Object-Oriented Systems

Development:
Development
Using the Unified Modeling
Language

Chapter 5:
Unified Modeling Language

Object-Oriented Systems Development Bahrami ? Irwin/ McGraw-Hill

 Goals

• Modeling.
• Unified modeling language.
– Class diagram.
– Use case diagram.
– Interaction diagrams.
•Sequence diagram.
•Collaboration diagram.

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 Goals (Con’t)

– Statechart diagram.
– Activity diagram.
– Implementation diagrams.
•Component diagram.
•Deployment diagram.

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 Introduction
• A model is an abstract representation
of a system, constructed to
understand the system prior to
building or modifying it.
• Most of the modeling techniques
involve graphical languages.

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 Static or Dynamic Models

• Models can represent

– static or
– dynamic situations.

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 Static Model
• A static model can be viewed as a
"snapshot" of a system's
parameters at rest or at a specific
point in time.
• The classes’ structure
and their relationships
to each other frozen
in time are examples of
static models.
Object-Oriented Systems Development Bahrami ? Irwin/ McGraw-Hill
 Dynamic Model
• Is a collection of procedures or
behaviors that, taken together,
reflect the behavior of a system
over time.
• For example, an order interacts
with inventory to determine
product availability.

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 Why Modeling?
• Turban cites the following
advantages:
• Models make it easier to express
complex ideas.
• For example, an architect
builds a model to
communicate ideas
more easily to clients.

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 Advantages of Modeling (Con’t)

• Models reduce complexity by

separating those aspects that are
unimportant from those that are
important.

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 Advantages of Modeling (Con’t)
• Models enhance learning.
• The cost of the modeling analysis
is much lower than the cost of
similar experimentation
conducted with a real system.
• Manipulation of the model
(changing variables) is much
easier than manipulating a real
system.
Object-Oriented Systems Development Bahrami ? Irwin/ McGraw-Hill
 Modeling Key Ideas
• A model is rarely correct on the
first try.
• Always seek the advice and
criticism of others.
• Avoid excess model revisions, as
they can distort the essence of
your model. Let simplicity and
elegance guide you through
the process.
Object-Oriented Systems Development Bahrami ? Irwin/ McGraw-Hill
 The Unified Modeling Language
(UML)
• The unified modeling language
(UML) is a language for specifying,
constructing, visualizing, and
documenting the software system
and its components.

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 UML Diagrams
The UML defines nine graphical
diagrams:
1. Class diagram (static)
2. Use-case diagram
3. Behavior diagrams (dynamic):
– 3.1. Interaction diagram:
•3.1.1. Sequence diagram
•3.1.2. Collaboration diagram

Object-Oriented Systems Development Bahrami ? Irwin/ McGraw-Hill

 UML Diagrams

– 3.2. Statechart diagram

– 3.3. Activity diagram
4. Implementation diagram:
4.1. Component diagram
4.2. Deployment diagram

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 UML Class Diagram,
• The UML class diagram is the
main static analysis diagram.
• Class diagrams show the static
structure of the model.
• Class diagram is collection of
static modeling elements, such as
classes and their relationships.

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 Class Notation
• In class notation, either or both the
attributes and operation compartments
may be suppressed.
Boeing 737 Boeing 737
length: meter
fuelCapacity: Gal
Boeing 737 doors: int

length: meter
fuelCapacity: Gal lift ()
doors: int break ()

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 Class Interface Notation
• Class interface notation is used to
describe the externally visible
behavior of a class.
• For example, an operation with a
public visibility.

Person BankAccount

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 Binary Association Notation
• A binary association is drawn as a
solid path connecting two classes or
both ends may be connected to the
same class.
worksFor
Company Person
employer employee

Person

marriedTo

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 Association Role
• A simple association—the
technical term for it is binary
association—is drawn as a solid
line connecting two class symbols.
• The end of an association, where
it connects to a class, shows the
association role.

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 UML Association Notation
• In the UML, association is represented
by an open arrow.

BankAccount Person

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 Qualifier
• A qualifier is an association attribute.
For example, a person object may be
associated to a Bank object.
• An attribute of this association is the
account#.
• The account# is the Bank
qualifier of this account#
*
association.
0..1
Person
.

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 Multiplicity
• Multiplicity specifies the range of
allowable associated classes.
• It is given for roles within
associations, parts within
compositions, repetitions, and other
purposes.
• lower bound .. upper bound.

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 OR Association
• An OR association indicates a
situation in which only one of several
potential associations may be
substantiated at one time for any
single object.
Person
Car {or}

Company

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 Association Class
• An association class is an association
that also has class properties.
• An association class is shown as a class
symbol attached by a dashed line to an
association path.
Company Person
employer employee

WorksFor
salary

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 N-Ary Association
• An n-ary association is an association
among more than two classes.
• Since n-ary association is more
difficult to understand, it is better to
convert an n-ary association to binary
association. semester *
Year

* *
Class Student
class student

GradeBook
grade
exam
lab

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 Aggregation

• Aggregation is a form of association.

• A hollow diamond is attached to the end
of the path to indicate aggregation.

1 consistOf *
Team Player
class

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 Composition
• Composition, also known as the a-
part-of, is a form of aggregation with
strong ownership to represent the
component of a complex object.
• The UML notation for composition is a
solid diamond at the end of a path.
Car
1 1 1 1

4,10 1 graphical composition

4 2,5
Wheel Light Door Engine
Car Car
4 4 Wheel
Wheel
4,10 nested composition
Light 4,10 Light
2,5 2,5
Door Door
1 1
Engine Engine

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 Generalization
• Generalization is the relationship
between a more general class and a
more specific class.
• Generalization is displayed as directed
line with a closed, hollow Separate target style

arrowhead at the Vehicle

superclass end. Bus Truck Car

Shared target style

BoeingAirplane

Boeing 737 Boeing 757 Boeing 767

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