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Chapter-4-Part-2-1

Chapter 4 of CE 203 discusses pure bending in composite materials, emphasizing that members made of different materials will deform differently and that the neutral axis may not pass through the centroid of the composite section. It introduces the concept of transformed sections to analyze stresses and determine the neutral axis, particularly in reinforced concrete beams. The chapter includes examples illustrating the calculation of maximum stresses in composite materials under bending moments.

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4 views

Chapter-4-Part-2-1

Chapter 4 of CE 203 discusses pure bending in composite materials, emphasizing that members made of different materials will deform differently and that the neutral axis may not pass through the centroid of the composite section. It introduces the concept of transformed sections to analyze stresses and determine the neutral axis, particularly in reinforced concrete beams. The chapter includes examples illustrating the calculation of maximum stresses in composite materials under bending moments.

Uploaded by

ayhfalhalshrfat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Yarmouk University

Civil Engineering Department

CE 203 – Strength of Materials

Chapter 4 : Pure Bending

Dr. Mohammad F. Tamimi


4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
➢ If the member is made of two or more materials with different
moduli of elasticity, the member is a composite member.

➢ This composite bar will deform as described previously, since


its cross section remains the same throughout its entire length,
and since no assumption was made previously regarding the
stress-strain relationship of the material or materials involved.
Thus, the normal strain 𝜀𝑥 still varies linearly with the distance 𝑦
from the neutral axis of the section.
𝑦
𝜀𝑥 = −
𝜌
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
➢ However, it cannot be assumed that the neutral axis passes through the centroid of the
composite section, and one of the goals of this analysis is to determine the location of this
axis.
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
➢ Since the moduli of elasticity 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 of the two materials are different, the equations for
the normal stress in each material are:

𝐸1 𝑦 𝐸2 𝑦
𝜎1 = 𝐸1 𝜀𝑥 = − 𝜎2 = 𝐸2 𝜀𝑥 = −
𝜌 𝜌

𝐸1 𝑦 𝐸2 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝐹1 = 𝜎1 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑑𝐴 ⇒ 𝑑𝐹2 = 𝜎2 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑑𝐴
𝜌 𝜌

➢ Denoting the ratio 𝐸2/𝐸1 of the two moduli of elasticity by 𝒏, we can write:
𝑛𝐸1 𝑦 𝐸1 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝐹2 = − 𝑑𝐴 = − (𝑛𝑑𝐴)
𝜌 𝜌
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
➢ Comparing the eqs., we note that the same force 𝑑𝐹2 would
be exerted on an element of area (𝑛𝑑𝐴) of the first material.
Thus, the resistance to bending of the bar would remain the
same if both portions were made of the first material,
provided that the width of each element of the lower portion
were multiplied by the factor (𝑛).

➢ Note that this widening (if 𝑛 > 1) or narrowing (if 𝑛 < 1) must
be in a direction parallel to the neutral axis of the section,
since it is essential that the distance 𝑦 of each element from
the neutral axis remain the same. This new cross section is
called the transformed section of the member.
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
➢ Since the transformed section represents the cross section of
a member made of a homogeneous material with a modulus of
elasticity 𝐸1, the method described previously can be used to
determine the neutral axis of the section and the normal stress
at various points.

➢ The neutral axis is drawn through the centroid of the


transformed section, and the stress 𝜎𝑥 at any point of the
corresponding homogeneous member and the curvature are:

𝑀𝑦 1 𝑀
𝜎𝑥 = − =
𝐼 𝜌 𝐸1 𝐼
➢ where 𝑦 is the distance from the neutral surface and 𝐼 is the
moment of inertia of the transformed section with respect to
its centroidal axis.
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
➢ To obtain the stress 𝜎1 at a point located in the upper portion of the cross section of the
original composite bar, compute the stress 𝜎𝑥 at the corresponding point of the
transformed section.

➢ However, to obtain the stress 𝜎2 at a point in the lower portion of the cross section of the
original composite bar, we must multiply by ( 𝑛 ) the stress 𝜎𝑥 computed at the
corresponding point of the transformed section.
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
➢ An important example of structural members made of
two different materials is furnished by reinforced
concrete beams.

➢ These beams, when subjected to positive bending


moments, are reinforced by steel rods placed a short
distance above their lower face.

➢ Since concrete is very weak in tension, it cracks below


the neutral surface, and the steel rods carry the entire
tensile load, while the upper part of the concrete beam
carries the compressive load.
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
➢ To obtain the transformed section of a reinforced concrete
beam, we replace the total cross-sectional area 𝐴𝑠 of the
steel bars by an equivalent area 𝑛𝐴𝑠 , where 𝑛 is the ratio
𝐸𝑠/𝐸𝑐 of the moduli of elasticity of steel and concrete.

➢ The position of the neutral axis is obtained by determining


the distance 𝑥 from the upper face of the beam to the
centroid C of the transformed section: 𝑥
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑥 = 0
2
1 2
⇒ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝑑 = 0
➢ The normal stress in the concrete and steel: 2
𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑐 = 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑠 = 𝑛𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 = −
𝐼
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.7:

A bar obtained by bonding together pieces of


steel (𝐸𝑠 = 29 x 106 psi) and brass (𝐸𝑏 = 15 x
106 psi) has the cross section shown.

Determine the maximum stress in the steel and


in the brass when the bar is in pure bending
with a bending moment 𝑀 = 40 kip.in ?
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.7:
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.7:
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.8:

Two steel plates have been welded together to form a


beam in the shape of a T that has been strengthened by
securely bolting to it the two oak timbers shown in the
figure.

The modulus of elasticity is 12.5 GPa for the wood and


200 GPa for the steel. Knowing that a bending moment 𝑀
= 50 kN.m is applied to the composite beam, determine:

a. The maximum stress in the wood


b. The stress in the steel along the top edge.
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.8:
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.8:
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.8:
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.8:
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.9:

A concrete floor slab is reinforced by 5/8-in.-


diameter steel rods placed 1.5 in. above the
lower face of the slab and spaced 6 in. on
centers, as shown in the figure.

The modulus of elasticity is 3.6 x 106 psi for the


concrete used and 29 x 106 psi for the steel.
Knowing that a bending moment of 40 kip.in. is
applied to each 1-ft width of the slab, determine:

a. The maximum stress in the concrete


b. The stress in the steel.
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.9:
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.9:
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.9:
4.4 Members Made of Composite Materials
• Example 4.9:

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