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Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

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Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

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nejoj41217
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Classification of Elements and

Periodicity in Properties
DOBEREINER'S TRIADS
• He noted a similarity among the physical and
chemical properties of several groups of three
elements (Triads).
• In each case, he noticed that the middle element of

each of the Triads had an atomic weight about half


way between the atomic weights of the other two.

AEB de chancourtois
• He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic
weights.
• Made a cylindrical table of elements.
• Not get much attraction.

NEWLAND'S LAW OF OCTAVES


• He found that properties of the eight element is the
repetition of the those of the first element.
• Arranged elements in the increasing order of atomic
weight.
• He compared this to the seven notes music.
• This law is known as the Law of Octaves.
• The elements with higher atomic mass did not obey this
rule.

MENDELEEV PERIODIC LAW


• The physical and chemical properties of elements are the
periodic function of their atomic masses
• Mendeleev arranged elements in horizontal rows and
vertical columns of a table.
• In order of their increasing atomic weights.
• elements with similar properties occupied the same
vertical column or group.

Merits
• study of elements made easy
• Prediction of new elements Eka – aluminum , Eka –
silicon
• Correction of atomic masses
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
The physical and chemical properties of the elements are
periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
CAUSE OF PERIODIC REPETITION OF PROPERTIES
Elements having similar outer electronic configuration
having similar properties
IN GROUPS
Elements in the same group having similar outer electronic
configuration
Electronic Configuration in Periods

• Thus, the first period with n = 1 can hold up to 2 elements by


filling the lowest level 1s. The elements are Hydrogen and
Helium with electronic configurations 1s1 and 1s2 This marks the
complete filling of K shell.
• The second period starts with Lithium and Beryllium which have
3 and 4 electrons and hence the last electrons enter the level 2s
and they have an electronic configuration of 1s22s1 and
1s22s2 This is followed by the start of the 2p orbital filling. It
starts with Boron (1s22s22p1) and ends with Neon (1s22s22p6)
which marks the completion of L shell. Thus, 8 elements are
present in the second period.
• The third period starts with Sodium and ends at Argon while
successively filling 3s and 3p orbitals. 8 elements are present in
this period too.
• The fourth period with n = 4 starts by filling the level 4s. It begins
with Potassium. However, we know that 3d orbital is to be filled
before filling of 4p orbital starts. This marks the beginning of the
3d transition elements with Scandium (electronic configuration-
[Ar]3d14s2). At zinc (electronic configuration- [Ar]3d104s2), the
3d orbital is filled.
• The fifth period with n = 5 starts by filling the level 5s. This
period consists of the 4d transition series which starts with
Yttrium. Xenon ends the period by completely filling the 5p
orbital.
• The sixth period with n = 6 holds 32 elements with electrons
filling 6s, 4f, 5d and 6p orbitals. Cerium marks the electrons
entering 4f orbital giving rise to the 4f-inner transition elements,
called the lanthanide series.
• The seventh period with n = 7 includes the man-made
radioactive elements with electrons filling 7s, 5f, 6d and 7p
orbitals. Similar to period 6, this period also leads to the filling of
electrons to 5f orbital, giving rise to the 5f-inner transition
elements known as the actinide series.

S BLOCK

• Group 1 and group 2


• Reactive metals
• Low ionisation enthalpy
• lonic compounds forms except lithium and berylium

P BLOCK

• 13-18 group
• S and p are called representative elements or main group
elements.
• P block consists of non metals, metalloids ,and metals.

D BLOCK
• It includes group 3-12
• (n-1) d 1-10 ns 1-2
• Mostly metals
• Forms coloured compounds
• Exhibit variable oxidation states,paramagnetic behaviour and
catalytic behavior
• Fe 26

F BLOCK
• Two rows of elements below bottom of periodic table
• (n-2)f 1-14 (n-1)d 0-1 2 ns
• Ce 58-[xe]4f15d 16s 2
• They are inner transition elements
• It includes lanthanoids and actinoids
• Cerium (58)-Lu(71)
• Th(90)-Lr(103)

METALS,NON-METALS METALLOIDS

• Metals -left side


• Non-metals -right side
• In period, non metallic character increases.
• In group metallic character increases.
• Metalloids show both properties
• Eg :silicon,germanium,arsenic etc..

Atomic radius

The distance from the centre of the nucleus to the


outermost shell containing electrons
Covalent radius
Covalent radius is defined as one-half the distance between
the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms of the same
element in a molecule.

Metallic radius
Metallic radius is defined as one - half the internuclear
distance between the two adjacent metal ions in the metallic
lattice
Vanderwaal's radius
half the distance between centres of nuclei of non bonded
atoms

ATOMIC RADIUS
Atomic radius is defined as the distance between the nucleus
and the outermost shell in an atom.

VARIATION IN A PERIOD
In general, atomic radii decrease with increase in atomic
number across a period.

Variation Within a Group


The atomic radii of elements increase with an increase
in the atomic number from top to bottom in a group.

ionic radius
The distance between the nucleus of an ion and the
outermost shell of the ion.

Isoelectronic species
two atoms, ions or molecules that have the same
electronic structure and the same number of valence
electrons

02,F, Na +,Al 3+ are isoelectronic.

Their nuclear charges are different and hence their


radii would also be different.

Among the isoelectronic species,greater the nuclear


charge, smaller will be the size

Ionization enthalpy

It is defined as the smallest amount of energy required


to remove the most loosely bonded electron from an
isolated gaseous atom in order to transform it into a
gaseous cation

Factors Influencing Ionization Enthalpy


• Size of the atom.
• Charge on the nucleus.
• Screening effect of inner electrons.
• Penetration effect of electrons.
• Effect of half-filled and completely filled sub-levels.
variation of ionization energy in a period
the ionization energy of elements increases. This is due to the
decrease in the size of atoms across a period. The valence
electrons get closer to the nucleus of an atom as we move
from left to right due to increased nuclear charge.

variation of ionization energy in a group

The ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in groups,


and increases from left to right across a period.

Electron gain enthalpy

Electron gain enthalpy is defined as the amount of


energy released when an electron is added to an
isolated gaseous atom. During the addition of an
electron, energy can either be released or absorbed

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