8-2C Reynolds number for flow in a circular tube of diameter D is expressed as

V D m m 4m 
Re  m where V    and  
 Ac  (D / 4)  D
2 2 
Substituting,
m, Vm
Vm D 4m D 4m
Re   
  D 2 (  /  ) D

8-21 Air flows inside a duct and it is cooled by water outside. The exit temperature of air and the rate
of heat transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the duct is constant. 3
The thermal resistance of the duct is negligible.
Properties The properties of air at the anticipated average temperature of 30C are (Table A-15)
  1.164 kg/m 3 Te
C p  1007 J/kg. C
Analysis The mass flow rate of water is
 D 2 
m  Ac Vm    Vm
 4 
  12 m
(0.2 m) 2 5C
 (1.164 kg/m )3
(7 m/s) = 0.256 kg/s
4
Air
As  DL   (0.2 m)(12 m) = 7.54 m 2 50C
The exit temperature of air is determined from 7 m/s
( 9.09 )(7.54 )

 hAs /( m C p )
Te  Ts  (Ts  Ti )e  5  (5  50)e ( 0.256 )(1007)
 8.74 C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat transfe r are
Te  Ti 8.74  50
Tln    16.59C
 T s  Te   5  8.74 
ln  ln


 Ts  Ti   5  50 
Q  hAs Tln  (85 W/m 2 .C)(7.54 m 2 )(16.59C)  10,6333.41 10 4 W  10,633 W  10.6 kW

1
)2( ‫ السؤال‬Steam is condensed by cooling water flowing inside copper tubes. The average heat
transfer coefficient and the number of tubes needed are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the pipe is constant. 3
The thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible.
Properties The properties of water at the average temperature of (10+24)/2=17C are (Table A-9)
  998.7 kg/m 3
C p  4184.5 J/kg. C
Steam, 30C
Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 30C is h fg  2431 kJ/kg .
Analysis The mass flow rate of water and the surface area are
 D 2  24C
m  Ac Vm   Vm

Water
10C D = 1.2 cm
 4 
4 m/s
(0.012 m) 2
 (998.7 kg/m 3 ) (4 m/s) = 0.4518 kg/s
4 L=5m
The rate of heat transfer for one tube is
Q  m C (T  T )  (0.4518 kg/s )( 4184 .5 J/kg. C)( 24  10 C)  26 ,468 W
p e i

The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are
Te  Ti 24  10
Tln    11 .63C
 Ts  Te   30  24 
ln  ln 
 Ts  Ti   30  10 
As  DL   (0.012 m)(5 m) = 0.1885 m 2
The average heat transfer coefficient is determined from
Q 26,468 W  1 kW 
Q  hAs Tln  h      12.1 kW/m .C
2
As Tln (0.1885 m 2 )(11 .63C)  1000 W 
The total rate of heat transfer is determined from
Q total  m cond h fg  (0.15 kg/s )( 2431 kJ/kg)  364 .65 kW
Then the number of tubes becomes
Q 364,650 W
N tube  total   13.8
Q 26,468 W

2
)3( ‫ السؤال‬Combustion gases passing through a tube are used to vaporize waste water. The tube
length and the rate of evaporation of water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the pipe is constant. 3
The thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 Air properties are to be used for exhaust gases.
Properties The properties of air at the average temperature of (250+150)/2=200C are (Table A-15)
C p  1023 J/kg. C
R  0.287 kJ/kg.K
Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 1 atm or 100C is h fg  2257 kJ/kg .
Analysis The density of air at the inlet and the mass flow rate of exhaust gases are Ts=110C
P 115 kPa
   0.7662 kg/m 3
RT (0.287 kJ/kg.K) (250  273 K)
150C
 D 2  Exh. gases
m  Ac Vm   Vm

250C D =3 cm
 4  5 m/s
(0.03 m) 2
 (0.7662 kg/m 3 ) (5 m/s) = 0.002708 kg/s L
4
The rate of heat transfer is
Q  m C (T  T )  (0.002708 kg/s )(1023 J/kg. C)( 250  150 C)  276 .9 W
p i e

The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are
Te  Ti 150  250
Tln    79.82C
 Ts  Te   110  150 

ln 

ln 
 Ts  Ti   110  250 
Q 276.9 W
Q  hAs Tln 
 As    0.02891 m 2
hTln (120 W/m 2 .C)(79.82C)
Then the tube length becomes
As 0.02891 m 2
As  DL 
 L    0.3067 m  30.7 cm
D  (0.03 m)
The rate of evaporation of water is determined from
Q (0.2769 kW)
Q  m evap h fg 
 m evap    0.0001227 kg/s = 0.442 kg/h
h fg (2257 kJ/kg)

3
8-32C In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the pressure drop is given by
8LVm 32LVm
P  
R2 D2
V V
The mean velocity can be expressed in terms of the flow rate as Vm   . Substituting,
Ac D 2 / 4
8LVm 32LVm 32L V 128LV
P    
R 2
D 2
D D / 4
2 2
D 4
Therefore, at constant flow rate and pipe length, the pressure drop is inversely proportional to the 4th
power of diameter, and thus reducing the pipe diameter by half will increase the pressure drop by a
factor of 16 .

)4( ‫ السؤال‬The flow rate through a specified water pipe is given. The pressure drop and the
pumping power requirements are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus
the flow is fully developed. 3 The pipe involves no components such as bends, valves, and connectors.
4 The piping section involves no work devices such as pumps and turbines.
Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water are given to be  = 999.1 kg/m3 and  =
1.13810-3 kg/ms, respectively. The roughness of stainless steel is 0.002 mm (Table 8-3).
Analysis First we calculate the mean velocity and the Reynolds number to determine the flow regime:
V V 0.005 m 3 / s
Vm     3.98 m / s
Ac D / 4  (0.04 m) 2 / 4
2

Vm D (999.1 kg/m 3 )(3.98 m/s)(0.04 m)

Re    1.40  10 5 Water
 3
1.138  10 kg/m  s D = 4 cm
5 L/s
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.
The relative roughness of the pipe is L = 30 m
2 10 6 m
/D  5 10 5
0.04 m
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to
avoid the reading error, we determine it from the Colebrook equation
using an equation solver (or an iterative scheme),
1  / D 2.51  1  5 10 5 2.51 
 2.0 log     2.0 log  
f  3.7 Re f  f  3.7 1.40 10 5 f 
  

It gives f = 0.0171. Then the pressure drop and the required power
input become

L Vm   1 kPa 
2
30 m (999.1 kg/m 3 )(3.98 m/s) 2 1 kN
P  f  0.0171     101.5 kPa
D 2 0.04 m 2  1000 kg  m/s  1 kN/m 
2

 1 kW 
W pump,u  VP  (0.005 m 3 / s)(101.5 kPa )   0.508 kW
 1 kPa  m /s 
3

Therefore, useful power input in the amount of 0.508 kW is needed to

overcome the frictional losses in the pipe.
Discussion The friction factor could also be determined easily from the explicit Haaland relation. It
would give f = 0.0169, which is sufficiently close to 0.0171. Also, the friction factor corresponding to 
= 0 in this case is 0.0168, which indicates that stainless steel pipes can be assumed to be smooth with
an error of about 2%. Also, the power input determined is the mechanical power that needs to be
imparted to the fluid. The shaft power will be more than this due to pump inefficiency; the electrical
power input will be even more due to motor inefficiency.

4
)5( ‫ السؤال‬In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at r = R/2 is
measured. The velocity at the center of the pipe (r = 0) is to be determined.
Assumptions The flow is steady, laminar, and fully developed.
Analysis The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe is given by
 r2 
V (r )  Vmax 1  2 
 R 
 
where Vmax is the maximum velocity which occurs at pipe center, r = 0. At r =R/2, V(r)=Vmax(1-r2/R2)
 ( R / 2) 2 
  Vmax 1  1  
3Vmax
V ( R / 2)  Vmax 1 
 2   4  4
 R  R
r
Solving for Vmax and substituting,
4V ( R / 2) 4(6 m/s) 0
Vmax    8 m/s
3 3 Vmax
which is the velocity at the pipe center.

)6( ‫ السؤال‬The average flow velocity in a pipe is given. The pressure drop and the pumping
power are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus
the flow is fully developed. 3 The pipe involves no components such as bends, valves, and connectors.
4 The piping section involves no work devices such as pumps and turbines.
Properties The density and dynamic viscosity of water are given to be  = 999.7 kg/m3 and  =
1.30710-3 kg/ms, respectively.
Analysis (a) First we need to determine the flow regime. The Reynolds number of the flow is

Vm D (999.7 kg/m 3 )(1.2 m/s)(2 10 -3 m)

Re    1836
 1.307  10 -3 kg/m  s Water
D = 0.2 cm
1.2 m/s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar. Then
the friction factor and the pressure drop become
L = 15 m
64 64
f    0.0349
Re 1836
L Vm   1 kPa 
2
15 m (999.7 kg/m 3 )(1.2 m/s) 2 1 kN
P  f  0.0349     188 kPa
 1000 kg  m/s  1 kN/m 
D 2 0.002 m 2 2

(b) The volume flow rate and the pumping power requirements are

V  Vm Ac  Vm (D 2 / 4)  (1.2 m/s)[ (0.002 m) 2 / 4]  3.77 10 6 m 3 / s

 1000 W 
W pump  VP  (3.77 10 6 m 3 / s)(188 kPa )   0.71 W
 1 kPa  m 3 /s 
Therefore, power input in the amount of 0.71 W is needed to overcome the frictional losses in the flow
due to viscosity.

5
)7(‫ السؤال‬Water is to be heated in a tube equipped with an electric resistance heater on its
surface. The power rating of the heater and the inner surface temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The surface heat flux is uniform. 3 The inner surfaces of
the tube are smooth.
Properties The properties of water at the average temperature
(Resistance heater)
of (80+10) / 2 = 45C are (Table A-9)
  990.1 kg/m 3 Water
k  0.637 W/m. C 10C D = 2 cm
3 m/s 80C
   /   0.602  10 -6 2
m /s
C p  4180 J/kg. C L
Pr  3.91
Analysis The power rating of the resistance heater is
  V  (990.1 kg/m 3 )(0.008 m 3 /min)  7.921 kg/min  0.132 kg/s
m
Q  m C p (Te  Ti )  (0.132 kg/s )( 4180 J/kg. C)(80  10 )C  38,627 W
The velocity of water and the Reynolds number are
V (8  10 3 / 60) m3 / s
Vm    0.4244 m / s
Ac  (0.02 m) 2 / 4
Vm Dh (0.4244 m/s)(0.02 m)
Re    14,101
 0.602  10 6 m 2 /s
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are
roughly
Lh  Lt  10D  10(0.02 m)  0.20 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hDh
Nu   0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4  0.023(14,101) 0.8 (3.91) 0.4  82.79
k
Heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.637 W/m. C
h Nu  (82.79)  2637 W/m 2 .C
Dh 0.02 m
Then the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit becomes
Q  hA (T  T )
s s ,e e

38,627 W  (2637 W/m .C)[ (0.02 m )(7 m )](Ts  80)C

2

Ts ,e  113.3C

6
)8(‫ السؤال‬Flow of hot air through uninsulated square ducts of a heating system in the attic is
considered. The exit temperature and the rate of heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 80C since the mean temperature of air
at the inlet will drop somewhat as a result of heat loss through the duct whose surface is at a lower
temperature. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)
  0.9994 kg/m 3
Te
k  0.02953 W/m. C
  2.097  10 -5 m 2 /s
C p  1008 J/kg. C
Pr  0.7154
Analysis The characteristic length that is the hydraulic 10 m
diameter, the mean velocity of air, and the Reynolds number 70C
are
4 Ac 4a 2 Air
Dh    a  015. m 85C
P 4a 0.1 m3/min
V 0.10 m 3 /s
Vm    4.444 m/s
Ac (0.15 m) 2
Vm D h (4.444 m/s)(0.15 m)
Re    31,791
 2.097  10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 10,0000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are
roughly
Lh  Lt  10Dh  10(0.15 m)  1.5 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hDh
Nu   0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.3  0.023(31,791)0.8 (0.7154)0.3  83.16
k
Heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.02953 W/m. C
h Nu  (83.16)  16.37 W/m 2 .C
Dh 0.15 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of air,
As  4aL  4(0.15 m)(10 m) = 6 m 2
m  V  (0.9994 kg/m 3 )(0.10 m 3 /s) = 0.09994 kg/s
(16.37 )(6 )

 hA /( m C p )
Te  Ts  (Ts  Ti )e  70  (70  85)e ( 0.09994 )(1008)
 75.7C
Then the logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the air becomes
Te  Ti 75.7  85
Tln    9.58C
 T s  Te   70  75.7 
ln 

ln 
 Ts  Ti   70  85 
Q  hA T  (16.37 W/m 2 .C)(6 m 2 )(9.58C)  941.1 W
s ln

Note that the temperature of air drops by almost 10C as it flows in the duct as a result of heat loss.

)9( ‫ السؤال‬Oil flows through a pipeline that passes through icy waters of a lake. The exit
temperature of the oil and the rate of heat loss are to be determined.

7
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the pipe is very nearly
0C. 3 The thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 The inner surfaces of the pipeline are smooth.
5 The flow is hydrodynamically developed when the pipeline reaches the lake.
(Icy lake, 0C)
Properties The properties of oil at 10C are (Table A-13)
  893.5 kg/m 3 , k  0.146 W/m. C Oil
10C
  2.325 kg/m.s,   2591 10 m /s -6 2
0.5 m/s D = 0.4 m
Te
C p  1838 J/kg. C, Pr  28750
Analysis (a) The Reynolds number in this case is L = 300 m
Vm D h (0.5 m/s)(0.4 m)
Re    77.19
 2591 10 6 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar, and the thermal entry length is roughly
Lt  0.05 Re Pr D  0.05(77.19)(28750)(0.4 m)  44,384 m
which is much longer than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we assume thermally developing
flow, and determine the Nusselt number from
 0.4 m 
0.065 (77.19)(28,750)
Nu 
hD
 3.66 
0.065( D / L) Re Pr
 3.66   300 m   24.47
k 1  0.04( D / L) Re Pr 2 / 3  0.4 m  
2/3
1  0.04 (77.19)(28,750)
 300 m  
k 0.146 W/m. C
and h Nu  (24.47)  8.930 W/m 2 .C
D 0.4 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of oil
As  DL   (0.4 m)(300 m) = 377 m 2
 D 2   (0.4 m) 2
m  V  Ac Vm    Vm  (893.5 kg/m 3 )
 (0.5 m/s) = 56.14 kg/s
 4  4
(8.930 )(377 )

 hAs /( m C p )
Te  Ts  (Ts  Ti )e  0  (0  10)e (56.14 )(1838)
 9.68 C
(b) The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the oil are
Te  Ti 9.68  10
Tln    9.84C
 T s  Te   0  9.68 
ln  ln


 Ts  Ti   0  10 
Q  hAs Tln  (8.930 W/m 2 .C)(377 m 2 )(9.84C)  3.31 10 4 W  3.31 kW
The friction factor is
64 64
f    0.8291
Re 77.19
Then the pressure drop in the pipe and the required pumping power become
L Vm
2
300 m (893.5 kg/m 3 )(0.5 m/s ) 2  1 kN  1 kPa 
P  f  0.8291     69.54 kPa
 1000 kg  m/s  1 kN/m 
D 2 0.4 m 2 2

 1 kW 
W pump,u  VP  (0.0628 m 3 /s)(69.54 kPa )   4.364 kW
 1 kPa  m /s 
3

Discussion The power input determined is the mechanical power that needs to be imparted to the fluid.
The shaft power will be much more than this due to pump inefficiency; the electrical power input will
be even more due to motor inefficiency.

8
10()‫ السؤال‬Laminar flow of a fluid through an isothermal square channel is considered. The
change in the pressure drop and the rate of heat transfer are to be determined when the mean velocity is
doubled.
Analysis The pressure drop of the fluid for laminar flow is expressed as
L Vm 2 64 L Vm 2 64  L Vm 2 L
P1  f    32 Vm 2
D 2 Re D 2 Vm D D 2 D
When the free-stream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the pressure drop becomes
L (2 Vm ) 2 64 L 4 Vm 2 64  L 4 Vm 2 L
P2  f    64 Vm 2
D 2 Re D 2 2 Vm D D 2 D
Their ratio is L
P2 64
 2
P1 32 Laminar flow
Vm
The rate of heat transfer between the fluid and the walls of the channel is expressed as
0.4
k k  Re Pr D 
1/ 3
 b 
Q1  hATln  NuATln  1.86   
  ATln
D D  L   s
0.4
V 1 / 3 D1 / 3 k  b 
 Re Pr D 
1/ 3
 m 1/ 3 1.86   ATln

  L   
D  s
When the free-stream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the
heat transfer rate becomes
0.4
(2Vm )1 / 3 D1 / 3 k  Re Pr D 
1/ 3
 b 
Q 2  1.86   
  ATln
 1/ 3
D  L   s
Their ratio is
Q 2 (2 Vm )1/ 3
  21/ 3  1.26

Q1 Vm 1/ 3

Therefore, doubling the velocity will double the pressure drop but it will increase the heat transfer rate
by only 26%.

9
)10( ‫ كمالة السوال‬Turbulent flow of a fluid through an isothermal square channel is
considered. The change in the pressure drop and the rate of heat transfer are to be determined when the
free-stream velocity is doubled.
Analysis The pressure drop of the fluid for turbulent flow is expressed as
L Vm 2 L Vm 2 V 0.2 D 0.2 L Vm 2
P1  f  0.184 Re 0.2  0.184 m 0.2
D 2 D 2  D 2
 0.2
D L
 0.092Vm1.8  

  D
When the free-stream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the pressure drop becomes
L  (2Vm )2 L  4Vm 2 (2Vm ) 0.2 D 0.2 L  4Vm 2
P2  f  0.184 Re  0.2  0.184
D 2 D 2  0.2 D 2
 0.2
D L
 0.368(2) 0.2 Vm1.8  
  D
L
Their ratio is
P2 0.368(2) 0.2 Vm 1.8
  4(2) 0.2  3.48 Turbulent flow
P1 0.092Vm 1.8
Vm
The rate of heat transfer between the fluid and the walls of the channel is expressed as
k k
Q1  hATln  NuATln  0.023 Re 0.8 Pr1 / 3 ATln
D D
0. 8
 D  k 1/ 3
 0.023Vm 0.8   Pr ATln
  D
When the free-stream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the heat transfer rate becomes
0.8
 D  k 1/ 3
Q 2  0.023(2Vm )0.8   Pr ATln
  D
Their ratio is
Q 2 (2 Vm ) 0.8
  2 0.8  1.74
Q1 V 0.8
m
Therefore, doubling the velocity will increase the pressure drop 3.8 times but it will increase the heat
transfer rate by only 74%.

10
)11( ‫السوال‬ A circuit board is cooled by passing cool air through a channel drilled into the
board. The maximum total power of the electronic components is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat flux at the top surface of the channel is
uniform, and heat transfer through other surfaces is negligible. 3 The inner surfaces of the channel are
smooth. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air in the channel is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and estimated average temperature of 25C are (Table A-15)
  1.184 kg/m 3 Electronic components,
50C
k  0.02551 W/m. C Te
  1.562  10 -5 m 2 /s
C p  1007 J/kg. C Air
Pr  0.7296 15C L = 20 cm
4 m/s Air channel
0.2 cm  14 cm
Analysis The cross-sectional and heat transfer surface areas are
Ac  (0.002 m )(0.14 m )  0.00028 m 2
As  (0.14 m )(0.2 m )  0.028 m 2
To determine heat transfer coefficient, we first need to find the Reynolds number,
4 Ac 4(0.00028 m 2 )
Dh    0.003944 m
P 2(0.002 m + 0.14 m)
Vm D h (4 m/s)(0.003944 m)
Re    1010
 1.562  10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length is
Lt  0.05 Re Pr Dh  0.05(1010)(0.7296)(0.003944 m) = 0.1453 m < 0.20 m
Therefore, we have developing flow through most of the channel. However, we take the conservative
approach and assume fully developed flow, and from Table 8-1 we read Nu = 8.24. Then the heat
transfer coefficient becomes
k 0.02551 W/m. C
h Nu  (8.24)  53.30 W/m 2 .C
Dh 0.003944 m
Also,
  VAc  (1.184 kg/m 3 )(4 m/s )(0.00028 m 2 )  0.001326 kg/s
m
Heat flux at the exit can be written as q  h(Ts  Te ) where Ts  50 C at the exit. Then the heat
transfer rate can be expressed as Q  qAs  hAs (Ts  Te ) , and the exit temperature of the air can be
determined from
hAs (Ts  Te )  m C p (Te  Ti )
(53.30 W/m 2 .C)(0.028 m 2 )(50C  Te )  (0.001326 kg/s )(1007 J/kg. C)(Te  15C)
Te  33.5C
Then the maximum total power of the electronic components that can safely be mounted on this circuit
board becomes
Qmax m C (T  T )  (0.001326 kg/s )(1007 J/kg. C)( 33 .5  15 C)  24.7 W
p e i

11
)11( ‫ كمالة السوال‬A circuit board is cooled by passing cool helium gas through a channel
drilled into the board. The maximum total power of the electronic components is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat flux at the top surface of the channel is
uniform, and heat transfer through other surfaces is negligible. 3 The inner surfaces of the channel are
smooth. 4 Helium is an ideal gas. 5 The pressure of helium in the channel is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of helium at the estimated average temperature of 25C are (Table A-16)
  0.1635 kg/m 3 Electronic components,
50C
k  0.1565 W/m. C
Te
  1.233  10 -4 m 2 /s
C p  5193 J/kg. C He
Pr  0.669 15C L = 20 cm
4 m/s Air channel
0.2 cm  14 cm
Analysis The cross-sectional and heat transfer surface areas are
Ac  (0.002 m )(0.14 m )  0.00028 m 2
As  (0.14 m )(0.2 m )  0.028 m 2
To determine heat transfer coefficient, we need to first find the Reynolds number
4 Ac 4(0.00028 m 2 )
Dh    0.003944 m
P 2(0.002 m + 0.14 m)
Vm D h (4 m/s)(0.003944 m)
Re    127.9
 1.233 10  4 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length is
Lt  0.05 Re Pr Dh  0.05(127.9)(0.669)(0.003944 m) = 0.01687 m << 0.20 m
Therefore, the flow is fully developed flow, and from Table 8-3 we read Nu = 8.24. Then the heat
transfer coefficient becomes
k 0.1565 W/m. C
h Nu  (8.24)  327.0 W/m 2 .C
Dh 0.003944 m
Also,
  VAc  (0.1635 kg/m 3 )(4 m/s )(0.00028 m 2 )  0.0001831kg/s
m
Heat flux at the exit can be written as q  h(Ts  Te ) where Ts  50 C at the exit. Then the heat
transfer rate can be expressed as Q  qAs  hAs (Ts  Te ) , and the exit temperature of the air can be
determined from
m C p (Te  Ti )  hAs (Ts  Te )
(0.0001831 kg/s )(5193 J/kg. C)(Te  15C)  (327.0 W/m 2 .C)(0.0568 m 2 )(50C  Te )
Te  46.7C
Then the maximum total power of the electronic components that can safely be mounted on this circuit
board becomes
Qmax m C (T  T )  (0.0001831 kg/s )(5193 J/kg. C)( 46 .7  15 C)  30.2 W
p e i

12
8-50 "!PROBLEM 8-50"
"GIVEN"
L=0.20 "[m]"
width=0.14 "[m]"
height=0.002 "[m]"
T_i=15 "[C]"
Vel=4 "[m/s], parameter to be varied"
"T_s=50 [C], parameter to be varied"

"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='air'
C_p=CP(Fluid$, T=T_ave)*Convert(kJ/kg-C, J/kg-C)
k=Conductivity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
Pr=Prandtl(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
rho=Density(Fluid$, T=T_ave, P=101.3)
mu=Viscosity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
nu=mu/rho
T_ave=1/2*(T_i+T_e)

"ANALYSIS"
A_c=width*height
A=width*L
p=2*(width+height)
D_h=(4*A_c)/p
Re=(Vel*D_h)/nu "The flow is laminar"
L_t=0.05*Re*Pr*D_h
"Taking conservative approach and assuming fully developed laminar flow, from Table 8-
1 we read"
Nusselt=8.24
h=k/D_h*Nusselt
m_dot=rho*Vel*A_c
Q_dot=h*A*(T_s-T_e)
Q_dot=m_dot*C_p*(T_e-T_i)

13
Vel [m/s] Q [W]
1 9.453
2 16.09
3 20.96
4 24.67
5 27.57
6 29.91
7 31.82
8 33.41
9 34.76
10 35.92

Ts [C] Q [W]
30 10.59
35 14.12
40 17.64
45 21.15
50 24.67
55 28.18
60 31.68
65 35.18
70 38.68
75 42.17
80 45.65
85 49.13
90 52.6

14
 40

35

30

25
Q [W]

20

15

10

5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Vel [m/s]

55

50

45

40
Q [W]

35

30

25

20

15

10
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Ts [C]

15
)12( ‫ السوال‬Air enters a rectangular duct. The exit temperature of the air, the rate of heat
transfer, and the fan power are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air in the duct is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 40C since the mean temperature of air
at the inlet will drop somewhat as a result of heat loss through the duct whose surface is at a lower
temperature. The properties of air at this temperature and 1 atm are (Table A-15)
  1.127 kg/m 3 C p  1007 J/kg. C
k  0.02662 W/m. C Pr  0.7255 Ts = 10C

  1.702 10 m /s -5 2
Air duct
Analysis (a) The hydraulic diameter, the mean velocity of air, 15 cm  20 cm
and the Reynolds number are
4 Ac 4(015
. m)(0.20 m)
Dh    01714
. m
P 2 (015
. m) + (0.20 m)
Air L=7m
V D (7 m/s)(0.1714 m) 50C
Re  m h   70,525 7 m/s
 1.702  10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly

Lh  Lt  10Dh  10(0.1714 m)  1.714 m

which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hDh
Nu   0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.3  0.023(70,525)0.8 (0.7255)0.3  158.0
k
Heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.02662 W/m. C
h Nu  (158.0)  24.53 W/m 2 .C
Dh 0.1714 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of air
As  2  7[(0.15 m) + (0.20 m)] = 4.9 m 2
Ac  (0.15 m)(0.20 m) = 0.03 m 2
m  VAc  (1.127 kg/m 3 )(7 m/s)(0.03 m 2 ) = 0.2367 kg/s
( 24.53)(4.9 )

 hAs /( m C p )
Te  Ts  (Ts  Ti )e  10  (10  50)e ( 0.2367)(1007)
 34.2C
(b) The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the air are
Te  Ti 34.2  50
Tln    31.42C
 T s  Te   10  34.2 

ln  ln 
  10  50 
 Ts  Ti 
Q  hA T  (24.53 W/m 2 .C)(4.9 m 2 )(31.42C)  3776 W
s ln
(c) The friction factor, the pressure drop, and then the fan power can
be determined for the case of fully developed turbulent flow to be
f  0.184 Re0.2  0.184(70,525)0.2  0.01973
L Vm 2 (7 m) (1.127 kg/m 3 )(7 m/s ) 2
P  f  0.01973  22.25 N/m 2
D 2 (0.1714 m) 2
m P (0.2367 kg/s )(22.25 N/m 2 )
W pump    4.67 W
 1.127 kg/m 3

8-52 "!PROBLEM 8-52"

"GIVEN"

16
L=7 "[m]"
width=0.15 "[m]"
height=0.20 "[m]"
T_i=50 "[C]"
"Vel=7 [m/s], parameter to be varied"
T_s=10 "[C]"

"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='air'
C_p=CP(Fluid$, T=T_ave)*Convert(kJ/kg-C, J/kg-C)
k=Conductivity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
Pr=Prandtl(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
rho=Density(Fluid$, T=T_ave, P=101.3)
mu=Viscosity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
nu=mu/rho
T_ave=1/2*(T_i+T_e)

"ANALYSIS"
"(a)"
A_c=width*height
p=2*(width+height)
D_h=(4*A_c)/p
Re=(Vel*D_h)/nu "The flow is turbulent"
L_t=10*D_h "The entry length is much shorter than the total length of the duct."
Nusselt=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^0.3
h=k/D_h*Nusselt
A=2*L*(width+height)
m_dot=rho*Vel*A_c
T_e=T_s-(T_s-T_i)*exp((-h*A)/(m_dot*C_p))
"(b)"
DELTAT_ln=(T_e-T_i)/ln((T_s-T_e)/(T_s-T_i))
Q_dot=h*A*DELTAT_ln
"(c)"
f=0.184*Re^(-0.2)
DELTAP=f*L/D_h*(rho*Vel^2)/2
W_dot_pump=(m_dot*DELTAP)/rho

17
 Te [C] Q [W] Wpump [W]
Vel [m/s]
1 29.01 715.6 0.02012
1.5 30.14 1014 0.06255
2 30.92 1297 0.1399
2.5 31.51 1570 0.2611
3 31.99 1833 0.4348
3.5 32.39 2090 0.6692
4 32.73 2341 0.9722
4.5 33.03 2587 1.352
5 33.29 2829 1.815
5.5 33.53 3066 2.369
6 33.75 3300 3.022
6.5 33.94 3531 3.781
7 34.12 3759 4.652
7.5 34.29 3984 5.642
8 34.44 4207 6.759
8.5 34.59 4427 8.008
9 34.72 4646 9.397
9.5 34.85 4862 10.93
10 34.97 5076 12.62

18
 35 6000

34 Te 5000

33 4000
Te [C]

Q [W]
32 Q 3000

31 2000

30 1000

29 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Vel [m/s]

14

12

10

8
Wpump [W]

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Vel [m/s]

)13( ‫ السؤال‬Air enters a hollow-core printed circuit board. The exit temperature of the air and
the highest temperature on the inner surface are to be determined. 

19
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat generated is uniformly distributed over the two
surfaces of the PCB. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 310 K since the mean temperature of air
at the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the hollow core whose surface is exposed
to a constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)
  1.143 kg/m 3
k  0.0268 W/m. C Electronic components,
20 W
  1.67 10 m /s
-5 2
Te
C p  1006 J/kg. C
Pr  0.710 Air
L = 18 cm
 b  1.89  10 5 kg/m.s 32C
Air channel
0.8 L/s
 s ,@ 350 K  2.08  10 5 kg/m.s 0.25 cm  12 cm

Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
m  V  (1143
. kg / m3 )(0.8  10-3 m3 / s) = 9.14  10-4 kg / s
Q 20 W
Q  mC
 p (Te  Ti )  Te  Ti   32  C + 4
 53.7 C
 p
mC (9.14  10 kg / s)(1006 J / kg.  C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are
V 0.8  10 3 m 3 /s
Vm    2.67 m/s
Ac (0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
4 Ac 4(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
Dh    0.0049 m
P 2[(0.12 m) + (0.0025 m)]
Then,
Vm Dh (2.67 m / s)(0.0049 m)
Re    783
 .  10 5 m2 / s
167
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
Lt  0.05 Re Pr Dh  0.05(783)(0.71)(0.0049 m) = 0.14 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow , and
determine the Nusselt number from

0.14 0.14
hDh  Re Pr D 
1/ 3
 b   (783)(0.71)(0.0049) 
1/ 3
 1.89 10 5 
Nu   1.86     1.86    8.24
    2.08 10 5 
k  L   s   0.18   
and,
k 0.0268 W/m. C
h Nu  (8.24)  46.2 W/m 2 .C
Dh 0.0049 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined
from
Q
Q  hAs (Ts , highest  Te )  Ts , highest  Te 
hAs
20 W
 53.7C +  64.0C

(46.2 W/m 2 .C) 2(0.12  0.18 + 0.0025  0.18)m2 

)13(‫ كماله السوال‬Air enters a hollow-core printed circuit board. The exit temperature of the
air and the highest temperature on the inner surface are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat generated is uniformly distributed over the two
surfaces of the PCB. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.

20
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 310 K since the mean temperature of air
at the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the hollow core whose surface is exposed
to a constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)
  1143
. kg / m3 Electronic components,
35 W
k  0.0268 W / m.  C
Te
  167
.  10-5 m2 / s
C p  1006 J / kg.  C
Air
Pr  0.710 L = 18 cm
32C
5
 b  189
.  10 kg / m.s 0.8 L/s Air channel
0.25 cm  12 cm
5
 s,@350 K  2.08  10 kg / m.s
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
m  V  (1143
. kg / m3 )(0.8  10-3 m3 / s) = 9.14  10-4 kg / s
Q 35 W
Q  mC
 p (Te  Ti )  Te  Ti   32 C + 
 70.1 C
 p
mC (9.14  10 kg / s)(1006 J / kg.  C)
4

(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are

V 0.8  10 3 m 3 / s
Vm    2.67 m / s
Ac (0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
4 Ac 4(012
. m)(0.0025 m)
Dh    0.0049 m
P 2[(012
. m) + (0.0025 m)]
Then,
Vm Dh (2.67 m / s)(0.0049 m)
Re    783
 .  10 5 m2 / s
167
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
Lt  0.05 Re Pr Dh  0.05(783)(0.71)(0.0049 m) = 0.14 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow , and
determine the Nusselt number from

0.14 0.14
hDh  Re Pr D 
1/ 3
 b   (783)(0.71)(0.0049) 
1/ 3
 1.89  105 
Nu   1.86     1.86    4.54
    2.08  105 
k  L   s  0.18   
and,
k 0.0268 W / m.  C
h Nu  (4.54)  24.8 W / m2 .  C
Dh 0.0049 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined
from
Q
Q  hAs (Ts ,highest  Te ) 
 Ts ,highest  Te 
hAs
35 W
 70.1C +  102.1C
(24.8 W/m 2 .C)[2(0.12 0.18 + 0.0025  0.18)m 2 ]

14( ‫السوال‬A computer is cooled by a fan blowing air through its case. The flow rate of the air,
the fraction of the temperature rise of air that is due to heat generated by the fan, and the highest
allowable inlet air temperature are to be determined. 
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat flux is uniformly distributed. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.

21
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 300 K. The properties of air at 1 atm and
this temperature are (Table A-15)
  1.177 kg/m 3 Pr  0.712
k  0.0261 W/m. C  b  1.85 10 5 kg/m.s
  1.57  10 -5 m 2 /s  s ,@ 350 K  2.08 10 5 kg/m.s
C p  1005 J/kg. C
Analysis (a) Noting that the electric energy consumed by the fan is converted to thermal energy, the
mass flow rate of air is
Q  W elect, fan (8 10  25) W
Q  m C p (Te  Ti )  m    0.01045 kg/s
C p (Te  Ti ) (1005 J/kg. C)(10C)
(b) The fraction of temperature rise of air that is due to the heat
generated by the fan and its motor is
Q 25 W
Q  m C p T  T    2.38C
mC p (0.01045 kg/s)(1005 J/kg. C)

2.38C
f =  0.238  23.8%
10C
(c) The mean velocity of air is
m (0.01045 / 8) kg/s
m  AcV m  V m    3.08 m/s
Ac (1.177 kg/m 3 )(0.003 m)(0.12 m)
and,
4 Ac 4(0.003 m)(0.12 m) Cooling
Dh    0.00585 m
P 2(0.003 m  0.12 m) air
Therefore,
Vm Dh (3.08 m/s)(0.00585 m)
Re    1148
 1.57  10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 4000. Therefore, the flow is laminar. Assuming fully
developed flow, the Nusselt number from is determined from Table 8-
4 corresponding to a/b = 12/0.3 = 40 to be Nu = 8.24. Then,
k 0.0261 W/m. C
h Nu  (8.24)  36.8 W/m 2 .C
Dh 0.00585 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat
flux, the air temperature at the exit is determined from
q [(80  25) W]/[8 2(0.12  0.18 + 0.003  0.18) m 2 ]
q  h(Ts ,max  Te )  Te  Ts , max   70C   61.9C
h 36.8 W/m 2 .C

The highest allowable inlet temperature then becomes

Te  Ti  10C  Ti  Te  10C  61.9C  10C  51.9C
Discussion Although the Reynolds number is less than 4000, the flow in this case will most likely be
turbulent because of the electronic components that that protrude into flow. Therefore, the heat transfer
coefficient determined above is probably conservative.

)15(‫ السوال‬Geothermal water is supplied to a city through stainless steel pipes at a specified
rate. The electric power consumption and its daily cost are to be determined, and it is to be assessed if
the frictional heating during flow can make up for the temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus
the flow is fully developed. 3 The minor losses are negligible because of the large length-to-diameter
ratio and the relatively small number of components that cause minor losses. 4 The geothermal well
and the city are at about the same elevation. 5 The properties of geothermal water are the same as fresh
water. 6 The fluid pressures at the wellhead and the arrival point in the city are the same.

22
Properties The properties of water at 110C are  = 950.6 kg/m3,  = 0.25510-3 kg/ms, and Cp =
4.229 kJ/kgC (Table A-9). The roughness of stainless steel pipes is 210-6 m (Table 8-3).
Analysis (a) We take point 1 at the well-head of geothermal resource and point 2 at the final point of
delivery at the city, and the entire piping system as the control volume. Both points are at the same
elevation (z2 = z2) and the same velocity (V1 = V2) since the pipe diameter is constant, and the same
pressure (P1 = P2). Then the energy equation for this control volume simplifies to
P1 V12 P V2
  z1  hpump,u  2  2  z 2  hturbine  h L  hpump,u  h L
g 2 g g 2 g
That is, the pumping power is to be used to overcome the head
losses due to friction in flow. The mean velocity and the Reynolds
number are 1 2
V V 1.5 m 3 /s Water
Vm     5.305 m/s D = 60 cm
Ac D 2 / 4 (0.60 m) 2 / 4 1.5 m3/s
Vm D (950.6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s)(0.60 m)
Re   3
 1.186  10 7 L = 12 km
 0.255  10 kg/m  s
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The
relative roughness of the pipe is
2 10 6 m
/D  3.33  10 6
0.60 m
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to
avoid the reading error, we determine it from the Colebrook equation
using an equation solver (or an iterative scheme),
1  / D 2.51  1  3.33 10 6 2.51 
 2.0 log     2.0 log  
f  3.7 Re f  f  3.7 1.187 10 7 f 
  

It gives f = 0.00829. Then the pressure drop, the head loss, and the
required power input become

L Vm   1 kPa
2
12,000 m (950.6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s) 2 1 kN 
P  f  0.00829     2218 kPa
D 2 0.60 m 2  1000 kg  m/s  1 kN/m
2


W pump,u VP (1.5 m 3 /s)(2218 kPa )  1 kW 

W elect       5118 kW
 pump-motor  pump-motor 0.65  1 kPa  m /s 
3

Therefore, the pumps will consume 5118 kW of electric power to

overcome friction and maintain flow.
(b) The daily cost of electric power consumption is determined by
multiplying the amount of power used per day by the unit cost of
electricity,

Amount  W elect,in t  (5118 kW)(24 h/day)  122,832 kWh/day

Cost  Amount  Unit cost  (122,832 kWh/day)($0.06/kWh)  $7370/day
(c) The energy consumed by the pump (except the heat dissipated by
the motor to the air) is eventually dissipated as heat due to the
frictional effects. Therefore, this problem is equivalent to heating the
water by a 5118 kW of resistance heater (again except the heat
dissipated by the motor). To be conservative, we consider only the
useful mechanical energy supplied to the water by the pump. The
temperature rise of water due to this addition of energy is

23
  pump-motorW elect,in 0.65  (5118 kJ/s)
W elect  VC p T  T    0.55C
VC p (950.6 kg/m 3 )(1.5 m 3 /s)(4.229 kJ/kg  C)

Therefore, the temperature of water will rise at least 0.55C, which is

more than the 0.5C drop in temperature (in reality, the temperature
rise will be more since the energy dissipation due to pump inefficiency
will also appear as temperature rise of water). Thus we conclude that
the frictional heating during flow can more than make up for the
temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Discussion The pumping power requirement and the associated cost can be reduced by using a larger
diameter pipe. But the cost savings should be compared to the increased cost of larger diameter pipe.

)15( ‫ كماله السوال‬Geothermal water is supplied to a city through cast iron pipes at a
specified rate. The electric power consumption and its daily cost are to be determined, and it is to be
assessed if the frictional heating during flow can make up for the temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The entrance effects are negligible, and thus
the flow is fully developed. 3 The minor losses are negligible because of the large length-to-diameter
ratio and the relatively small number of components that cause minor losses. 4 The geothermal well
and the city are at about the same elevation. 5 The properties of geothermal water are the same as fresh
water. 6 The fluid pressures at the wellhead and the arrival point in the city are the same.
Properties The properties of water at 110C are  = 950.6 kg/m3,  = 0.25510-3 kg/ms, and Cp =
4.229 kJ/kgC (Table A-9). The roughness of cast iron pipes is 0.00026 m (Table 8-3).
Analysis (a) We take point 1 at the well-head of geothermal resource and point 2 at the final point of
delivery at the city, and the entire piping system as the control volume. Both points are at the same
elevation (z2 = z2) and the same velocity (V1 = V2) since the pipe diameter is constant, and the same
pressure (P1 = P2). Then the energy equation for this control volume simplifies to
P1 V12 P V2
  z1  hpump,u  2  2  z 2  hturbine  h L  hpump,u  h L
g 2 g g 2 g
That is, the pumping power is to be used to overcome the head
losses due to friction in flow. The mean velocity and the Reynolds
number are
1 2
V V 1.5 m 3 /s
Vm     5.305 m/s Water
Ac D 2 / 4  (0.60 m) 2 / 4 D = 60 cm
1.5 m3/s
Vm D (950.6 kg/m )(5.305 m/s)(0.60 m)
3
Re    1.187  10 7
 3
0.255  10 kg/m  s L = 12 km
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent. The
relative roughness of the pipe is
0.00026 m
/D  4.33  10  4
0.60 m
The friction factor can be determined from the Moody chart, but to
avoid the reading error, we determine it from the Colebrook equation
using an equation solver (or an iterative scheme),
1  / D 2.51  1  4.33 10 4 2.51 
 2.0 log     2.0 log  
f  3.7 Re f  f  3.7 1.187 10 7 f 
  

It gives f = 0.01623 Then the pressure drop, the head loss, and the
required power input become

L Vm2 12,000 m (950.6 kg/m 3 )(5.305 m/s) 2  1 kN  1 kPa 

P  f  0.01623     4341 kPa
 1000 kg  m/s  1 kN/m 
D 2 0.60 m 2 2

24
 W pump,u VP (1.5 m 3 /s)(4341 kPa )  1 kW 
W elect       10,017 kW
 pump-motor  pump-motor 0.65  1 kPa  m /s 
3

Therefore, the pumps will consume 10,017 W of electric power to

overcome friction and maintain flow.
(b) The daily cost of electric power consumption is determined by
multiplying the amount of power used per day by the unit cost of
electricity,

Amount  W elect,in t  (10,017 kW)(24 h/day)  240,429 kWh/day

Cost  Amount  Unit cost  (240,429 kWh/day)($0.06/kWh)  $14,426/day
(c) The energy consumed by the pump (except the heat dissipated by
the motor to the air) is eventually dissipated as heat due to the
frictional effects. Therefore, this problem is equivalent to heating the
water by a 5118 kW of resistance heater (again except the heat
dissipated by the motor). To be conservative, we consider only the
useful mechanical energy supplied to the water by the pump. The
temperature rise of water due to this addition of energy is

 pump-motorW elect,in 0.65  (10,017 kJ/s)

W elect  VC p T  T    1.08C
VC p (950.6 kg/m 3 )(1.5 m 3 /s)(4.229 kJ/kg  C)

Therefore, the temperature of water will rise at least 1.08C, which is

more than the 0.5C drop in temperature (in reality, the temperature
rise will be more since the energy dissipation due to pump inefficiency
will also appear as temperature rise of water). Thus we conclude that
the frictional heating during flow can more than make up for the
temperature drop caused by heat loss.
Discussion The pumping power requirement and the associated cost can be reduced by using a larger
diameter pipe. But the cost savings should be compared to the increased cost of larger diameter pipe.

)16( ‫ السوال‬A compressor is connected to the outside through a circular duct. The power used
by compressor to overcome the pressure drop, the rate of heat transfer, and the temperature rise of air
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The
thermal resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties.
Properties We take the bulk mean temperature for air to be 15C since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct whose surface is exposed to a
higher temperature. The properties of air at this temperature and 1 atm pressure are (Table A-15)
  1.225 kg/m 3 C p  1007 J/kg. C
k  0.02476 W/m. C Pr  0.7323

  1.568  10 -5 m 2 /s
Indoors
The density and kinematic viscosity at 95 kPa are 20C

95 kPa Air
P  0.938 atm 10C, 95 kPa D = 20 cm
101.325 kPa
0.27 m3/s
  (1.225 kg/m 3 )(0.938)  1.149 kg/m 3
  (1.568  10 -5 m 2 /s)/(0.938) = 1.673  10 -5 m 2 /s L = 11 m
Analysis The mean velocity of air is
V 0.27 m 3 /s
Vm    8.594 m/s
Ac  (0.2 m) 2 /4

25
 Vm Dh (8.594 m/s)(0.2 m)
Then Re    1.0275  10 5
 1.673  10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are
roughly
Lh  Lt  10D  10(0.2 m)  2 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume fully developed flow in a
smooth pipe, and determine friction factor from

f  (0.790 ln Re  1.64)  2  0.790 ln(1.0275  10 5 )  1.640.2
 0.01789
The pressure drop and the compressor power required to overcome this pressure drop are
  V  (1.149 kg/m 3 )(0.27 m 3 /s)  0.3101 kg/s
m
L Vm 2 (11 m) (1.149 kg/m 3 )(8.594 m/s ) 2
P  f  (0.01789)  41.74 N/m 2
D 2 (0.2 m) 2
m P (0.3101 kg/s )(41.74 N/m 2 )
W pump    11.3 W
 1.149 kg/m 3
(b) For the fully developed turbulent flow, the Nusselt number is
hD
Nu   0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4  0.023(1.0275  105 )0.8 (0.7323)0.4  207.5
k
k 0.02476 W/m. C
and h Nu  (207.5)  25.69 W/m 2 .C
Dh 0.2 m
Disregarding the thermal resistance of the duct, the rate of heat transfer to the air in the duct becomes
As  DL   (0.2 m)(11 m)  6.912 m 2
T1  T 2 20  10
Q    497.5 W
1 1 1 1
 
h1 As h2 As (25.69)(6.912) (10)(6.912)
(c) The temperature rise of air in the duct is
Q  m C p T  497 .5 W  (0.3101 kg/s)(1007 J/kg. C) T  T  1.6C

)17(‫ السوال‬Oil is heated by saturated steam in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The tube length is
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surfaces of the tube are smooth. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties.
Properties The properties of oil at the average temperature of (10+30)/2=20C are (Table A-13)
  888 kg/m 3 Ts = 100C
k  0.145 W/m. C
C p  1880 J/kg. C
Oil 30C
Pr  2.08 3 cm
5 cm
10C
Analysis The mass flow rate and the rate of heat transfer are
0.8 m/s

(0.03 m) 2
m  Ac Vm  (888 kg/m 3 ) (0.8 m/s)  0.5022 kg/s L
4

Q  m C p (Te  Ti )  (0.5022 kg/s )(1880 J/kg. C)(30  10 )C  18,881 W

The Nusselt number is determined from Table 8-4 at Di /Do =3/5=0.6 to be Nui = 5.564. Then the heat
transfer coefficient, the hydraulic diameter of annulus, and the logarithmic mean temperature difference
are

26
 k 0.145 W/m. C
hi  Nu i  (5.564)  40.34 W/m 2 .C
Dh 0.02 m
Dh  Do  Di  0.05 m  0.03 m  0.02 m
Ti  Te 10  30
Tln    79.58C
 T  Te  100  30 
ln s  ln 
 Ts  Ti
  100  10 
The heat transfer surface area is determined from
Q 18,881 W
Q  hAs Tln  As    5.881 m 2
hTln (40.34 W/m 2 .C)(79.58C)
Then the tube length becomes
As 5.881 m 2
As  DL 
 L    62.4 m
Di  (0.03 m 2 )

27
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