Buss and Plomin’s
study?

A. Boys
B. Girls
C. Both equally
D. Neither
Answer: A. Boys
Five Factor Theory
Who introduced The Five Factor Theory in 1990?

A. Warren Norman
B. Raymond Cattell
C. McCrae and Costa
D. Eysenck
Answer: C. McCrae and Costa
Which factor in the Five Factor Theory involves being adventurous, sociable, and talkative?

A. Neuroticism
B. Agreeableness
C. Extraversion
D. Conscientiousness
Answer: C. Extraversion
Which factor in the Five Factor Theory involves being altruistic, gentle, and sympathetic?

A. Neuroticism
B. Agreeableness
C. Extraversion
D. Conscientiousness
Answer: B. Agreeableness
Which factor in the Five Factor Theory involves being competent, orderly, and responsible?

A. Neuroticism
B. Agreeableness
C. Extraversion
D. Conscientiousness
Answer: D. Conscientiousness
Which factor in the Five Factor Theory involves being calm, relaxed, and stable?

A. Neuroticism
B. Agreeableness
C. Extraversion
D. Emotional Stability
Answer: D. Emotional Stability
Which factor in the Five Factor Theory involves being cultured, imaginative, and intellectual?

A. Neuroticism
B. Agreeableness
C. Extraversion
D. Openness to Experience
Answer: D. Openness to Experience
Mehrabian’s PAD Model
What does "P" stand for in Mehrabian’s PAD model?
A. Pleasure
B. Pain
C. Patience
D. Power
Answer: A. Pleasure
What does "A" stand for in Mehrabian’s PAD model?

A. Anxiety
B. Activity
C. Arousal
D. Assertiveness
Answer: C. Arousal
What does "D" stand for in Mehrabian’s PAD model?

A. Dominance
B. Dependence
C. Determination
D. Drive
Answer: A. Dominance
What type of temperament is associated with experiencing more pleasure than displeasure?

A. Trait Pleasure-Displeasure
B. Trait Arousability
C. Trait Dominance-Submissiveness
D. Trait Activity-Passivity
Answer: A. Trait Pleasure-Displeasure
What type of temperament is associated with responding strongly to unusual, complex, or changing
situations?

A. Trait Pleasure-Displeasure
B. Trait Arousability
C. Trait Dominance-Submissiveness
D. Trait Activity-Passivity
Answer: B. Trait Arousability
What type of temperament is associated with feeling in control over one’s life?

A. Trait Pleasure-Displeasure
B. Trait Arousability
C. Trait Dominance-Submissiveness
D. Trait Activity-Passivity
Answer: C. Trait Dominance-Submissiveness
Parallels
Which two dimensions are included in nearly every temperament theory?

A. Extraversion and Neuroticism

B. Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
C. Emotional Stability and Openness
D. Dominance and Submission
Answer: A. Extraversion and Neuroticism
What is the dimension of Buss and Plomin that matches with Eysenck’s Impulsivity?

A. Emotionality
B. Sociability
C. Activity
D. Impulsivity
Answer: D. Impulsivity
What type of personality type does Cerebrotonic match with in Buss and Plomin’s theory?

A. Emotional
B. Sociable
C. Active
D. Deliberate
Answer: A. Emotional
What type of personality type does Somatotonic match with in Buss and Plomin’s theory?

A. Emotional
B. Sociable
C. Active
D. Deliberate
Answer: C. Active
What type of personality type does Viscerotonic match with in Buss and Plomin’s theory?

A. Emotional
B. Sociable
C. Active
D. Deliberate
Answer: B. Sociable
Which factor in Cattell’s higher-level factors looks like Agreeableness?

A. Exvia
B. Corteria
C. Discreetness
D. Independence
Answer: C. Discreetness
Which factor in Cattell’s higher-level factors looks like Conscientiousness?

A. Exvia
B. Good Upbringing
C. Discreetness
D. Subjectivity
Answer: B. Good Upbringing
Social Learning and Behavioral Perspective
Who demonstrated classical conditioning in 1900?

A. B.F. Skinner
B. Albert Bandura
C. Ivan Pavlov
D. John Watson
Answer: C. Ivan Pavlov
What is the term for a naturally occurring response to a stimulus, such as salivating when shown food?

A. Conditioned response
B. Unconditioned response
C. Neutral response
D. Extinction
Answer: B. Unconditioned response
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally triggers a response, such as food triggering salivation?

A. Conditioned stimulus
B. Unconditioned stimulus
C. Neutral stimulus
D. Extinct stimulus
Answer: B. Unconditioned stimulus
What is the process called when a conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears?

A. Acquisition
B. Generalization
C. Extinction
D. Discrimination
Answer: C. Extinction
What principle explains how artificial stimuli can evoke natural responses through association?

A. Generalization
B. Discrimination
C. Substitution
D. Association and substitution
Answer: D. Association and substitution
Who developed the concept of operant conditioning?

A. B.F. Skinner
B. Albert Bandura
C. Ivan Pavlov
D. John Watson
Answer: A. B.F. Skinner
What is the term for the increase in behavior frequency due to reinforcement?

A. Punishment
B. Extinction
C. Reinforcement
D. Generalization
Answer: C. Reinforcement
What type of reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior?

A. Negative reinforcement
B. Positive reinforcement
C. Punishment
D. Extinction
Answer: B. Positive reinforcement
What type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior?

A. Negative reinforcement
B. Positive reinforcement
C. Punishment
D. Extinction
Answer: A. Negative reinforcement
What is the term for decreasing behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus?

A. Negative reinforcement
B. Positive reinforcement
C. Punishment
D. Extinction
Answer: C. Punishment
What type of learning occurs by observing and imitating others?

A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning
D. Cognitive learning
Answer: C. Observational learning
Who is known for the concept of observational learning?

A. B.F. Skinner
B. Albert Bandura
C. Ivan Pavlov
D. John Watson
Answer: B. Albert Bandura
What experiment is Albert Bandura famous for?

A. Little Albert experiment

B. Skinner box experiment
C. Bobo doll experiment
D. Pavlov’s dogs experiment
Answer: C. Bobo doll experiment
What does Bandura’s Social Learning Theory emphasize?

A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning
D. Cognitive restructuring
Answer: C. Observational learning
What is the process of learning to associate stimuli with responses called?

A. Operant conditioning
B. Classical conditioning
C. Cognitive learning
D. Observational learning
Answer: B. Classical conditioning

B.F. Skinner
When was B.F. Skinner born?

A. March 20, 1904

B. March 20, 1910
C. March 20, 1920
D. March 20, 1930
Answer: A. March 20, 1904
What was Skinner’s original career ambition?

A. Psychologist
B. Lawyer
C. Writer
D. Teacher
Answer: C. Writer
Where did Skinner receive his PhD?

A. Yale University
B. Harvard University
C. University of Chicago
D. Stanford University
Answer: B. Harvard University
What is the name of Skinner’s fictional book about a community run by behaviorist principles?

A. Beyond Freedom and Dignity

B. Walden II
C. The Behavior of Organisms
D. Science and Human Behavior
Answer: B. Walden II
What is the process of operant conditioning based on?

A. Reinforcement
B. Classical conditioning
C. Observational learning
D. Cognitive restructuring
Answer: A. Reinforcement
What is a Skinner box used for?

A. Studying classical conditioning

B. Observational learning
C. Operant conditioning
D. Cognitive therapy
Answer: C. Operant conditioning
What type of reinforcement schedule involves a specific number of responses before a reinforcer is
given?

A. Continuous reinforcement
B. Fixed ratio schedule
C. Fixed interval schedule
D. Variable ratio schedule
Answer: B. Fixed ratio schedule
What type of reinforcement schedule involves a specific time period before a reinforcer is given?

A. Continuous reinforcement
B. Fixed ratio schedule
C. Fixed interval schedule
D. Variable ratio schedule
Answer: C. Fixed interval schedule
Which reinforcement schedule is highly resistant to extinction?

A. Continuous reinforcement
B. Fixed ratio schedule
C. Fixed interval schedule
D. Variable ratio schedule
Answer: D. Variable ratio schedule
What is the method called that involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior?

A. Shaping
B. Generalization
C. Discrimination
D. Extinction
Answer: A. Shaping
What is the technique based on Skinner’s work used to change undesirable behavior called?

A. Cognitive therapy
B. Behavior modification
C. Psychoanalysis
D. Client-centered therapy
Answer: B. Behavior modification
What is the therapy technique involving relaxation and gradual exposure to feared stimuli?

A. Cognitive restructuring
B. Systematic desensitization
C. Aversion therapy
D. Flooding
Answer: B. Systematic desensitization
What are Skinner’s contributions to the field of psychology most closely associated with?

A. Humanistic psychology
B. Cognitive psychology
C. Behaviorism
D. Psychoanalysis
Answer: C. Behaviorism
In operant conditioning, what is the term for a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior?

A. Punishment
B. Reinforcer
C. Neutral stimulus
D. Extinction
Answer: B. Reinforcer
What is the concept of behavior leading to environmental changes which then reinforce the behavior
called?

A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning
D. Reciprocal determinism
Answer: B. Operant conditioning
Abraham Maslow
When was Abraham Maslow born?

A. April 1, 1908
B. April 1, 1910
C. April 1, 1915
D. April 1, 1920
Answer: A. April 1, 1908
Where was Maslow born?

A. New York City

B. Los Angeles
C. Brooklyn, New York
D. Chicago
Answer: C. Brooklyn, New York
What idea did Maslow develop after noticing some needs take precedence over others?

A. Cognitive dissonance
B. Hierarchy of needs
C. Social learning theory
D. Classical conditioning
Answer: B. Hierarchy of needs
Which needs are at the base of Maslow’s hierarchy?
A. Esteem needs
B. Safety needs
C. Physiological needs
D. Love and belonging needs
Answer: C. Physiological needs
Which needs come after physiological needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

A. Esteem needs
B. Safety needs
C. Love and belonging needs
D. Self-actualization
Answer: B. Safety needs
Which needs are at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy?

A. Esteem needs
B. Safety needs
C. Physiological needs
D. Self-actualization
Answer: D. Self-actualization
What term did Maslow use to describe needs that are similar to instincts?

A. Physiological needs
B. Safety needs
C. Instinctoid needs
D. Social needs
Answer: C. Instinctoid needs
What percentage of the world’s population did Maslow suggest is truly self-actualizing?

A. 2%
B. 5%
C. 10%
D. 15%
Answer: A. 2%
Which characteristics describe self-actualizers according to Maslow?

A. Reality-centered and problem-centered

B. Dependent on culture and environment
C. Prefer shallow relationships
D. Hostile sense of humor
Answer: A. Reality-centered and problem-centered
What is a peak experience according to Maslow?

A. A moment of high stress

B. A moment of intense fear
C. A moment of self-transcendence
D. A moment of failure
Answer: C. A moment of self-transcendence
What can cause a person to regress to a lower need level in Maslow’s hierarchy?

A. Fulfillment of all needs

B. Extreme stress or survival threats
C. High self-esteem
D. Achieving self-actualization
Answer: B. Extreme stress or survival threats
Which level of needs includes the need for friends and a sense of community?
A. Physiological needs
B. Safety needs
C. Love and belonging needs
D. Esteem needs
Answer: C. Love and belonging needs
Which level of needs includes the need for self-respect and confidence?

A. Physiological needs
B. Safety needs
C. Love and belonging needs
D. Esteem needs
Answer: D. Esteem needs
Maslow referred to the higher version of esteem needs as involving what?

A. Recognition and fame

B. Self-respect and confidence
C. Safety and security
D. Physiological well-being
Answer: B. Self-respect and confidence
According to Maslow, what is an example of physiological needs?

A. Safety and protection

B. Affection and relationships
C. Air, water, and food
D. Self-esteem and confidence
Answer: C. Air, water, and food
According to Maslow, what is self-actualization?

A. The need for fame and recognition

B. The need for self-respect and confidence
C. The need to achieve one’s full potential
D. The need for love and belonging
Answer: C. The need to achieve one’s full potential
Which needs are considered "deficiency needs" according to Maslow?

A. Physiological, safety, love and belonging, and esteem needs

B. Safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization
C. Self-actualization and esteem needs
D. Physiological and self-actualization needs
Answer: A. Physiological, safety, love and belonging, and esteem needs
Which needs are considered "growth needs" according to Maslow?

A. Physiological needs
B. Safety needs
C. Love and belonging needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Answer: D. Self-actualization needs
According to Maslow, what is the higher form of esteem needs?

A. Fame and recognition

B. Self-respect and confidence
C. Safety and protection
D. Love and belonging
Answer: B. Self-respect and confidence
Which characteristic is NOT typical of self-actualizers according to Maslow?

A. Reality-centered
B. Problem-centered
C. Need for privacy
D. Highly dependent on others’ opinions
Answer: D. Highly dependent on others’ opinions
Maslow’s concept of self-actualization includes which of the following characteristics?

A. Shallow relationships with many people

B. Frequent peak experiences
C. Dependence on cultural norms
D. Hostile sense of humor
Answer: B. Frequent peak experiences
Maslow suggested that which factor can hinder reaching self-actualization?

A. High income
B. Lack of physiological needs
C. Past traumatic experiences
D. Social popularity
Answer: C. Past traumatic experiences
What is Maslow’s understanding of neurosis?

A. A genetic disorder
B. Fixation on unmet needs
C. Excessive self-actualization
D. High self-esteem
Answer: B. Fixation on unmet needs
What term did Maslow use for needs that are essentially survival needs?

A. Instinctoid needs
B. Growth needs
C. Deficiency needs
D. Basic needs
Answer: A. Instinctoid needs
According to Maslow, what percentage of people are self-actualizers?

A. 1%
B. 2%
C. 5%
D. 10%
Answer: B. 2%
Which need did Maslow identify as being at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs?

A. Safety needs
B. Physiological needs
C. Esteem needs
D. Love and belonging needs
Answer: B. Physiological needs
Maslow described which type of humor in self-actualizers?

A. Hostile humor
B. Unhostile humor
C. Sarcastic humor
D. Derogatory humor
Answer: B. Unhostile humor
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualizers?

A. Freshness of appreciation
B. Creative and inventive
C. Dependence on others for self-worth
D. More peak experiences
Answer: C. Dependence on others for self-worth
Which characteristic did Maslow attribute to self-actualizers in their perception of reality?

A. Fantasy-oriented
B. Reality-centered
C. Avoiding problems
D. Dependent on cultural norms
Answer: B. Reality-centered
According to Maslow, self-actualizers often have which type of interpersonal relationships?

A. Shallow relationships with many people

B. Intimate relationships with a few close friends
C. Avoidance of relationships
D. Hostile relationships
Answer: B. Intimate relationships with a few close friends
What is the term Maslow used to describe needs that are genetically built-in like instincts?

A. Growth needs
B. Deficiency needs
C. Instinctoid needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Answer: C. Instinctoid needs
Maslow suggested that love and esteem are necessary for what?

A. Self-actualization
B. Basic survival
C. Maintenance of health
D. Social popularity
Answer: C. Maintenance of health
Which of the following needs is NOT part of Maslow’s deficiency needs?

A. Physiological needs
B. Safety needs
C. Love and belonging needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Answer: D. Self-actualization needs
What did Maslow mean by the term "self-actualization"?

A. Achieving fame and recognition

B. Meeting basic physiological needs
C. Realizing one’s full potential
D. Gaining social popularity
Answer: C. Realizing one’s full potential
According to Maslow, what are physiological needs?

A. Needs for self-respect and confidence

B. Needs for safety and security
C. Needs for oxygen, water, and food
D. Needs for love and belonging
Answer: C. Needs for oxygen, water, and food
What is a characteristic of the problem-centered approach of self-actualizers?

A. Personal troubles to be railed at

B. Problems demanding solutions
C. Avoidance of problems
D. Emotional instability
Answer: B. Problems demanding solutions
According to Maslow, what is a characteristic of the means and ends perception of self-actualizers?

A. Means justify the ends

B. Ends justify the means
C. Means could be ends themselves
D. Ends are more important than means
Answer: C. Means could be ends themselves
Which needs come after safety needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

A. Physiological needs
B. Love and belonging needs
C. Esteem needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Answer: B. Love and belonging needs
What did Maslow mean by "instinctoid" needs?

A. Needs learned from culture

B. Needs similar to instincts
C. Needs for social status
D. Needs for immediate gratification
Answer: B. Needs similar to instincts
Maslow’s concept of "being needs" refers to which level of needs?

A. Physiological needs
B. Safety needs
C. Self-actualization needs
D. Esteem needs
Answer: C. Self-actualization needs
What term did Maslow use to describe the needs for air, water, and food?

A. Safety needs
B. Esteem needs
C. Physiological needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Answer: C. Physiological needs
What is a peak experience according to Maslow?

A. A moment of high stress

B. A moment of intense fear
C. A moment of self-transcendence
D. A moment of failure
Answer: C. A moment of self-transcendence
Maslow referred to the higher version of esteem needs as involving what?

A. Fame and recognition

B. Self-respect and confidence
C. Safety and protection
D. Love and belonging
Answer: B. Self-respect and confidence
What characteristic is typical of self-actualizers according to Maslow?

A. Shallow relationships with many people

B. Frequent peak experiences
C. Dependence on cultural norms
D. Hostile sense of humor
Answer: B. Frequent peak experiences
Maslow suggested that which factor can hinder reaching self-actualization?

A. High income
B. Lack of physiological needs
C. Past traumatic experiences
D. Social popularity
Answer: C. Past traumatic experiences
What did Maslow mean by the term "self-actualization"?

A. Achieving fame and recognition

B. Meeting basic physiological needs
C. Realizing one’s full potential
D. Gaining social popularity
Answer: C. Realizing one’s full potential
According to Maslow, what is the higher form of esteem needs?

A. Recognition and fame

B. Self-respect and confidence
C. Safety and protection
D. Physiological well-being
Answer: B. Self-respect and confidence
Which needs are considered "deficiency needs" according to Maslow?

A. Physiological, safety, love and belonging, and esteem needs

B. Safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization
C. Self-actualization and esteem needs
D. Physiological and self-actualization needs
Answer: A. Physiological, safety, love and belonging, and esteem needs
Which needs are considered "growth needs" according to Maslow?

A. Physiological needs
B. Safety needs
C. Love and belonging needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Answer: D. Self-actualization needs
According to Maslow, what percentage of people are self-actualizers?

A. 1%
B. 2%
C. 5%
D. 10%
Answer: B. 2%
Which need did Maslow identify as being at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs?

A. Safety needs
B. Physiological needs
C. Esteem needs
D. Love and belonging needs
Answer: B. Physiological needs
Maslow described which type of humor in self-actualizers?

A. Hostile humor
B. Unhostile humor
C. Sarcastic humor
D. Derogatory humor
Answer: B. Unhostile humor
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualizers?

A. Freshness of appreciation
B. Creative and inventive
C. Dependence on others for self-worth
D. More peak experiences
Answer: C. Dependence on others for self-worth
Which characteristic did Maslow attribute to self-actualizers in their perception of reality?

A. Fantasy-oriented
B. Reality-centered
C. Avoiding problems
D. Dependent on cultural norms
Answer: B. Reality-centered
According to Maslow, self-actualizers often have which type of interpersonal relationships?

A. Shallow relationships with many people

B. Intimate relationships with a few close friends
C. Avoidance of relationships
D. Hostile relationships
Answer: B. Intimate relationships with a few close friends
What is the term Maslow used to describe needs that are genetically built-in like instincts?

A. Growth needs
B. Deficiency needs
C. Instinctoid needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Answer: C. Instinctoid needs
Maslow suggested that love and esteem are necessary for what?

A. Self-actualization
B. Basic survival
C. Maintenance of health
D. Social popularity
Answer: C. Maintenance of health
Which of the following needs is NOT part of Maslow’s deficiency needs?

A. Physiological needs
B. Safety needs
C. Love and belonging needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Answer: D. Self-actualization needs
What did Maslow mean by the term "self-actualization"?
A. Achieving fame and recognition
B. Meeting basic physiological needs
C. Realizing one’s full potential
D. Gaining social popularity
Answer: C. Realizing one’s full potential
According to Maslow, what are physiological needs?

A. Needs for self-respect and confidence

B. Needs for safety and security
C. Needs for oxygen, water, and food
D. Needs for love and belonging
Answer: C. Needs for oxygen, water, and food
What is a characteristic of the problem-centered approach of self-actualizers?

A. Personal troubles to be railed at

B. Problems demanding solutions
C. Avoidance of problems
D. Emotional instability
Answer: B. Problems demanding solutions
According to Maslow, what is a characteristic of the means and ends perception of self-actualizers?

A. Means justify the ends

B. Ends justify the means
C. Means could be ends themselves
D. Ends are more important than means
Answer: C. Means could be ends themselves
Which needs come after safety needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

A. Physiological needs
B. Love and belonging needs
C. Esteem needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Answer: B. Love and belonging needs
What did Maslow mean by "instinctoid" needs?

A. Needs learned from culture

B. Needs similar to instincts
C. Needs for social status
D. Needs for immediate gratification
Answer: B. Needs similar to instincts
Maslow’s concept of "being needs" refers to which level of needs?

A. Physiological needs
B. Safety needs
C. Self-actualization needs
D. Esteem needs
Answer: C. Self-actualization needs

What term did Maslow use for the special, driving needs of self-actualizers?

A. Basic needs
B. Metaneeds
C. Deficiency needs
D. Primary needs
Answer: B. Metaneeds
According to Maslow, which of the following is a metaneed?

A. Food
B. Water
C. Beauty
D. Shelter
Answer: C. Beauty
What metapathology does a self-actualizer experience when metaneeds are unfulfilled?

A. Joy
B. Satisfaction
C. Depression
D. Contentment
Answer: C. Depression
Which of the following is NOT a metaneed according to Maslow?

A. Goodness
B. Truth
C. Dependency
D. Simplicity
Answer: C. Dependency
Maslow’s concept of metaneeds includes which of the following?

A. Completion
B. Laziness
C. Ugliness
D. Disorder
Answer: A. Completion
What term does Maslow use for problems resulting from unmet metaneeds?

A. Neuroses
B. Metapathologies
C. Psychoses
D. Delusions
Answer: B. Metapathologies
Which of the following is an example of a metapathology?

A. Happiness
B. Despair
C. Contentment
D. Joy
Answer: B. Despair
According to Maslow, which need is associated with aliveness?

A. Deadness
B. Mechanization
C. Beauty
D. Truth
Answer: A. Deadness
Which need is paired with unity in Maslow’s hierarchy of metaneeds?

A. Fragmentation
B. Wholeness
C. Completeness
D. Perfection
Answer: B. Wholeness
Maslow suggested that metapathologies could lead to which of the following feelings?

A. Fulfillment
B. Alienation
C. Satisfaction
D. Harmony
Answer: B. Alienation
Questions on Carl Rogers’ Concepts
What is the fundamental driving force in Carl Rogers’ theory?

A. Will to power
B. Actualizing tendency
C. Pleasure principle
D. Death instinct
Answer: B. Actualizing tendency
Which term did Rogers use to describe the consistent set of perceptions about oneself?

A. Ego
B. Self-concept
C. Superego
D. Id
Answer: B. Self-concept
What does Rogers believe is essential for a person to grow and develop?

A. Conditional positive regard

B. Genuine acceptance
C. Denial
D. Narcissism
Answer: B. Genuine acceptance
Rogers’ term for the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what they say or do is called
what?

A. Conditional positive regard

B. Unconditional positive regard
C. Negative reinforcement
D. Positive punishment
Answer: B. Unconditional positive regard
Which concept in Rogers’ theory involves the discrepancy between a person’s self-concept and their
actual experiences?

A. Self-actualization
B. Incongruity
C. Congruence
D. Ideal self
Answer: B. Incongruity
According to Rogers, what leads to neurosis?

A. Congruity
B. Incongruity
C. Actualization
D. Self-worth
Answer: B. Incongruity
Rogers’ therapy emphasizes which of the following techniques?
A. Directive counseling
B. Reflection
C. Hypnosis
D. Psychoanalysis
Answer: B. Reflection
Which quality is NOT one of Rogers’ three essential qualities for an effective therapist?

A. Congruence
B. Empathy
C. Authority
D. Respect
Answer: C. Authority
What did Rogers call the process of mirroring a client’s emotional communication?

A. Reflection
B. Projection
C. Transference
D. Countertransference
Answer: A. Reflection
In Rogers’ theory, which of the following is NOT considered necessary for growth?

A. Empathy
B. Acceptance
C. Incongruence
D. Genuineness
Answer: C. Incongruence
Questions on Rollo May’s Concepts
Rollo May is best known for his work in which field of psychology?

A. Behaviorism
B. Existential psychology
C. Cognitive psychology
D. Humanistic psychology
Answer: B. Existential psychology
Which term does Rollo May use to describe the fundamental aspects of our personalities that can take
over and dominate us?

A. Archetypes
B. Daimons
C. Fixations
D. Complexes
Answer: B. Daimons
What concept does Rollo May use to describe the balance between love and will?

A. Dependency
B. Self-actualization
C. Neo-Puritanism
D. Creativity
Answer: D. Creativity
May’s term for the state of innocence in development corresponds to which stage?

A. Adulthood
B. Childhood
C. Infancy
D. Adolescence
Answer: C. Infancy
According to May, what does anxiety signify in existential terms?

A. Apprehension
B. Denial
C. Courage
D. Neurosis
Answer: A. Apprehension
Which stage in May’s developmental stages is characterized by the rebellion against adults?

A. Innocence
B. Rebellion
C. Ordinary
D. Creative
Answer: B. Rebellion
What does May suggest is needed to face anxiety and rise above it?

A. Dependency
B. Rebellion
C. Courage
D. Neurosis
Answer: C. Courage
In May’s theory, what term is used for the ultimate goal of combining love and will?

A. Anxiety
B. Daimonic possession
C. Self-actualization
D. Destiny
Answer: D. Destiny
What does May refer to when he talks about the aspect of life determined for us?

A. Rebellion
B. Innocence
C. Destiny
D. Ordinary
Answer: C. Destiny
May views love as a need to become one with another person. What term does he use for this concept?

A. Eros
B. Will
C. Phobia
D. Neurosis
Answer: A. Eros
Questions on Viktor Frankl’s Concepts
Viktor Frankl’s form of therapy is called what?

A. Cognitive therapy
B. Psychoanalysis
C. Logotherapy
D. Behavior therapy
Answer: C. Logotherapy
Frankl’s therapy emphasizes the search for what?

A. Power
B. Wealth
C. Meaning
D. Pleasure
Answer: C. Meaning
Which term does Frankl use to describe the unconscious spiritual core of our being?

A. Ego
B. Superego
C. Conscience
D. Id
Answer: C. Conscience
Frankl’s concept of the existential vacuum refers to what?

A. Abundance of meaning
B. Lack of meaning
C. Physical health
D. Mental stability
Answer: B. Lack of meaning
What does Frankl believe is necessary to overcome the existential vacuum?

A. Wealth
B. Love
C. Meaning
D. Power
Answer: C. Meaning
Frankl’s paradoxical intention involves what therapeutic technique?

A. Avoiding fears
B. Confronting fears directly
C. Wishing for the thing you fear
D. Ignoring fears
Answer: C. Wishing for the thing you fear
In logotherapy, what is the ultimate human drive according to Frankl?

A. Will to power
B. Will to pleasure
C. Will to meaning
D. Will to survival
Answer: C. Will to meaning
Frankl’s dereflection technique is intended to help patients do what?

A. Focus more on themselves

B. Ignore their problems
C. Shift attention away from themselves
D. Obsess over their issues
Answer: C. Shift attention away from themselves
Which of the following best describes Frankl’s view on suffering?

A. It should be avoided at all costs

B. It has no value
C. It can provide meaning
D. It leads to despair
Answer: C. It can provide meaning
According to Frankl, what is necessary for achieving a sense of transcendence?

A. Wealth
B. Love
C. Suprameaning
D. Power
Answer: C. Suprameaning
Questions on General Concepts
According to existential psychology, what is the core of human existence?

A. Freedom
B. Wealth
C. Dependence
D. Safety
Answer: A. Freedom
Which existentialist concept refers to the basic motivation to realize one’s potentials?

A. Self-actualization
B. Existential vacuum
C. Daimonic possession
D. Supra-meaning
Answer: A. Self-actualization
What is the term for the ultimate value in logotherapy that transcends individual meaning?

A. Eros
B. Will
C. Destiny
D. Supra-meaning
Answer: D. Supra-meaning
Which existentialist psychologist emphasized the concept of "being-toward-death"?

A. Rollo May
B. Viktor Frankl
C. Carl Rogers
D. Abraham Maslow
Answer: B. Viktor Frankl
What is the primary focus of humanistic psychology?

A. Behaviour
B. Unconscious processes
C. Human potential
D. Conditioning
Answer: C. Human potential
According to Rogers, what is essential for developing a healthy self-concept?

A. Conditional positive regard

B. Unconditional positive regard
C. High IQ
D. Wealth
Answer: B. Unconditional positive regard
Which concept in existential psychology deals with accepting responsibility for one’s existence?

A. Freedom
B. Will
C. Conscience
D. Anxiety
Answer: C. Conscience
What does Maslow’s concept of self-actualization involve?
A. Achieving power
B. Meeting basic needs
C. Realizing one’s full potential
D. Seeking pleasure
Answer: C. Realizing one’s full potential
According to existentialists, what is the term for the sense of aimlessness or emptiness?

A. Neurosis
B. Self-actualization
C. Existential vacuum
D. Incongruity
Answer: C. Existential vacuum
Rogers’ term for the need to be loved and accepted without conditions is what?

A. Conditional positive regard

B. Self-actualization
C. Unconditional positive regard
D. Existential living
Answer: C. Unconditional positive regard
Advanced Questions on Concepts and Theories
Which of the following best describes the concept of metapathology in Maslow’s theory?

A. A positive response to metaneeds

B. A positive outlook on life
C. A negative response to unmet metaneeds
D. A form of self-actualization
Answer: C. A negative response to unmet metaneeds
According to Rogers, what happens when there is incongruity between the real self and the ideal self?

A. Self-actualization
B. Neurosis
C. Joy
D. Congruence
Answer: B. Neurosis
What is Frankl’s term for the ability to find meaning in suffering?

A. Paradoxical intention
B. Dereflection
C. Self-transcendence
D. Supra-meaning
Answer: C. Self-transcendence
Which technique in logotherapy involves the client wishing for the very thing they fear?

A. Dereflection
B. Paradoxical intention
C. Existential analysis
D. Reflection
Answer: B. Paradoxical intention
What does May’s concept of "daimonic possession" refer to?

A. Obsessive focus on a single drive or motive

B. Physical possession by a spirit
C. Complete freedom from anxiety
D. Total lack of motivation
Answer: A. Obsessive focus on a single drive or motive
According to Rogers, what is necessary for a therapist to provide in a therapeutic relationship?

A. Conditional positive regard

B. Non-directive guidance
C. Empathy, congruence, and respect
D. Strict analysis
Answer: C. Empathy, congruence, and respect
Which of the following best captures the essence of logotherapy?

A. Focusing on past traumas

B. Exploring unconscious desires
C. Finding meaning in life
D. Analyzing family dynamics
Answer: C. Finding meaning in life
What term did Frankl use to describe the intuitive sense of what is meaningful in life?

A. Ego
B. Conscience
C. Id
D. Superego
Answer: B. Conscience
Which concept does May use to describe accepting one’s destiny while facing anxiety with courage?

A. Will
B. Eros
C. Existential courage
D. Self-actualization
Answer: C. Existential courage
According to Maslow, what happens when metaneeds are consistently met?

A. Neurosis
B. Peak experiences
C. Existential vacuum
D. Metapathologies
Answer: B. Peak experiences
Comparative Questions on Theorists
Which theorist emphasized the hierarchy of needs?

A. Carl Rogers
B. Viktor Frankl
C. Rollo May
D. Abraham Maslow
Answer: D. Abraham Maslow
Who is associated with the concept of the actualizing tendency?

A. Abraham Maslow
B. Viktor Frankl
C. Carl Rogers
D. Rollo May
Answer: C. Carl Rogers
Which existential psychologist introduced the idea of the will to meaning?

A. Carl Rogers
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Viktor Frankl
D. Rollo May
Answer: C. Viktor Frankl
Who proposed the notion of metaneeds and metapathologies?

A. Viktor Frankl
B. Carl Rogers
C. Rollo May
D. Abraham Maslow
Answer: D. Abraham Maslow
Which theorist is known for client-centered therapy?

A. Rollo May
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Viktor Frankl
D. Carl Rogers
Answer: D. Carl Rogers
Who developed the concept of paradoxical intention?

A. Abraham Maslow
B. Carl Rogers
C. Viktor Frankl
D. Rollo May
Answer: C. Viktor Frankl
Which psychologist’s theory is closely related to the concept of existential courage?

A. Carl Rogers
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Rollo May
D. Viktor Frankl
Answer: C. Rollo May
Who introduced the concept of self-transcendence in the context of finding meaning?

A. Carl Rogers
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Rollo May
D. Viktor Frankl
Answer: D. Viktor Frankl
Which theorist emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in therapy?

A. Viktor Frankl
B. Carl Rogers
C. Abraham Maslow
D. Rollo May
Answer: B. Carl Rogers
Who is known for his work on the existential vacuum and its effects on mental health?

A. Carl Rogers
B. Abraham Maslow
C. Viktor Frankl
D. Rollo May
Answer: C. Viktor Frankl
Application Questions
A client feels their life is meaningless and is bored frequently. According to Frankl, this is likely due to:
A. Lack of pleasure
B. Existential vacuum
C. Low self-esteem
D. Conditional regard
Answer: B. Existential vacuum
Which therapeutic approach would involve encouraging a client to wish for the very thing they fear?

A. Client-centered therapy
B. Behavior therapy
C. Logotherapy
D. Psychoanalysis
Answer: C. Logotherapy
A therapist who emphasizes congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard is likely following
which approach?

A. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
B. Client-centered therapy
C. Psychoanalysis
D. Behavior therapy
Answer: B. Client-centered therapy
According to Maslow, what need must be fulfilled before a person can pursue self-actualization?

A. Esteem needs
B. Safety needs
C. Love and belonging needs
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
A person who feels disconnected from society and lacks purpose might benefit most from which type of
therapy?

A. Psychoanalysis
B. Logotherapy
C. Behavior therapy
D. Client-centered therapy
Answer: B. Logotherapy
According to Rogers, which of the following is essential for a person to develop a healthy self-concept?

A. Success in career
B. Financial stability
C. Unconditional positive regard
D. Physical health
Answer: C. Unconditional positive regard
What does May’s concept of "creative" personality type emphasize?

A. Conformity and tradition

B. Rebellion against norms
C. Authenticity and creativity
D. Dependence and obedience
Answer: C. Authenticity and creativity
Which therapeutic technique involves shifting attention from oneself to others to resolve issues?

A. Reflection
B. Paradoxical intention
C. Dereflection
D. Systematic desensitization
Answer: C. Dereflection
According to Maslow, what is likely to happen when a person’s self-actualization needs are consistently
unmet?

A. Peak experiences
B. Fulfillment
C. Metapathologies
D. Happiness
Answer: C. Metapathologies
Which psychologist’s work would be most useful for someone struggling with the feeling of living a
meaningless life?

A. Abraham Maslow
B. Viktor Frankl
C. Carl Rogers
D. Rollo May
Answer: B. Viktor Frankl