CEE-CoE-KFU

2nd Semester
2024-2025

CE-310
Reinforced Concrete Design
General Concepts & Design Approaches

Instructor:
Muhammad Nasir Amin, PhD
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Reinforced Concrete Structures

Trump Tower of Chicago

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Reinforced Concrete Structures

St. Anthony Falls Bridge

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Reinforced concrete building elements

Reinforced concrete building elements (Beam-Slab Floor System)

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Reinforced concrete building elements

Reinforced concrete building elements (Flat Slab Floor System)

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1. Materials and Properties – PC & RC

Plain Concrete vs Reinforced Concrete

 Plain concrete (PC): Very good compressive strength but relatively weak in tension.

 Reinforced concrete (RC): Placing steel or reinforcing bars (high tensile strength)
at locations where low tensile strength of concrete
would limit the load carrying capacity of the member.

- can be cast-in-place: concrete constructed in their final location

- can be precast concrete (pre-stressed concrete): produced in a
factory and erected on construction site (to increase load carrying
capacity, to reduce both the deflections and the tensile cracks).
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1. Behaviour in bending – PC and RC

Plain Concrete vs Reinforced Concrete

Plain

&

reinforced concrete beams

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Materials and Properties

Reinforced Concrete

 It is a COMPOSITE MATERIAL which requires application of

Laws of Statics, Dynamics and Mechanics of Materials

 Relatively more creative than other materials because it can be easily formed

into an infinite number of shapes.

 Structural Design is very iterative, requiring both analysis & design decisions

aided by judgment and experience.

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Materials and Properties

Logical Union of Two Materials

• Concrete is very good in compression but very weak (virtually useless) in tension
• Steel has a great tensile and compression properties

Concrete

Demerits of Steel: Steel

 Relatively expensive
 More issues with buckling since sections tend to be more slender
 Subject to corrosion issues
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Materials and Properties

Merits and Demerits of Concrete

Merits:
• Can be formed into almost any shape (versatile)
• Not subject to strength loss in a fire (better fire rating)
• Great in compression
• Relatively inexpensive

Demerits:
• Concrete members tend to be massive, resulting in heavy structures
• More labor intensive than other materials
• Ductility is hard to achieve (non-ductile)
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Materials and Properties

What makes them work together!

 The concrete BONDS well to the steel so that the materials act as composites.
 Proper concrete mix prevents steel corrosion.
 The materials have similar coefficients of thermal expansion.

Coefficient of thermal expansion of steel (7 ~ 10 micron) is

almost the same as that of concrete (5 ~ 10 micron)
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Strength vs Working Stress

Working Stress Design

(Allowable Stress Design/Alternate strength design):

 Stresses are computed in both the concrete and steel using principles of mechanics

that include consideration of composite behavior

Actual Stresses ≤ Allowable Stresses

Strength Design
 The Strength of members is computed at ultimate capacity using reduction factors

 Load Factors are applied to the loads (ACI Eqs. 9.1 – 9.7)

 Internal forces are computed from the factored loads

Factored Nominal Strength ≥ Required Strength under factored loads

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Preferred Design Method

 Strength Design has been the predominate design method since it was

introduced in the 1970s.

 Working stress provisions have been removed from the code in recent revisions.
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Strength Design Method

 Basic Design ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE:

Required Strength ≤ Design Strength

U ≤ φ (Nominal Strength)

 Typical ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE expressions:

Required strength Design strength

Nominal strength
Strength reduction factor
 Non strength based limit states (Serviceability) used un-factored loads
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Required Strength

To Calculate the Required Strength:

 The load combination consider the probability of simultaneous occurrence along

with overload factors

 With ACI 318-11, the ASCE 7 load combinations and load factors are used

 See ACI 318 -11 (Section 9.2)

 Also see Beginner’s Guide to ASCE 7-10

Strength and Serviceability Requirements (ACI 318-11) CEE-CoE-KFU
Strength and Serviceability Requirements (ACI 318-11) CEE-CoE-KFU

NOTE: For more details read directly from parent code ASCE/SEI 7-10
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Design Strength

To Calculate the Design Strength:

 Principles of mechanics will be used to determine Nominal Strength

 The nominal strength is reduced using a Reduction Factor ɸ

 The reduction factor accounts for the variation of test results for a given type of

strength determination

 See ACI 318-11 (Section 9.3)

Strength and Serviceability Requirements (ACI 318-11) CEE-CoE-KFU
Strength and Serviceability Requirements (ACI 318-11) CEE-CoE-KFU

NOTE: For more details read directly from ACI code 318-11
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 ACI 318 (Section 7.5)

 Formed cross sectional dimensions of large members are usually increments of 3-inch

(also 1 inch is allowed).

 Thin slabs (under 10 inches) and thinner elements may be increments of ½-inch.

 Rebar lengths are normally increments of 3-inch.

NOTE: For more details read directly from ACI code 318-11
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 Given the variability in material strengths and placement, accuracy is probably

only within 5-6%.

 Consequently, two decimal places figures is sufficient for all our calculations.

NOTE: For more details read directly from ACI code 318-11
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Design Limit States

A condition beyond which a structure or member becomes unfit for service and is
judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state)
or to be unsafe (strength limit state).

NOTE: For more details read directly from ACI code 318-11
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Strength (Ultimate) Limit State

Structural and nonstructural components and their connections shall have adequate
strength to resist the applicable load combinations of Section 2.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-10
Standard without exceeding the applicable strength limit states for the materials of
construction.

Allowable Stress (Working) Limit State

Structural and nonstructural components and their connections shall have adequate
strength to resist the applicable load combinations of Section 2.4 of ASCE/SEI 7-10
Standard without exceeding the applicable allowable stresses for the materials of
construction.
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Design Limit States

Serviceability Limit State

Structural systems, and members thereof, shall be designed to have adequate stiffness
to limit deflections, lateral drift, vibration, or any other deformations that adversely
affect the intended use and performance of buildings and other structures.
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Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced Concrete Behavior

 Internal forces (M, V, N, T) at any section of the member are in equilibrium with
the effect of external loads at that section.

 Perfect bonding (compatibility) exists between concrete and steel at the interface.

 Cross-sections that were plane prior to loading continue to be plane in the member

under load (linear strain distribution).

 Cracked concrete is incapable of resisting tension stresses (ignore concrete in tension).

 Actual stress-strain relationships and strength properties of concrete and steel or some
reasonable equivalent simplifications thereof are used (stress block).