12

Practical Research 2
Quarter 1
Module 5: Review of Related
Literature

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Practical Research – Grade 12

Quarter 1: Module 5: Review of Related Literature
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Layout Artist: Rochelle Monica L. Sta. Ana

Practical Research 2- Grade 12

2
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Review of Related Literature

Introduction:
I.
Review of related Literature is an important component of research regardless of the type of
research. Be it qualitative or quantitative research, you spend time and effort in reviewing
related literature. In this module, you will learn to examine or study again concepts or ideas
related to your research that people managed to publish in books, journals, or other reading
materials in the past. (Baraceros, 2016)

II. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 Explain the purposes of review of related literature (CS_RS12-If-j-9);

 Familiarize with the steps of review or related literature in quantitative research

(CS_RS12-If-j-9); and
 Practice ethical standards in writing the literature-review of your quantitative research
study. (CS_RS12-If-j-9)


Vocabulary List:
III. Let’s learn new words that you will encounter as you go through this module.

Related Literature

A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant
to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a
description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the
research problem being investigated. (www.libguides.usc.edu )

Review

To examine or study again. (www.dictionary.cambridge.org)

Systematic

3
 According to an agreed set of methods or organized plan
(www.dictionary.cambridge.org)

Meta-analysis

A quantitative statistical analysis of several separate but similar experiments or

studies in order to test the pooled data for statistical significance.

(https://www.merriam-webster.com)

Citation

A reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained

information from while writing your research paper. (https://library.sacredheart.edu)

Reference

A writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of writing, showing you
where a particular information was found.

(https://dictionary.cambridge.org)

Ethical

Conforming to accepted standards of conduct ethical behavior.

(https://www.merriam-webster.com)

Pre-test
IV. Read each question carefully and write the letter of your answer on the
space provided before each number.

____________ 1. An evaluative report of information found in the literature related to a

selected area of study that gives theoretical base for the research and help the researcher
determine the nature of his research.
a. Related Literature c. Review of Related Literature
b. Related Study d. Review of Related Study

____________ 2. It is the state or quality of being closely connected or appropriately related

to a selected area of study.
a. Objectiveness c. Recency
b. Originality d. Relevance

____________ 3. Materials must be based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to
make them ______________.
a. Objective b. Recent c. Reliable d. Untrue

____________ 4. When starting your literature review, what is the first step?
a. Ask your professor or teacher c. Find articles on your topic

4
b. Identify your questions d. Review other literature reviews

____________ 5. A survey or review of related literature and study is very important

because they serve as a ____________ of a research study.
a. Comparison b. Foundation c. Purpose d. Reason

Learning Activities
V. Let us begin to learn about Review of Related Literature from the
discussions below.

WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

“A research literature review is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying,
evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by
researchers, scholars and practitioners.” (Fink, 2005).

Review of Related Literature

is an important component of
research regardless of the
type of research. Be it
qualitative or quantitative
research, you spend time
www.link.springer.com/ and effort in reviewing related
literature. Reviewing related
literature is one major activity
in research that makes you
examine or study again
concepts or ideas related to
your research that people
managed to publish in books,
journals, or other reading
materials in the past.

A literature review is a survey of scholarly articles, books, or other sources that pertain to a
specific topic, area of research, or theory. The literature review offers brief descriptions,
summaries, and critical evaluations of each work, and does so in the form of a well
organized essay. Scholars often write literature reviews to provide an overview of the most
significant recent literature published on a topic. They also use literature reviews to trace the
evolution of certain debates or intellectual problems within a field. (Baraceros, 2016)

Purposes of RRL

5
Your reasons for reviewing related literature
are true for both qualitative and quantitative
research. You re-examine written works
related to your research for thefollowing
purposes:

1. To find out the connection of your

research to the current conditions or
situations of the world

2. To know more about theories or concepts

underlying your research and to learn from
them with respect to your own research
study

3. To discover the relation of your research

with previous research studies.

4. To obtain information on the accuracy or

relevance of your research questions

5. To familiarize yourself with technical terms

www.clipart.email
related to your research

(Baraceros, 2016)

RRL in Quantitative Research

There are two basic methods of reviewing related literature: traditional and systematic
review. Traditional is for qualitative research; systematic, for quantitative research.

Systematic review, ‘a question-driven methodology’ is used by quantitative researchers who

begin their research work by asking questions—one big question that states the main
problem of the research and a set of sub-questions that deal with specific aspects of the
research.

Qualitative research likewise begins with research questions, but these are open-ended and
subjective questions, in contrast to quantitative questions that aim at obtaining exact,
specific, and objective answers whose origin or sources are easy to trace. (Ridley 2012, p.
189; Jesson 2011)

Steps in Conducting a Systematic Review

Systematic review of related literature happens through the following sequential steps:

6
 Obtaining results of the review
Clarifying the research
of related literature by means of
questions systematic review that takes
Planning the research place in a step-by-step method is
based on your a scientific way of conducting a
re-examination of reading

Searching for literature materials that have close

connection with your research.

Adopting a systematic review of

Listing criteria for related literature prevents you
considering the values of from being bias in dealing with
the varied form of literature. The

Evaluating the quality of adherence of systematic review

previous research studies. to scientific method makes it
the apt RRL method for
quantitative research that
Summarizing the various
likewise follows
forms of knowledge
the scientific method of looking
into the truthfulness of something.
(Babbie 2013; Russel 2013; Jesson 2011)

Meta-analysis in Quantitative Research

What is meta-analysis in relation to RRL? Meta-analysis is a kind of review of related

literature in which you re-examine and combine the results of two or more statistical studies
for coming out with a grand total to indicate stronger effects of the research outcome. Putting
the results together and making them appear as one result work to strengthen whatever
impact the independent variable has on the dependent variable.

Meta-analysis helps in guaranteeing the precision of the measuring method used in a

quantitative research. However, this merging of statistical results is not applicable to all
quantitative research studies. You resort to meta-analysis only if the statistics that you intend
to combine come from studies having several similarities like they are comparable in terms
of research questions, research design, treatment, measuring technique, and measurable
outcome. Similar in many ways, these studies that are apt for combination purposes are
called homogenous studies. Conversely, with a number of differences from other studies,

7
they are called heterogeneous studies and are exempted from this type of systematic review
of related literature called meta-analysis.

The qualitative approach of narrative synthesis which is a systematic review using written
verbal language to explain or describe test results is the appropriate RRL method for
heterogeneous studies. The meta-analysis systematic review prevails strongly in the field of
medicine where researchers must conduct studies to yield medicines that, supported by
sufficient evidence, are capable ofreaching their certainty level. (Ridley 2012; Jesson 2014)

In-text Citation and Referencing Styles

All reading materials related

to your research that you
intend to review or re-
examine offer you concepts,
ideas, or information
belonging to other people.
Having honesty, respect, or
courtesy to the owners of
these varied forms of
knowledge as well as
gratefulness fortheir
valuable contribution to the
field, you see to it that the
names of these idea owners
or authors appear in the
appropriate sections of your
www.undergraduatesciencelibrarian.org
research paper.

Other people’s ideas incorporated in the central section or main body of your paper are to be
cited or referred to the true owners of borrowed ideas. Referring to authors within the main
body of the paper is called Citation or In-text Citation; at the end of the paper, it is called
Bibliography or References. The two most commonly used referencing styles are the MLA
(Modern Language Association) and the APA (American Psychological Association). The

8
following table shows you how these two referencing styles differ in some aspects.
(Baraceros, 2016)

MLA APA

Citation or (Lopena, Torres, Bado 90–150) (Lopena, 2016) (Olivarez, 2017)

In-text
According to Flores (2017)…
Citation
Olidan (2016) maintains that...

A study on the Pork Barrel Scam is a

“doable research work”

Bibliography/ Decena, Fely G. Globalization. Floro, J. A. (2016). The Colds Virus.

References (Quezon City: GB Press. 2016). Quezon City: GB Press.

Certeza, Nina C. and David, Jose L. Gorrez, B. M. (2017). The Philippine

Intercultural Competence. (Baguio Educational System. Manila: Adarna
Publishing House.
City: KLM Co., 2018).
Oropesa, N. C. and Danes, J. L. (2017).
Perez, Dino A., Mista, Dora C. and
Coron Islands. Baguio City: KLM Company.
Paluan, Gloria F.
CarcinogenicFoods. (Pasay City: Agoda, J. D. Oracia, B. C., and Torres, S.
ABC Press, 2016). V.(2017). The Rescuers of super-typhoon
Yolanda. Quezon City: Abiva Publishing
House.

Reference Encyclopedia Britannica, 10th ed., Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a

Books S.V. “Ozone Layer.” person. Houghton Mifflin.

Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed.,

S.V. “Industrial Revolution.”

Theses, Villaroman, Rina. D. “Traditional Parayno, R. D. (2016). “Meta-cognitive

Dissertations Language Theories” (Ph. D diss., reading among basic learners.” Ph. D diss.,
, and Other U.P. Diliman, 2016). U.P. Diliman.
Unpublished
Ocampo, Dolores G. “Critical Mariano, D. G. ( 2017). “English plus
Works
Evaluation of UST High School textbooks in college: discourse Analysis.”
Language Books” (M. A. UST, 2016) M. A. UST.

Materials Article in Journals Signed article in a magazine

9
through Signed article in a magazine
Computers
Smith, Robert. “Email Craze.” Alegre,R.(July 2016). “Social-media
Interactions. July 2016. networks.”Personality growth. Retrieved
http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/ from http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm/

Unsigned article in a magazine

“Power Interview.” Business Trends Unsigned article in a magazine

Magazine. August 2016.
“Unstructured interview. (August 2016).”
<http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus
Business Trends Magazine. Retrieved from
Trends/Trends/ctshoot.htmlz>
http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus
Article in Journal Trends/Trends/ctshoot. htmlz.

“Systemic Functional Grammar.” Article in Journal

English Forum. 38.7(2016). 18 May
“Linguistic competence. (18 May 2016).”
2016. <http://www.jhu.edu/English
English Forum. Retrieved from
Studies Journal/vol.83/83.1
http://www.jhu.edu/English Studies
strethson.htmlz.
Journal/vol.83/83.1strethson. htmlz.
Article in Newspaper
Article in Newspaper
Salcedo, Jeorge. “Japanese traffic
Davalos, J. “ The era of globalization.” (21
Rules.” New Daily Life Star. 21
December 2016). New Daily Life Star.
December 2017.
Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 world/28
world/28 MIDE.htmlz.
MIDE. htmlz.
An Editorial
An Editorial
“Golden Gate at San Francisco City”
“Politics in the Philippines. (7 July 2016).”
Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
July 7, 2016. http://www.a-
Retrieved from
pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.htmlz/
http://www.a-pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.html
Online books z/

Barbour, Kate D. Constructivism. Online books

2016. http: AMPRA 2 etext
Silverman, F. D. (2016). American
2014/14w0310txtz.
pragmatics. Retrieved from http: AMPRA 2
Alison, Gloria G. “Skills and etext2014/14w0310txtz.
Strategies.” 15–20, May 2016 dialog
Forbes, J. G. (15–20, May 2017). “Non-
ERIC AED23376.
verbal language.” Retrieved from dialog
CD-ROM/Diskette

10
 Diamante, Pete B. “Radiotherapy ERIC AED23376.
Treatment.” Manila Post News Bank.
CD-RM/Diskette
April 2017: TI Manila Post News
Bank. CD-ROM. News Bank. Muralla, P. B. (April 2016). “Stem-cell
treatment.” Manila Post News Bank. TI
“Domestic Helper.” The Oxford
Manila Post News Bank. CD-ROM. News
English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-
Bank.
ROM. Oxford UP, 2017
“Maharishi.” (2016). The Oxford English
Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford UP.

Blog

Mathis, T. (2015, August 12). What is

human systems integration? [Blog post].
Retrieved from
http://blog.apabooks.org/2015/08/12/what-
is-human-systems-integration/

(Baraceros, 2016)

Ethical Standards in Literature-Review Writing

Nowadays, with the advent of

modern technology causing
the emergence of varied
electronic communication
devices and online sources of
information, collecting data
happens easily and speedily.
Through computer
technology with its powerful
www.dreamstime.com Internet, you become
exposed to extensive amount
of knowledge that is so easy to lure you into practicing the copy-and-paste technique of
obtaining ideas for your research paper. Unmindful of prestigious ways of working
academically, there is a danger that you may fall into this dishonest way of reviewing and
writing related literature.

The ethical way of literature writing tells you to acknowledge the owners of borrowed ideas
and put quotation marks around copied words from books or articles. Intentionally or
negligently disregarding the use of quotation marks around words copied exactly is not only

11
unethical but an indication of gross plagiarism as well. You must be aware of the fact that
with the surfacing of online sources of information, software to detect plagiarism from online
sources has likewise become so available in academic institutions. Proper citation and
referencing is your way of freeing yourself from plagiarism and of avoiding people from
casting doubts on your honesty and integrity as a researcher. (Fraenbel 2012; Ransome
2011)

Let us see an example of a Literature Review written by a

Senior High school student researcher.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS

A RESEARCH BY BRYAN M. GALLOS
HOLY CHILD CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What is the attitude of senior high school students of HCCS towards research?

2. Is there a significant relationship between the five - factor attitude of senior high school
students of Holy Child Catholic School towards research?

3. Is there a significant difference between the attitude of SHS students of HCCS towards
research in terms of:

a. Gender b. Grade Level c. Strands of Academic Track

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Nowadays, research (Hussain et.al, 2016) has turned into one of the most significant
rational assets for all human being to transform his way of life. Man’s huge rise depends
upon research which made an important function in itself. In the Philippines, the demands
for research in education was addressed through immersing pioneers of senior high school
programs since school year 2016 until now. The Department of Education (2013) included
two (2) applied subjects for grades 11 and 12. Practical Research 1 (Qualitative Research)
and Practical Research 2(Quantitative Research) are included in the K-12 Curriculum of all
the tracks offered. The subjects aim to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills
through systematics inquiry or research. GKS (2015) and Taylor (2017) discussed the
important factors of resisting research in our daily life. The fear of learning, making change

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and being criticized are the possible factors that hold us back in doing a research. The fear
of learning posits reflection on the things we don’t want to hear or see, research reveals
everything. The fear of change triggers the resistance for research since it focus on solving
problems and make an abrupt change on it. Research requires action on what is concluded
and recommended. Lastly, the fear of being criticized, the risk of hearing feedbacks on what
is done. Researchers often afraid to hear negative comments about the results which
sometimes lead them to negativity of pursuing another study. As the research demands
rises, most students have to come up with a research article fixing issues or theme related
to their concern. However, Papanastasiou (2005) revealed on her study that undergraduate
level tend to view introductory research courses negatively. Students’ attitude (Miandashti
and Rezaei, 2013) directly influences how they mentally approach research including all the
work related to research. Positivism enables students to solve problems quickly in which
negative attitude hampers the efforts in research. Early (2014), concluded from fifty-one
articles he reviewed, indicated students enrolled in introductory research courses exhibit the
following characteristics: Fail to see the relevance of research to one’s life; Anxious or
nervous about the course difficulty; Uninterested and poorly motivated to learn; Poor
attitudes in approaching the course; and Misconceptions about the course. Early’s study
presented the pessimistic side of students wherein they have negative thoughts about
research. There are difficulties (Boser & Daugherty, 1998) which were supposed to be
associated with the negative attitudes of the students towards research such as the
problems of research, quantity of workloads given to the students and their concerns
towards the area under discussion tends to experience research complexity and could
increase their anxiety. In the same way, previous studies considered attitude as chief
forecaster of individuals’ educational attainment. Furthermore, Murtonen and Lehtiner (2003)
reported that student that enters research courses with feeling of stress and anxiety are not
really aware of what research methods are all about. This leads them of being overwhelmed
and the impossibility of understanding and getting through it. Also, students are not even
sure of the reason of completing the course and their usefulness in their lives (Pan & Tang,
2004). These attitude towards research created concerns among teachers of research since
it was found that anxiety affects learning negatively (Onwuegbuzie & Seaman, 1995).
Because of these attitudes, it is alarming that it could prevent appreciation of students to
research and its impact on the future careers. Monahan (1995) also highlighted that
professionals who had completed research courses and experienced anxiety were not
motivated to engage in research on their own. From the literature gathered, it really implies
that attitude towards research greatly affects on how people deal with research. Whether a
person undergone a good or bad experience with research, it indicates when he or she will
still engage in research and his or her attitude towards it will neither be optimistic or

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pessimistic. The ideas discussed can help the researcher in suggesting ways of overcoming
negative attitudes towards research. It could also be possible that the result of this study be
a great help to research teachers, especially in senior high school to consider their students
attitude towards research and be able to address them properly. Likewise, the researcher is

looking forward for a better and positive result of the study.

Practice Tasks
Show that you have learned something by doing these activities.

Practice Task #1: Explain the purposes of Review of Related Literature

Instruction: Fill in the blanks with correct answers to complete the text.

Review of related literature happens in two ways: (1) _____________________ and

systematic review. Systematic review is for (2) ________________________; traditional for
qualitative research.

A review of statistical results makes you use (3) ______________________ kind of

systematic review. All test results are applicable to (4) ______________________ except
those coming from (5) __________________________ studies. (6)
____________________ review through meta- analysis are given by
(7)_________________________studies, not by (8) _____________________ that are
characterized by dissimilar research aspects. Whatever studies the statistical results come
from, these should be (9) _____________ -based results; meaning they are based on facts.
Not giving importance to proofs or evidence, you resort to presenting literature review results
in (10) ___________________.

Practice Task #2: Familiarize with the steps of review or

related literature in quantitative research.

Instruction: Team up with your research group and agree on one thing you want to know
more about. Ask three questions about this puzzling thing, and then list down as many
resources as you can through which you can obtain knowledge to answer your questions.

14
Such information about your chosen topic may come from research databases and online
resources such as DAAI, ACM, ERIC, CINAHL, PROQUEST, EBSCOHOST, etc.

Read these articles found in these sources of information, and then synthesize or
summarize them into one coherent written composition to shed light on your research
question.

CHOSEN TOPIC:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____

RESEARCH QUESTION:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____

SYNTHESIS/ SUMMARY:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________

Practice Task #3: Practice ethical standards in writing the literature-

review of your quantitative research study.

1. In what ways can a researcher practice ethical standard in writing the review of
related literature of his paper?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

15
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________

2. Why is there a need to include proper citation and referencing in your research
paper?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________

3. What can be the consequences for not following ethical standards in writing the RRL
of your research?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________

VII Post-test
Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on your Module notebook.

Test I: Multiple Choice

____________ 1. A literature review is best defined as:

a. Doing an internet search on a topic and looking through the results
b. The process of studying published researches and materials
c. The process of studying unpublished researches
d. The written component of a research study that discusses the existing literatures the researcher
reviewed.

____________ 2. Your direction of RRL is given by your research _____________.

a. data c. problem
b. design d. question

____________ 3. The type of review of related literature employed in a quantitative research.

a. scoping c. systematic

16
b. statistical d. traditional

____________ 4. Which step in writing the RRL of your research study is essential for you to avoid
large, irrelevant literature which are not needed or are useless in your study?
a. Clarifying the research questions
b. Searching for literature
c. Listing criteria for considering the values of written works
d. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies

____________ 5. Why is it important that a researcher practice ethical standards in writing the
literature-review of his quantitative research study?
a. Being unmindful of these ethical practices, there is a danger that you may fall into a dishonest
way of reviewing and writing related literature.
b. Practicing ethical standards in writing your RRL is your way of freeing yourself from
plagiarism.
c. Practicing ethical standards makes you avoid people from casting doubts on your honesty
and integrity as a researcher.
d. All answers are correct.

Test II: Concept Explanation

Instruction: Explain each expression the way you understood them in relation to research.

1. RELATED LITERATURE
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

3. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

Test III:

17
The Literature Review
This test is meant to be used in conjunction with selecting and working on your research
topic. Use your group’s research topic to answer this test. Read at least five literature
relevant to your research questions. Refer to the table below for potential sources of
information. After reading the related literature, answer the questions on the space provide
for your response.

State your research topic (as a question)

Here are some potential sources of information

Textbooks Newspaper Legislative review
Research paper Journal article Maps
Encyclopedia Previous MS thesis World Wide Web
Conference proceedings Television Technical handbook
Popular Magazine News magazine Standards document
Government document Professional interview Hearsay
Wikipedia Source Watch Snopes

PROCESS QUESTIONS:

1. Is the problem important? (worth researching)

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________

2. Have others researched it before?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________

3. What conclusions did they reach towards the question?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________

4. What impact might this research have?

18
 VIII Assignment/Additional Activities
Instruction: Collaborate with your research group and work on the the Review of Related
Literature of your research.

1. Identify different information sources which you can use to gather relevant literature
about your topic. Gather relevant literature from these sources.

2. Read the literature carefully and critically.

3. Evaluate the quality of previous research studies and literature you have read and
start writing your RRL. Be sure to include proper citation and referencing for the
works and ideas of others that you will use in your research.

IX Answer Key
PRE-TEST

1. C

2. D

3. C

4. B

5. B

PRACTICE TEST 1

1. Systematic
2. Quantitative research
3. Meta-analysis
4. Meta-analysis
5. Heterogeneous
6. Systematic

19
 7. Homogeneous
8. Heterogeneous
9. Evidence-based
10. Narrative synthesis

PRACTICE TEST 2

Student’s answer will vary. This is an example response from a research on time
spent on Facebook and its relationship to an individual’s self-esteem by Jan, M.,
Soomro, S. A., & Ahmad, N. (2017).
CHOSEN TOPIC:

The use of Facebook and its effect on students’ self-esteem

RESEARCH QUESTION:

Does any relationship exist between time spent on Facebook and self-esteem of individuals?

SYNTHESIS/ SUMMARY:

“The use of social networking sites has globalized immensely in the past decade. Facebook
is the most widely used social networking site as it has more than one billion users
worldwide (Facebook, 2012). Apart from being the medium for expression of opinion and
platform for sharing of knowledge and moments, Facebook has also reduced distances by
making people feel more connected and helped them build new relationships and maintain
the existing ones. (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). One major feature of Facebook is to make the
personal profiles of users available for public or friends to view and scrutinize and allow them
to pass on their judgments and give feedback through comments to make sure the user
understands their opinion on his personal life (Muise et al., 2009; Boyd & Ellison, 2007).
These opinions of other people, either friends or public, and the feedback from them have
very strong effect on people’s self-esteems. Heatherton and Polivy (1991) claim that the
concept of self-esteem can be either stable or fluid in nature i.e. it can take time to develop
for some people while it can change with trends and daily events for others. While negative
feedback lowers the self-esteem of individuals, positive feedback increases the selfesteem
to a very high degree (Valkenburg et al., 2006). Some of the researchers have identified the
major benefits and advantages of social networking sites. For example, Facebook gives
individuals a sense of freedom and identity, boosts up the confidence level of individuals and
cheers them up during hard times (Nyagah, Stephen and Muema, 2015). It also helps shy
and introvert students, who find it difficult to initiate conversation, to build social capital as it
reduces the level of restrictions involved in communication and offers a forum to build
healthy and strong bonds and relationships (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007). Amichai,
Hamburger & Vinitzky (2010) argue that many Introverts build relationships through social

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networking sites because usually they find difficulties during face to face dealings. In order to
fulfill their affiliation needs majority of the humans get possessed by an elementary drive
which forces them to make social comparisons between themselves and others (Schachter,
1959). These affiliation needs are triggered by many social networking sites. Festinger
(1954) claimed that these social networking sites lead many people to do self-evaluations
and make social comparisons between themselves and others European Scientific Journal
August 2017 edition Vol.13, No.23 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 332
based on social classes, social roles, beauty, popularity, wealth accumulation and other
social functions. People engage in two types of comparisons on social networking sites,
upward and downward comparison. The former one is the comparison between an individual
and those superior from him and possessing positive attributes while the latter one marks
the comparison between an individual and those inferior than him and possessing negative
attributes (Wills, 1981; Wood, 1989). Lockwood and Kunda (1997) argue that upward social
comparisons can be inspirational for people as they could focus on replicating their
comparison targets behavior and attitudes. But it has also been observed that upward
comparisons make people feel inferior and have negative evaluations of themselves (Morse
& Gergen, 1970). As a result, these upward comparisons in most of the cases have a
negative effect on the self-esteems of people (Vogel, Rose, Roberts and Eckles, 2014).
Many researchers have concluded from there researches that high usage of Facebook
causes depression and decreased prosperity in individuals (Feinstein et al., 2013). As most
people do not use Facebook for their emotions or moods; they use Facebook to overcome
their loneliness but only end being less satisfied with their lives (Kross et al., 2013). Chou
and Edge (2012) concluded that people who use facebook frequently have a very firm belief
that other users, who they don’t know very well offline, are living a very healthy, happy and
prosperous life than themselves. These assumptions about other peoples’ lives cause
depression amongst individuals. According to Pantic (2014) anxiety, depression, psychotic
disorders and low self-esteem are all the likely results of social networking sites, especially
Facebook. Chen & lee (2013) argue that Facebook usage is directly related to psychological
distress of individuals which as a result reduces the selfesteem of people. Facebook has
also caused cyber bullying to increase as through Facebook rumors could be spread easily
and indecent pictures of individuals without their consent could be uploaded. Anxiety,
depression and low self-esteem are all symptoms and results of cyber bullying (Moreno &
Kolb, 2012). Some researchers disagree with this and claim that generally it is just the
internet which affects the self-esteem of individuals not the social networking sites
specifically (Valkenburg, Peter and Schouten, 2006). Ellison et al (2007) found out that
youngsters with low self-esteem find Facebook more beneficial as compared to the ones

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with high self-esteem. Due to the use of Facebook people with low self-esteems possess
more social capital than the ones with high self-esteems (Tazghini & Siedlecki, 2013).”

PRACTICE TEST 3

1. In what ways can a researcher practice ethical standard in writing the review of related
literature of his paper?

The moral and ethical way of literature writing tells a researcher to acknowledge the owners
of borrowed ideas and put quotation marks around copied words from books or articles.
Proper citation and referencing is a researcher’s way of freeing himself from plagiarism and
other gross misconduct in writing his research paper.

2. Why is there a need to uphold ethical standards in writing the RRL of a research study?

It is important to uphold ethical standards in writing the RRL of a research because first and
foremost, it promotes the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of
error. Also, many of the standards of research promote a variety of other important moral
and social values, such as social responsibility and compliance with the law.

3. What can be the consequences for not following ethical standards in writing the RRL of
your research?

Not following ethical standards in writing your RRL and research paper can put you guilty of
plagiarism. It also paves way into people casting doubts on your honesty and integrity as a
researcher, thus also casting doubts and mistrust on the results of your study.

POST-TEST 1

1. D

2. D

3. C

4. A

5. D

POST-TEST 2

1. RELATED LITERATURE
Related literature is a written information that could have a relation or relevance to a
specific topic of a research paper. For example, if you are going to study about
COVID-19, you will be needing a lot of information's from sources like books,
journals, articles, and Internet; resources regarding COVID-19, which give

22
 information, not only about what COVID-19 is, but will give you insights on how it is
acquired, what are the effects, when and where a person can be infected. Related
literature will support and inform the subject/s you are covering.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A literature review creates a background for both the researcher and the reader,
giving her or him a full understanding of the developments in the field. RRL provides
foundation of knowledge on topic, identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent
duplication and give credit to other researchers. It also identifies inconstancies: gaps
in research, conflicts in previous studies, open questions left from other research. It
places your own research within the setting of existing literature making a case for
why further study is needed.

3. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Systematic review is used by quantitative researchers who begin their research work by
asking questions- one big question that states the main problem of the research and a set of
sub-questions that deal with specific aspects of the research.

POST-TEST 3

Students’s answer will vary.

Does any relationship exist between time spent on Facebook and self-esteem of
individuals?

1. Is the problem important? (worth researching)

The problem is important and worth researching because it is a problem that does
not have a current workable solution and conducting a research on it will result in an
original contribution to the applicable body of knowledge.

2. Have others researched it before?

Based from my attempt to gather and collect relevant literature about the topic, I
found that other people have researched about it before but there are still gaps and
other aspects of the problems we can concentrate on in our research.

3. What conclusions did they reach towards the question?

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 Studies I read about our research topic found out that social media has a very strong
impact on the self-esteem of individuals. Their research respondents use social
networking sites for information, communication and building and maintain of
relationships, but majority of the people end up making upward and downward
comparisons with others. The upward comparisons make people envy others and
their lifestyles and also feel less obliged and ungrateful for their what they have. As a
result the self-esteem of such people gets negatively affected.

4. What impact might this research have?

This study will make an impact on how we use social networking sites and will enable
people to use them responsibly and in moderation to prevent negative effects such
as low self-esteem arising from comparisons with other people’s life and lifestyles.

RUBRICS FOR SHORT-ANSWER ESSAYS

www.catlintucker.com

REFERENCES:
Books

Baraceros, E. (2016) Practical Research 2 First Edition. Rex Bookstore, Inc.

Baraceros, E. (2016) Teacher’s Resource Marterial. Rex Bookstore, Inc.

Online Dictionaries

Related Literature. (2020). Libguides.usc.edu.

Retrieved from https://www.libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/literaturereview

Review. (2020). Dictionary.cambridge.org.

Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/review?q=REVIEW

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Systematic. (2020). Dictionary.com.
Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/systematic?
q=SYSTEMATIC

Meta-analysis. (2020). Dictionary.com.

Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meta-analysis

Citation. (2020). Dictionary.com.

Retrieved from https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185939

Reference. (2020). Dictionary.com.

Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/reference?
q=REFERENCE

Ethical. (2020). Dictionary.com.

Retrieved from Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethical

Websites

Gallos, B. (2017) Senior High School Students’ Attitudes Towards Research. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3263496

Jan, M., Soomro, S. A., & Ahmad, N. (2017). Impact of Social Media on Self-Esteem.
European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 13(23), 329. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n23p329

Multimedia Resources

Cienpies Design/Illustrations (N.D). Education Tree Icon. Retrieved

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-education-tree-icon-books-global-concept-hand-
vector-file-layered-easy-manipulation-custom-coloring-image32018633#res26615551

SpringerLink (N.D). Situating The Study: The Background. Retrieved from

https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-
319-61854-8_5/MediaObjects/441361_1_En_5_Figa_HTML.gif

Review Clipart Mapping, Picture #197097 Review Clipart Mapping Retrieved from
https://www.clipart.email/download/10125498.html

Swoger, B. (2010). Basic Diagram of the Citation Chain. Retrieved from

https://undergraduatesciencelibrarian.org/page/8/

Szczybylo, A. (N.D). Conceptual hand writing showing Code Of Conduct. Business photo
text Ethics rules moral codes ethical principles values respect Me. Retrieved from
https://www.dreamstime.com/conceptual-hand-writing-showing-code-conduct-business-
photo-text-ethics-rules-moral-codes-ethical-principles-values-respect-me-image123941489

Tucker, C. (2018) Middle School Writing Rubrics [Blog post]. Retrieved from
https://catlintucker.com/2018/08/middle-school-writing-rubrics/

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